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Michal Sedziw贸j
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Michal Sedziw骿 (Michael Sendivogius) (1566-1636) was a Polish alchemist, philosopher, and medical doctor.
A pioneer of chemistry, he developed ways of purification and creation of various acids, metals and other chemical compounds. He discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance-later called oxygen-170 years before Scheele and Priestley. He correctly identified this 'food of life' with the gas (also oxygen) given off by heating nitre (saltpetre).
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Michal Sedziw骿 (Michael Sendivogius) (1566-1636) was a Polish alchemist, philosopher, and medical doctor.
A pioneer of chemistry, he developed ways of purification and creation of various acids, metals and other chemical compounds. He discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance-later called oxygen-170 years before Scheele and Priestley. He correctly identified this 'food of life' with the gas (also oxygen) given off by heating nitre (saltpetre). This substance, the 'central nitre', had a central position in Sedziw骿's schema of the universe.
Although Sedziw骿 made every effort to gain the secret of the philosopher's stone, he was not thought to have been successful. He was promised the formula by the alchemist Alexander Seton, who is thought to have had the secret of the stone, if anyone did. The formula was to be given to Sedziw骿 after he rescued Seton from the Elector of Saxony's castle, where Seton was being held prisoner after having refused to reveal his secret. However, Seton apparently reneged on the deal and only gave Sedziw骿 a portion of the transmutation powder. Seton died shortly afterwards, and Sedziw骿 married his widow. His motivation cannot be known, but perhaps he thought she knew the secret.
Widely referred to as a "black powder" (though his steward claimed it was red), Sedziw骿 is said to have used this philosopher's stone to convert large amounts of gold from quicksilver, including during an exhibition in the presence of the Emperor Rudolph II. Sedziw骿 was captured and robbed by a German alchemist named Muhlenfels who had conspired with the German prince, Brodowski, to steal Sedziw骿's secret. Sedziw骿 complained of Muhlenfels' crime to the emperor in Prague, who ordered Muhlenfels be brought to court. Fearing exposure of his part in the conspiracy should Muhlensfels be brought to justice in Prague, Brodowski captured Muhlensfels first and had him hanged in his court yard. Though the plunder was returned, Sedziw骿 was careful to keep his secrets much more closely, and no longer performed public transmutations.
Little is known of his early life. He visited most of the European countries and universities; he studied in Vienna, Altdorf, Leipzig and at Cambridge. His acquaintance included John Dee and Edward Kelley. It was thanks to him that King Stefan Batory agreed to finance their experiments. In the 1590s he was active in Prague, at the famously open-minded court of Rudolf II.
In Poland he appeared at the court of King Sigismund III Vasa around 1600, and quickly achieved notoriety, as the Polish king was himself an alchemy enthusiast and even conducted experiments with Sedziw骿. In Krak體's Wawel castle, the chamber where his experiments were performed is still intact. The more conservative Polish nobles soon came to dislike him for encouraging the king to expend vast sums of money on chemical experimentation. The more practical aspects of his work in Poland involved the design of mines and metal foundries. His widespread international contacts led to him employment as a diplomat from about 1600.
His works and books, the most famous of which was "A New Light of Alchemy", (Latin original published in 1605), were written in alchemical language, in effect a secret code which was understandable only by other alchemists. Besides a relatively clear exposition of Sedziw骿's theory on the existence of a 'food of life' in air, his books contain various scientific, pseudo-scientific and philosophical theories, and were repeatedly translated and widely read among such worthies as Isaac Newton into the 18th century.
In his later years, Sedziw骿 spent more time in Bohemia and Moravia (now in the Czech Republic), where he had been granted lands by the Habsburg emperor. Near the end of his life, Sedziw骿 settled in Prague, on court of Rudolf II, where he gained even more fame as a designer of metal mines and foundries. However the Thirty Years' War of 1618-48 had effectively ended the golden age of alchemy: the rich patrons now spent their money on financing war rather than chemical speculation, and Sedziw骿 died in relative obscurity.
Sedziw骿 in fiction
First appearance of this character in fiction was in an 1845 book "Sedziwoj" by J髗ef Bohdan Dziekonski, a writer during the times of romanticism in Poland. Nowadays he appears in several books by Polish writer Andrzej Pilipiuk (Kuzynki, Ksiezniczka, Dziedziczki). He was also shown (thinly disguised) as the Alchemist Sendivius in the Polish TV series in the 1980s.
The Polish 19th century realist painter Jan Matejko depicted Sedziw骿 demonstrating a transmutation of a base metal into gold before King Zygmunt III Wasa.
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