Megatons to Megawatts Program
Encyclopedia
The Megatons to Megawatts Program is the name given to the program that implemented the 1993 United States
-Russia
nonproliferation agreement to convert high-enriched uranium
(HEU) taken from dismantled Russian nuclear weapon
s into low-enriched-uranium (LEU) for nuclear fuel
.
in 1998. This program has eliminated the equivalent of 16,000 nuclear warheads. The Megatons to Megawatts government-to-government program goal of eliminating 500 metric tons of warhead material is scheduled to be completed in 2013. Currently, one in 10 American homes, businesses, schools and hospitals receive electricity generated by Megatons to Megawatts fuel.
(USEC), and the Russian Federation designated Tekhsnabeksport (“Tenex”) a commercial subsidiary of its Ministry of Atomic Energy (MinAtom), as their agents to implement the program on commercial terms.
The terms also required that the HEU be converted by dilution (downblending) to LEU in Russian nuclear facilities. USEC would then purchase the low enriched fuel and transport it to its facilities in the USA. The value of the process is in two components: The uranium itself and the work involved in the conversion process, measured as Separative Work Units (SWU). Both have separate commercial values. Early disagreements on interpretations of the terms of the governmental and commercial agreements on this issue led to controversy and some delays. Although each shipment contains LEU, the commercial nature of the global uranium market defines the uranium and the enrichment components as separate commercial values and costs.
The solution reached was for USEC to promptly pay for the SWU component it purchased and to transfer an equal amount of natural uranium to Tenex. Due to the initial technical and purity issues in the HEU to LEU conversion process, the first shipments began in 1995. USEC includes this Russian LEU in sales of low enrichment uranium produced at USEC facilities. As years passed, numerous commercial contract terms were renegotiated and revised to accommodate mutual interests.
Based on market prices, USEC estimates that by the completion of the 20 year Megatons to Megawatts program in 2013, USEC will have paid Russia more than $8 billion for its purchases of the SWU component in shipments of low-enriched-uranium fuel.
The mission of the U.S.-Russian agreement and commercial implementing contract will be completed in 2013. At that time it is expected that a total of 500 metric tons of warhead HEU will have been converted in Russia to LEU and purchased to fuel U.S. nuclear power plants. The Megatons to Megawatts program will have eliminated material equivalent of 20,000 nuclear warheads.
During this period, on a comparatively modest basis, the U.S. government has also been converting some of its excess nuclear warhead HEU into power plant fuel. Efforts have also been undertaken to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of converting warhead plutonium into fuel to augment nuclear fuel for U.S. power plants.
Completion of the Megatons to Megawatts agreement may leave a gap in the supply of uranium fuel at a time when the global use of nuclear power is increasing. In the United States, there are 103 nuclear power reactors currently operating. New construction and operating permits for 15 nuclear power reactors are under review by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
. According to government and industry sources, seventeen companies are preparing license applications for as many as 31 new U.S nuclear reactors. Since the Megatons to Megawatts program is scheduled to end in 2013, demand for other sources of uranium supply will be necessary to meet current and future demand.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
-Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
nonproliferation agreement to convert high-enriched uranium
Enriched uranium
Enriched uranium is a kind of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight...
(HEU) taken from dismantled Russian nuclear weapon
Nuclear weapon
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter. The first fission bomb test released the same amount...
s into low-enriched-uranium (LEU) for nuclear fuel
Nuclear fuel
Nuclear fuel is a material that can be 'consumed' by fission or fusion to derive nuclear energy. Nuclear fuels are the most dense sources of energy available...
.
Extent of program since 1995
From 1995 through September 2010, 400 metric tons of highly-enriched uranium from Russian nuclear warheads have been recycled into low-enriched-uranium fuel for U.S. nuclear power plants. The first plant to receive fuel containing uranium under this program was the Cooper Nuclear StationCooper Nuclear Station
Cooper Nuclear Station is a boiling water reactor type nuclear power plant located on a 1,251-acre site near Brownville, Nebraska between Missouri River mile markers 532.9 and 532.5...
in 1998. This program has eliminated the equivalent of 16,000 nuclear warheads. The Megatons to Megawatts government-to-government program goal of eliminating 500 metric tons of warhead material is scheduled to be completed in 2013. Currently, one in 10 American homes, businesses, schools and hospitals receive electricity generated by Megatons to Megawatts fuel.
Terms of the program
Under the terms of the 1993 government-to-government nuclear non-proiferation agreement, the United States and Russia agreed to commercially implement a 20 year program to convert 500 metric tons of HEU (uranium 235 enriched to 90 percent) taken from Soviet era warheads, into LEU, low enriched uranium (less than 5 percent uranium 235). The United States established a government corporation United States Enrichment CorporationUnited States Enrichment Corporation
The United States Enrichment Corporation, a subsidiary of USEC Inc. , is a corporation that contracts with the United States Department of Energy to produce enriched uranium for use in nuclear power plants.-History:...
(USEC), and the Russian Federation designated Tekhsnabeksport (“Tenex”) a commercial subsidiary of its Ministry of Atomic Energy (MinAtom), as their agents to implement the program on commercial terms.
The terms also required that the HEU be converted by dilution (downblending) to LEU in Russian nuclear facilities. USEC would then purchase the low enriched fuel and transport it to its facilities in the USA. The value of the process is in two components: The uranium itself and the work involved in the conversion process, measured as Separative Work Units (SWU). Both have separate commercial values. Early disagreements on interpretations of the terms of the governmental and commercial agreements on this issue led to controversy and some delays. Although each shipment contains LEU, the commercial nature of the global uranium market defines the uranium and the enrichment components as separate commercial values and costs.
The solution reached was for USEC to promptly pay for the SWU component it purchased and to transfer an equal amount of natural uranium to Tenex. Due to the initial technical and purity issues in the HEU to LEU conversion process, the first shipments began in 1995. USEC includes this Russian LEU in sales of low enrichment uranium produced at USEC facilities. As years passed, numerous commercial contract terms were renegotiated and revised to accommodate mutual interests.
Based on market prices, USEC estimates that by the completion of the 20 year Megatons to Megawatts program in 2013, USEC will have paid Russia more than $8 billion for its purchases of the SWU component in shipments of low-enriched-uranium fuel.
Status of program as of 2010
On September 9, 2010 USEC (http://www.USEC.com); announced that the Megatons to Megawatts program had reached a new milestone—400 metric tons of Russian HEU warhead material, equivalent to 16,000 nuclear warheads has been eliminated. From 1993 to date 400 metric tons of Russian warhead HEU have been diluted and converted in Russia to LEU—low enriched uranium—fuel for nuclear power plants. The fuel is purchased from Russia by USEC for use in many of America's 103 commercial nuclear power plants to produce electricity. Nuclear warheads that were once on Russian ICBMs aimed at American cities are now providing 50% of the electricity produced by America's nuclear power plants—nuclear power generates about twenty percent of America's total electricity production.The mission of the U.S.-Russian agreement and commercial implementing contract will be completed in 2013. At that time it is expected that a total of 500 metric tons of warhead HEU will have been converted in Russia to LEU and purchased to fuel U.S. nuclear power plants. The Megatons to Megawatts program will have eliminated material equivalent of 20,000 nuclear warheads.
During this period, on a comparatively modest basis, the U.S. government has also been converting some of its excess nuclear warhead HEU into power plant fuel. Efforts have also been undertaken to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of converting warhead plutonium into fuel to augment nuclear fuel for U.S. power plants.
Completion of the Megatons to Megawatts agreement may leave a gap in the supply of uranium fuel at a time when the global use of nuclear power is increasing. In the United States, there are 103 nuclear power reactors currently operating. New construction and operating permits for 15 nuclear power reactors are under review by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is an independent agency of the United States government that was established by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 from the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and was first opened January 19, 1975...
. According to government and industry sources, seventeen companies are preparing license applications for as many as 31 new U.S nuclear reactors. Since the Megatons to Megawatts program is scheduled to end in 2013, demand for other sources of uranium supply will be necessary to meet current and future demand.