Medvedev modernisation programme
Encyclopedia
The Medvedev modernisation programme is an initiative launched by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev
in 2009, which aims at modernising Russia's economy
and society, decreasing the country's dependency on oil and gas revenues and creating a diversified economy
based on high technology and innovation
. The programme is based on the top 5 priorities for the country's technological development: efficient energy use
; nuclear technology
; information technology; medical technology
and pharmaceuticals; and space technology
in combination with telecommunications.
recovered as a result of high oil prices during the presidency of Vladimir Putin
, but remained heavily dependent on energy and raw material exports. In the first decade of the 2000s, global oil prices kept rising, fuelling economic growth. Medvedev later stated his belief that this was not only a boom, but also damaging to the Russian economy, saying that if the oil price is too high, "we’d never change the structure of our economy... We haven’t done anything in the last 10 years because oil kept rushing higher and higher."
There had been repeated calls for a more diversified economy under Putin; already in 2005, Putin's Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov
warned about the dependency of the economy on raw material exports, and in 2007 Deputy Prime Minister Sergey Ivanov said that without diversification, the Russian economy will sooner or later face a collapse. Dmitry Medvedev
, elected as President in 2008, made economic modernisation his prime presidential agenda. Medvedev's statements regarding this issue went much further than other statements by the Russian leadership. In 2009, Medvedev founded the Presidential Commission on Innovation. The commission comprises almost the entire Russian government and some of the best minds from academia and business.
Medvedev identified five key areas for economic modernisation, in which breakthroughs must be achieved:
Medvedev further discussed and publicised his programme in his second state of the nation address in November 2009, as well as in a televised speech in December 2009.
of the Russian economy is estimated to be about 2.5 times more than the world average. The government has set an aim of 40% decrease of the energy intensity by 2020. It is estimated that the main potential of achieving this aim lies within the housing sector and the budget organisations. The following state projects are initiated to increase the energy efficiency:
, but much needs to be done for the full use of the technological potential that had been amassed in the Soviet era. Nuclear power in Russia
is managed by Rosatom State Corporation. The sector is rapidly developing, with an aim of increasing the total share of nuclear energy from current 16.9% to 23% by 2020. The Russian government plans to allocate 127 billion rubles ($5.42 billion) to a federal program dedicated to the next generation of nuclear energy technology. About 1 trillion rubles ($42.7 billion) is to be allocated from the federal budget to nuclear power and industry development before 2015. The programme aims to establish secure, cheap and long-term nuclear energy supply in Russia as well as increase Russian exports of nuclear energy and technology abroad. Besides construction of the new nuclear power plants in Russia and elsewhere, the following major state projects have been initiated in the area of nuclear technology:
supervized personally by Dmitry Medvedev, then vice-Prime Minister. Russia is a leading developer of software and the country enjoys a large amount of IT talent. Russian youth dominate international technology competitions like the ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest
, where Russian universities have won five of the last 10 contests. Despite this, Russia faces a shortage of IT specialists due to high demand. In 2009, Russian companies employed more than 1 million IT specialists, making up 1.34% of the country's workforce. However, the figure is lower than in some other major economies, such as the United States (3.74%), United Kingdom (3.16%) and Germany (3.14%).
The government puts much effort into development of the information society
in Russia. The following major state projects are currently realized or planned in the area of information technology:
services. However, much of the potential achieved in this area still awaits large-scale commercialisation. This can be achieved by the combination of space technology and telecommunications. The following state projects have been initiated in this area:
The funding of Russian Federal Space Agency
Roscosmos has almost tripled from 2007, standing at $3.1 billion in 2011. President Medvedev and the modernisation programme is credited with the increase.
and pharmaceutical production. The country produces only 20% of the drugs used domestically, while 80% is imported. President Medvedev has said he is confident that Russia can overcome the problem, and has called for a restoration of Russia's pharmaceutical industry, through the principles of mixed financing, both government and private. He has stressed the need for serious investment, saying that hundreds millions of dollars are needed, as well as investment into personnel.
Currently, the specific major state projects in the area of medical technology and pharmaceuticals are not yet defined or announced. The government aims to achieve the primarily domestical production of the most needed types of medical equipment and pharmaceuticals, as well as support the development and commercialization of new innovative products, especially those related to biotechnology
, cell
and nuclear medicine
, and nanotechnology
.
Dmitry Medvedev
Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev is the third President of the Russian Federation.Born to a family of academics, Medvedev graduated from the Law Department of Leningrad State University in 1987. He defended his dissertation in 1990 and worked as a docent at his alma mater, now renamed to Saint...
in 2009, which aims at modernising Russia's economy
Economy of Russia
The economy of Russia is the eleventh largest economy in the world by nominal value and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity . Russia has an abundance of natural gas, oil, coal, and precious metals...
and society, decreasing the country's dependency on oil and gas revenues and creating a diversified economy
Diversification (finance)
In finance, diversification means reducing risk by investing in a variety of assets. If the asset values do not move up and down in perfect synchrony, a diversified portfolio will have less risk than the weighted average risk of its constituent assets, and often less risk than the least risky of...
based on high technology and innovation
Innovation
Innovation is the creation of better or more effective products, processes, technologies, or ideas that are accepted by markets, governments, and society...
. The programme is based on the top 5 priorities for the country's technological development: efficient energy use
Efficient energy use
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal of efforts to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature...
; nuclear technology
Nuclear technology
Nuclear technology is technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear power, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons...
; information technology; medical technology
Medical technology
Medical Technology encompasses a wide range of healthcare products and is used to diagnose, monitor or treat diseases or medical conditions affecting humans. Such technologies are intended to improve the quality of healthcare delivered through earlier diagnosis, less invasive treatment options and...
and pharmaceuticals; and space technology
Space technology
Space technology is technology that is related to entering, and retrieving objects or life forms from space."Every day" technologies such as weather forecasting, remote sensing, GPS systems, satellite television, and some long distance communications systems critically rely on space infrastructure...
in combination with telecommunications.
Announcement
Background
After the near total collapse in 1998, the Russian economyEconomy of Russia
The economy of Russia is the eleventh largest economy in the world by nominal value and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity . Russia has an abundance of natural gas, oil, coal, and precious metals...
recovered as a result of high oil prices during the presidency of Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when...
, but remained heavily dependent on energy and raw material exports. In the first decade of the 2000s, global oil prices kept rising, fuelling economic growth. Medvedev later stated his belief that this was not only a boom, but also damaging to the Russian economy, saying that if the oil price is too high, "we’d never change the structure of our economy... We haven’t done anything in the last 10 years because oil kept rushing higher and higher."
There had been repeated calls for a more diversified economy under Putin; already in 2005, Putin's Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov
Mikhail Fradkov
Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov is a Russian politician and statesman who was the Prime Minister of Russia from March 2004 to September 2007. Fradkov has been the head of Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service since 2007.-Early life:...
warned about the dependency of the economy on raw material exports, and in 2007 Deputy Prime Minister Sergey Ivanov said that without diversification, the Russian economy will sooner or later face a collapse. Dmitry Medvedev
Dmitry Medvedev
Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev is the third President of the Russian Federation.Born to a family of academics, Medvedev graduated from the Law Department of Leningrad State University in 1987. He defended his dissertation in 1990 and worked as a docent at his alma mater, now renamed to Saint...
, elected as President in 2008, made economic modernisation his prime presidential agenda. Medvedev's statements regarding this issue went much further than other statements by the Russian leadership. In 2009, Medvedev founded the Presidential Commission on Innovation. The commission comprises almost the entire Russian government and some of the best minds from academia and business.
Go Russia!
Medvedev set out his programme in his policy article titled Go Russia!, published online in September 2009. In the article, Medvedev formulated his strategic objective of modernising Russia. He criticised Russia's economic "backwardness" and what he called Russia's "humiliating" dependency on oil and raw materials. He described the Russian society as "archaic" and "paternalistic" and said that the country can no longer rely on the achievements of the past to secure a prosperous future. In Medvedev's view, Russia should aim for a modern, diversified economy based on high technology and innovation. Medvedev criticised the previous attempts to modernise Russia – those initiated by Peter I the Great and the Soviet Union – saying that the results they brought came at a too high cost, and this time modernisation must come not through coercion but via the development of the creative potential of every individual, through private enterpreneurship and initiative.Medvedev identified five key areas for economic modernisation, in which breakthroughs must be achieved:
- energy efficiency and new fuels
- medical technologies and pharmaceuticals
- nuclear power engineering
- information technologies
- space and telecommunications.
Medvedev further discussed and publicised his programme in his second state of the nation address in November 2009, as well as in a televised speech in December 2009.
Quotes
Efficient use of energy and resources
Currently the energy intensityEnergy intensity
]Energy intensity is a measure of the energy efficiency of a nation's economy. It is calculated as units of energy per unit of GDP.* High energy intensities indicate a high price or cost of converting energy into GDP....
of the Russian economy is estimated to be about 2.5 times more than the world average. The government has set an aim of 40% decrease of the energy intensity by 2020. It is estimated that the main potential of achieving this aim lies within the housing sector and the budget organisations. The following state projects are initiated to increase the energy efficiency:
| English | Russian | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Count, save and pay | Считай, экономь и плати | establishing and propagation of the thrifty model of energy resources use; governmental coordination of mass installation and production of counter Counter In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal.- Electronic counters :... s and economizer Economizer Economizers , or economisers , are mechanical devices intended to reduce energy consumption, or to perform another useful function such as preheating a fluid. The term economizer is used for other purposes as well. Boiler, powerplant, and heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning uses are... s. |
| New light | Новый свет | gradual replacement of traditional incandescent light bulb Incandescent light bulb The incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe makes light by heating a metal filament wire to a high temperature until it glows. The hot filament is protected from air by a glass bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, a chemical process... s with more efficient types of lamps; development of the national production of energy saving devices. |
| Energetically efficient city block | Энергоэффективный квартал | pilot project aimed into creation of efficient energy distribution and saving systems in urban blocks of several Russian cities. |
| Energetically efficient social sector | Энергоэффективный социальный сектор | realisation of the energy efficiency programmes in schools and hospitals, with subsequent enlargement of the project scope to all social services. |
| Local energy systems | Малая комплексная энергетика | developing of the local systems of electricity generation and central heating, where such small-scale systems can be more effective than large centralized systems; development of the production of equipment for local energy generation and supply. |
| Innovative energy supply | Инновационная энергетика | stimulation of new innovative developments in energy sector; nation-wide technological contests in the area of energy efficiency. |
Nuclear technology
Russia was the first country to develop civilian nuclear power and to construct the world's first nuclear power plant. Currently the country is the 4th largest nuclear energy producer. Russia has a strong industrial and scientific base in the area of nuclear technologyNuclear technology
Nuclear technology is technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear power, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons...
, but much needs to be done for the full use of the technological potential that had been amassed in the Soviet era. Nuclear power in Russia
Nuclear power in Russia
In 2010 total electricity generated in nuclear power plants in Russia was 170.1 TWh, 16% of all power generation. The installed capacity of Russian nuclear reactors stood at 21,244 MW....
is managed by Rosatom State Corporation. The sector is rapidly developing, with an aim of increasing the total share of nuclear energy from current 16.9% to 23% by 2020. The Russian government plans to allocate 127 billion rubles ($5.42 billion) to a federal program dedicated to the next generation of nuclear energy technology. About 1 trillion rubles ($42.7 billion) is to be allocated from the federal budget to nuclear power and industry development before 2015. The programme aims to establish secure, cheap and long-term nuclear energy supply in Russia as well as increase Russian exports of nuclear energy and technology abroad. Besides construction of the new nuclear power plants in Russia and elsewhere, the following major state projects have been initiated in the area of nuclear technology:
| English | Russian | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Development of the Standard Project of the optimised and informatised powerblock based on the VVER technology (VVER-TOI) | Создание Типового Проекта оптимизированного и информатизированного энергоблока технологии ВВЭР (ВВЭР-ТОИ) | development by 2012 of all the technology needed for a modern nuclear power station with the VVER VVER The VVER, or WWER, is a series of pressurised water reactors originally developed by the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress. Power output ranges from 440 MWe to 1200 MWe with the latest Russian development of the design... -type reactor Reactor Reactor can mean:* Bioreactor, any device or system that supports a biologically active environment.* Chemical reactor, a device for containing and controlling a chemical reaction* Nuclear reactor, a device for containing and controlling a nuclear reaction... , adapted for Russian as well as for American and European markets. |
| New technological platform: closed nuclear fuel cycle and fast-neutron reactors | Новая технологическая платформа: замкнутый ядерный топливный цикл и реакторы на быстрых нейтронах | development by 2030 of a new technological base in nuclear technology, characterised by the usage of closed nuclear fuel cycle Nuclear fuel cycle The nuclear fuel cycle, also called nuclear fuel chain, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages. It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in... and fast-neutron reactors. This technology allows better efficiency of nuclear fuel usage, an important advantage in light of the expected future squeeze in the world's uranium supply. Russia is a world leader in fast-neutron reactor technology. |
| Controlled thermonuclear fusion | Управляемый термоядерный синтез | development by 2050 of practical methods of controlled thermonuclear fusion, the technology aimed into production of the cheap energy which is fully independent from non-renewable resources Non-renewable resources A non-renewable resource is a natural resource which cannot be produced, grown, generated, or used on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate, once depleted there is no more available for future needs. Also considered non-renewable are resources that are consumed much faster than nature... . |
Information technology
The recent decade saw a rapid spread of information technology in Russia. Over 42% of population in Russia have personal access to the Internet, and all schools and universities were provided Internet connection by 2007 as a part of the National Priority Project in EducationNational Priority Projects
The National Priority Projects of the Russian Federation is a program of the Russian government set out by Russian President Vladimir Putin in his speech on September 5, 2005. The program is aimed to develop social welfare in Russia by additional funding by the state of four selected projects...
supervized personally by Dmitry Medvedev, then vice-Prime Minister. Russia is a leading developer of software and the country enjoys a large amount of IT talent. Russian youth dominate international technology competitions like the ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest
ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest
ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest is an annual multi-tiered computer programming competition among the universities of the world. The contest is sponsored by IBM. Headquartered at Baylor University, with autonomous regions on six continents, the ICPC is directed by Baylor Professor...
, where Russian universities have won five of the last 10 contests. Despite this, Russia faces a shortage of IT specialists due to high demand. In 2009, Russian companies employed more than 1 million IT specialists, making up 1.34% of the country's workforce. However, the figure is lower than in some other major economies, such as the United States (3.74%), United Kingdom (3.16%) and Germany (3.14%).
The government puts much effort into development of the information society
Information society
The aim of the information society is to gain competitive advantage internationally through using IT in a creative and productive way. An information society is a society in which the creation, distribution, diffusion, use, integration and manipulation of information is a significant economic,...
in Russia. The following major state projects are currently realized or planned in the area of information technology:
| English | Russian | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Development of supercomputing and grid technology | Развитие суперкомпьютеров и ГРИД-технологий | creation of the common space for the domestically produced high-performance supercomputer Supercomputer A supercomputer is a computer at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation.Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems including quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling A supercomputer is a... s on the basis of grid computing Grid computing Grid computing is a term referring to the combination of computer resources from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal. The grid can be thought of as a distributed system with non-interactive workloads that involve a large number of files... , in order to provide means for the complex calculations for nuclear technology Nuclear power in Russia In 2010 total electricity generated in nuclear power plants in Russia was 170.1 TWh, 16% of all power generation. The installed capacity of Russian nuclear reactors stood at 21,244 MW.... centers, aircraft industry Aircraft industry of Russia Aircraft manufacturing is an important industry sector in Russia, employing around 355,300 people. The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a deep crisis for the industry, especially for the civilian aircraft segment. The situation started improving during the middle of the first decade of the... and other major clients which need high-performance computing for computer simulation Computer simulation A computer simulation, a computer model, or a computational model is a computer program, or network of computers, that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system... of their projects. |
| Electronic government | Электронное правительство | gradual movement towards the e-government, which includes the providing of interaction with the state and access to the state services via Internet and other communication technologies; reducing the volume of paper documentation in favour of electronic one (first in the pilot regions, then on the state level); full transfer to the public announcement of the government procurement Government procurement Government procurement, also called public tendering or public procurement, is the procurement of goods and services on behalf of a public authority, such as a government agency... orders in electronic form. |
| IT and communication services in education and social development | ИКТ-услуги в области развития образования и социального развития личности | creation and development of the new e-learning E-learning E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. The information and communication systems, whether networked learning or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process... Internet resources aimed into improving the access to higher and professional education, especially for people with disabilities, inhabitants of remote regions of the country, and Russian speakers outside of Russia; establishment of the special centers for the education of specialists in IT and the involvement of gifted secondary and higher education students into IT development. |
| IT and communication services in medical science, health care and social security | ИКТ-услуги в области медицины, здравоохранения и социального обеспечения | creation and development of the Internet resources and automatic systems aimed into providing quality state services in public health Public health Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals" . It is concerned with threats to health based on population health... and social security Social security Social security is primarily a social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment and others. Social security may refer to:... ; IT-based monitoring of the personal health of citizens; development of systems that improve the interaction between medical scientists and physicians; transfer of medical record Medical record The terms medical record, health record, and medical chart are used somewhat interchangeably to describe the systematic documentation of a single patient's medical history and care across time within one particular health care provider's jurisdiction.... s into the electronic form and introduction of the similar electronic "social cards". |
| IT and communication services in public and personal security | ИКТ-услуги в области безопасности жизнедеятельности | development of systems of automatic speech recognition, closed-circuit television Closed-circuit television Closed-circuit television is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.... and security-related pattern recognition Pattern recognition In machine learning, pattern recognition is the assignment of some sort of output value to a given input value , according to some specific algorithm. An example of pattern recognition is classification, which attempts to assign each input value to one of a given set of classes... . |
| Supercomputer education | Суперкомпьютерное образование | creation of the national system of education of specialists in supercomputing on the basis of Supercomputer Consortium of Russian universities; no less than 500 experts in supercomputing are expected to be prepared in 2010–2012, and 25 universities are expected to join the system of supercomputer education. |
Space technology and telecommunications
Currently the country is the largest satellite launcher and the only provider of transport for space tourismSpace tourism
Space Tourism is space travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. A number of startup companies have sprung up in recent years, hoping to create a space tourism industry...
services. However, much of the potential achieved in this area still awaits large-scale commercialisation. This can be achieved by the combination of space technology and telecommunications. The following state projects have been initiated in this area:
| English | Russian | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Space-based navigation, including the commercialisation of the GLONASS system | Космическая навигация, включая коммерческое использование системы ГЛОНАСС | providing the satellite navigation services of Russian GLONASS GLONASS GLONASS , acronym for Globalnaya navigatsionnaya sputnikovaya sistema or Global Navigation Satellite System, is a radio-based satellite navigation system operated for the Russian government by the Russian Space Forces... system to various type of clients, including emergency services, construction and freight companies, natural gas and petroleum industry Petroleum industry The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting , and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline... , energy supply and logistics Logistics Logistics is the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of destination in order to meet the requirements of customers or corporations. Logistics involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging, and... , and individual customers. |
| Space-based monitoring and search | Мониторинг и слежение из космоса | distant space-based monitoring of the Earth atmosphere and surface, aimed into the search of mineral resources, ecological control, climate change Climate change Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average... and weather forecasting Weather forecasting Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a given location. Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since the nineteenth century... , and rescue operations support. |
| Space-based targeting systems | Системы наведения из космоса | implementation of the capabilities of military and anti-terrorist space-based targeting systems into the area of dealing with certain types of emergencies, control of the atmosperic processes etc. |
| Space-based telecommunications in the broadband access systems | Космические телекоммуникации, как часть системы широкополосного доступа | transfer to the space-based broadband access systems, including in the area of digital television Digital television Digital television is the transmission of audio and video by digital signals, in contrast to the analog signals used by analog TV... and radio Digital radio Digital radio has several meanings:1. Today the most common meaning is digital radio broadcasting technologies, such as the digital audio broadcasting system, also known as Eureka 147. In these systems, the analog audio signal is digitized into zeros and ones, compressed using formats such as... . |
The funding of Russian Federal Space Agency
Russian Federal Space Agency
The Russian Federal Space Agency , commonly called Roscosmos and abbreviated as FKA and RKA , is the government agency responsible for the Russian space science program and general aerospace research. It was previously the Russian Aviation and Space Agency .Headquarters of Roscosmos are located...
Roscosmos has almost tripled from 2007, standing at $3.1 billion in 2011. President Medvedev and the modernisation programme is credited with the increase.
Medical technology and pharmaceuticals
Despite a number of achievements, Russia is significantly behind the world leaders in medical technologyMedical technology
Medical Technology encompasses a wide range of healthcare products and is used to diagnose, monitor or treat diseases or medical conditions affecting humans. Such technologies are intended to improve the quality of healthcare delivered through earlier diagnosis, less invasive treatment options and...
and pharmaceutical production. The country produces only 20% of the drugs used domestically, while 80% is imported. President Medvedev has said he is confident that Russia can overcome the problem, and has called for a restoration of Russia's pharmaceutical industry, through the principles of mixed financing, both government and private. He has stressed the need for serious investment, saying that hundreds millions of dollars are needed, as well as investment into personnel.
Currently, the specific major state projects in the area of medical technology and pharmaceuticals are not yet defined or announced. The government aims to achieve the primarily domestical production of the most needed types of medical equipment and pharmaceuticals, as well as support the development and commercialization of new innovative products, especially those related to biotechnology
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Biotechnology also utilizes these products for manufacturing purpose...
, cell
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life. The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos....
and nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine
In nuclear medicine procedures, elemental radionuclides are combined with other elements to form chemical compounds, or else combined with existing pharmaceutical compounds, to form radiopharmaceuticals. These radiopharmaceuticals, once administered to the patient, can localize to specific organs...
, and nanotechnology
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres...
.