McGowan's Pass
Encyclopedia
McGowan's Pass is a topographical feature of Central Park
in New York City, just west of Fifth Avenue and north of 102nd Street. It has been incorporated into the park's East Drive since the early 1860s. A steep hill descending into a switchback road, it is a popular training route for competitive bicyclists and runners.
Although the name is usually omitted from maps today, McGowan's Pass was clearly marked on charts of the region from the Revolutionary War until the early 20th Century. It acquired its name from the McGowan or McGown family who kept a tavern (initially named "The Black Horse," but popularly called "McGowan's") near there from 1756 through the Revolutionary period, and owned the surrounding property until the 1840s.
The area was incorporated into Central Park after 1860, when the Park's boundaries were extended north from the line of 106th Street to 110th Street, and the Harlem Meer was built in the Park's northeast corner. At this time a new section of East Drive was made to veer sharply to the west and south and again to the north, bypassing the Meer.
In the 1740s Jacob Dyckman, Jr. purchased the lands along the Pass from his Uncle George. He planted orchards and built a house and outbuildings, including a public house, "At the Sign of the Black Horse." During a yellow fever epidemic in 1752, the Colonial Assembly decamped from downtown New York and met in the Black Horse tavern, while boarding a half-mile east at the farm of Dyckman's cousin, Benjamin Benson.
In 1756 Dyckman decided to move back north near his family in Spuyten Duyvil, and build a new tavern by the Harlem River. He advertised his Harlem property for saleand sold it a few days later to his in-laws, Daniel McGown (as he spelled himself) and Catherine Benson McGown. With their son Andrew, the McGowns would run the Black Horse tavern until after the Revolutionary War.
) to the north. For most of this period, the area around the Pass was the site of a Hessian encampment. After the Treaty of Paris, British and Hessians marched through the Pass when evacuating north Manhattan; and George Washington likewise came through the Pass when he reentered New York.
After the War a John Leggett and his family moved into the Black Horse and managed it as "Leggett's Halfway Tavern."
During the War of 1812 a series of fortifications and redoubts were put up nearby, including Blockhouse No. 1 (which still stands on a hill in the North Woods), as well Fort Clinton
, Fort Fish and Nutter's Battery (along the north side of the Pass), remnants of which can still be seen. There was also a gatehouse straddling the road just east of present-day Lasker Pool, near the grid coordinates of 107th Street and Sixth (Lenox) Avenue, where present-day East Drive makes its first downhill switchback. This 1860s route of East Drive was partially constructed over the old earthwork fortifications.
From 1847 till 1881 the most prominent structure on the site was the chapel of Mount St. Vincent's Academy
(a convent school built around the old McGown house), which became the U.S. General Hospital
or St. Joseph's Military Hospital, during the American Civil War
from 1862 to 1865, after the Mount St. Vincent Academy moved north to its present campus in Riverdale.
From 1859 to 1863, Frederick Law Olmsted
and his family lived in the Mount St. Vincent's buildings, while Olmsted directed the landscaping of Central Park.
In 1906 a plaque commemorating the "McGown" family and the Pass was installed nearby at the Fort Clinton memorial.
The last restaurant at the pass, McGown's Pass Tavern
, was closed and razed 1915-1917. However its driveways and foundations remain and provide easy access for the Central Park Conservancy, which uses it as a composting area and has reverted to calling it "The Mount."
Central Park
Central Park is a public park in the center of Manhattan in New York City, United States. The park initially opened in 1857, on of city-owned land. In 1858, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux won a design competition to improve and expand the park with a plan they entitled the Greensward Plan...
in New York City, just west of Fifth Avenue and north of 102nd Street. It has been incorporated into the park's East Drive since the early 1860s. A steep hill descending into a switchback road, it is a popular training route for competitive bicyclists and runners.
Although the name is usually omitted from maps today, McGowan's Pass was clearly marked on charts of the region from the Revolutionary War until the early 20th Century. It acquired its name from the McGowan or McGown family who kept a tavern (initially named "The Black Horse," but popularly called "McGowan's") near there from 1756 through the Revolutionary period, and owned the surrounding property until the 1840s.
The area was incorporated into Central Park after 1860, when the Park's boundaries were extended north from the line of 106th Street to 110th Street, and the Harlem Meer was built in the Park's northeast corner. At this time a new section of East Drive was made to veer sharply to the west and south and again to the north, bypassing the Meer.
Colonial Period, 1658-1776
In Dutch Colonial days, this area of north Manhattan was part of the "commons," land administered by the community of Nieuw Haarlem as a whole. During the 1660s-1690s, as Manhattan passed back and forth between the Dutch and English, the colony of New Harlem lost its autonomy. Common Lands were sold off in 1712. Much of this property in upper Manhattan passed to members of the extensive Benson and Dyckman families, who would continue to own much of northern Manhattan well through the 1800s.In the 1740s Jacob Dyckman, Jr. purchased the lands along the Pass from his Uncle George. He planted orchards and built a house and outbuildings, including a public house, "At the Sign of the Black Horse." During a yellow fever epidemic in 1752, the Colonial Assembly decamped from downtown New York and met in the Black Horse tavern, while boarding a half-mile east at the farm of Dyckman's cousin, Benjamin Benson.
In 1756 Dyckman decided to move back north near his family in Spuyten Duyvil, and build a new tavern by the Harlem River. He advertised his Harlem property for saleand sold it a few days later to his in-laws, Daniel McGown (as he spelled himself) and Catherine Benson McGown. With their son Andrew, the McGowns would run the Black Horse tavern until after the Revolutionary War.
Revolutionary War to Civil War, 1776-1865
From 1776 till 1783, during the British occupation of New York, McGowan's Pass was a key high-ground position on the route between New York City to the south and Fort Knyphausen (Fort WashingtonFort Washington
Fort Washington may refer to:In the United States:* In California:** Fort Washington, California, census-designated place* In Maryland:** Fort Washington, Maryland, census-designated place...
) to the north. For most of this period, the area around the Pass was the site of a Hessian encampment. After the Treaty of Paris, British and Hessians marched through the Pass when evacuating north Manhattan; and George Washington likewise came through the Pass when he reentered New York.
After the War a John Leggett and his family moved into the Black Horse and managed it as "Leggett's Halfway Tavern."
During the War of 1812 a series of fortifications and redoubts were put up nearby, including Blockhouse No. 1 (which still stands on a hill in the North Woods), as well Fort Clinton
Fort Clinton, Central Park
Fort Clinton in New York's Central Park was an 1814 stone-and-earthworks fortification on a rocky escarpment near the present line of 107th Street, slightly west of Fifth Avenue...
, Fort Fish and Nutter's Battery (along the north side of the Pass), remnants of which can still be seen. There was also a gatehouse straddling the road just east of present-day Lasker Pool, near the grid coordinates of 107th Street and Sixth (Lenox) Avenue, where present-day East Drive makes its first downhill switchback. This 1860s route of East Drive was partially constructed over the old earthwork fortifications.
From 1847 till 1881 the most prominent structure on the site was the chapel of Mount St. Vincent's Academy
College of Mount Saint Vincent
For the university in Halifax, Nova Scotia, see Mount Saint Vincent University The College of Mount Saint Vincent is a Catholic liberal arts college located in the northeast corner of the Riverdale section of The Bronx, New York, adjacent to the Yonkers border. It is the northernmost location in...
(a convent school built around the old McGown house), which became the U.S. General Hospital
Central Park Hospital
The Central Park Hospital was a military hospital that operated in New York City during the American Civil War, from 1862 to 1865. It occupied the former grounds of Mount St. Vincent's Academy near 102nd St and East Drive in Central Park, just west of Fifth Avenue and atop the Revolutionary War...
or St. Joseph's Military Hospital, during the American Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
from 1862 to 1865, after the Mount St. Vincent Academy moved north to its present campus in Riverdale.
From 1859 to 1863, Frederick Law Olmsted
Frederick Law Olmsted
Frederick Law Olmsted was an American journalist, social critic, public administrator, and landscape designer. He is popularly considered to be the father of American landscape architecture, although many scholars have bestowed that title upon Andrew Jackson Downing...
and his family lived in the Mount St. Vincent's buildings, while Olmsted directed the landscaping of Central Park.
1866 to the Present
From the 1860s till the 1880s, the Park Commission leased out the old school grounds as a sculpture museum and tavern, while the hill continued to be known as Mount St. Vincent's. This created confusion for visiting parents who told their cab driver to take them to Mount St. Vincent's, and found themselves at a large, convivial saloon in Central Park, instead of a sedate convent school. Accordingly the Park Commission officially designated the region "McGown's Pass" [sic] on maps and signage, and renamed the "Mount St. Vincent's Hotel" roadhouse as "McGown's Pass Tavern."In 1906 a plaque commemorating the "McGown" family and the Pass was installed nearby at the Fort Clinton memorial.
The last restaurant at the pass, McGown's Pass Tavern
McGown's Pass Tavern
McGown's Pass Tavern was a refreshment house in Central Park in New York City, near 104th Street west of Fifth Avenue. It was built in 1883-84 and closed in 1915....
, was closed and razed 1915-1917. However its driveways and foundations remain and provide easy access for the Central Park Conservancy, which uses it as a composting area and has reverted to calling it "The Mount."