Massachusetts Democratic Party
Encyclopedia
The Massachusetts Democratic Party is the state affiliate of the United States Democratic Party in the U.S. Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...

. The state party chairman is John E. Walsh.

Overview

Headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Democratic State Committee is responsible for publicizing the platform of the Massachusetts Democratic Party, the state affiliate of the United States Democratic Party. According to the party charter, the State Committee is charged with conducting state-level campaigns
Political campaign
A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making process within a specific group. In democracies, political campaigns often refer to electoral campaigns, wherein representatives are chosen or referendums are decided...

 for the Democratic Party, coordinating efforts to fill vacancies in nominating candidates to state
Government of Massachusetts
The form of Massachusetts government is provided by the Constitution of the Commonwealth. The legislative power is exercised by the bicameral General Court, which is composed of the Senate and House of Representatives...

 and congressional
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C....

 offices, and creating and disseminating information regarding official Democratic Party policies and positions. The Committee also engages in fundraising initiatives to support its operations, and coordinates local caucus
Caucus
A caucus is a meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement, especially in the United States and Canada. As the use of the term has been expanded the exact definition has come to vary among political cultures.-Origin of the term:...

es and the Democratic State Conventions.

The State Committee comprises 160 elected members, and add-on and ex officio seats, all of whom must be registered Democrats. Current officers include John Walsh, Chairman; Debra Kozikowski, Vice-Chair; Raymond A. Jordan, Jr., Vice-Chair; and Clare Kelly, Executive Director. Non-officers include two men and two women from each state senatorial district, Democratic National Committee
Democratic National Committee
The Democratic National Committee is the principal organization governing the United States Democratic Party on a day to day basis. While it is responsible for overseeing the process of writing a platform every four years, the DNC's central focus is on campaign and political activity in support...

 members from Massachusetts, and roughly 120 add-on delegates comprising various underrepresented minority groups, including veterans, gay and lesbian citizens, and college
College
A college is an educational institution or a constituent part of an educational institution. Usage varies in English-speaking nations...

-aged youth representatives.

Eighty of the State Committee members must be elected through Presidential primary ballots. The other 80 are elected at Senate district conferences by local town and ward committee members. All State Committee members serve four-year terms
Term of office
Term of office or term in office refers to the length of time a person serves in a particular office.-Prime Minister:In the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister has no term limits...

. Numerous subcommittees are affiliated with the Massachusetts Democratic State Committee, including the Affirmative Action
Affirmative action
Affirmative action refers to policies that take factors including "race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation or national origin" into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group, usually as a means to counter the effects of a history of discrimination.-Origins:The term...

 Committee, the Field Services Committee, the Campaign Services Committee, the Youth Services Committee, the Rules Committee, the Charter Committee, the By-Laws Committee, and the Public Policy Committee. Subcommittees are chaired by State Committee members.

History

The Massachusetts Democratic Party and the National Democratic Party trace their roots to the latter half of the 18th century, when politicians forged alliances based on common national interests. In 1792, Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence and the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom , the third President of the United States and founder of the University of Virginia...

 founded the Democratic-Republican Party, commonly referred to as the “party of the common man.” Jefferson’s new party was adamantly opposed to what it saw as the Federalist Party’s elitist agenda.
Jefferson served two consecutive terms as the first Democratic Republican President of the United States
President of the United States
The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....

 beginning in 1800. James Madison
James Madison
James Madison, Jr. was an American statesman and political theorist. He was the fourth President of the United States and is hailed as the “Father of the Constitution” for being the primary author of the United States Constitution and at first an opponent of, and then a key author of the United...

, another Democratic-Republican, succeeded Jefferson in 1808, followed by fellow party member James Monroe
James Monroe
James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States . Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States, and the last president from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation...

 in 1812.
The party was briefly divided during the election of John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams was the sixth President of the United States . He served as an American diplomat, Senator, and Congressional representative. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. Adams was the son of former...

 in 1824, in which four Democratic candidates ran for office. Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States . Based in frontier Tennessee, Jackson was a politician and army general who defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend , and the British at the Battle of New Orleans...

 assumed the leadership of the party following this period, and reunified its constituents. Jackson defined the party’s platform and established the Democratic National Convention as a means of organizing and implementing the party’s agenda on a national scale.
With consecutive presidential victories in 1828 and 1832, Jackson succeeded in solidifying the Democratic-Republicans as a powerful national political party. The name was simplified to the Democratic Party at the Democratic National Convention of 1844.
The Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...

 and the question of slavery divided many of the nation’s Democratic Party members. But as the 19th century was ending, the party found a new strength in an old ideal. The Democrats’ long-held suspicions of aristocrat
Aristocracy (class)
The aristocracy are people considered to be in the highest social class in a society which has or once had a political system of Aristocracy. Aristocrats possess hereditary titles granted by a monarch, which once granted them feudal or legal privileges, or deriving, as in Ancient Greece and India,...

ic leaders and the wealthy elite
Elite
Elite refers to an exceptional or privileged group that wields considerable power within its sphere of influence...

 struck a chord with immigrants and working class
Working class
Working class is a term used in the social sciences and in ordinary conversation to describe those employed in lower tier jobs , often extending to those in unemployment or otherwise possessing below-average incomes...

 citizens during the early half of the 19th century. This sentiment solidified the party’s ranks in the decades following the Civil War, particularly in Massachusetts
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...

, where Irish
Irish people
The Irish people are an ethnic group who originate in Ireland, an island in northwestern Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years , with the Irish people's earliest ancestors recorded having legends of being descended from groups such as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha...

 immigrants, rural farmers, fishermen, and skilled laborers flooded the city of Boston
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...

 and the surrounding towns.
At the same time, the Republican Party had emerged from the Civil War with strong northern support for its anti-slavery stance. As the 20th century unfolded, both parties would strengthen their ranks and form the current two-party system of American politics.

20th and 21st centuries

Despite numerous Republicans elected to the office of Governor, the Democratic Party has been at the forefront of Massachusetts politics for much of the 20th century. Massachusetts Democrats, from John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy , often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963....

 to Deval Patrick
Deval Patrick
Deval Laurdine Patrick is the 71st and current Governor of Massachusetts. A member of the Democratic Party, Patrick served as an Assistant United States Attorney General under President Bill Clinton...

, have played a prominent role in advancing the party’s agenda and prominence on a local and national scale.

The 2006 elections solidified the Democratic Party’s dominance in Massachusetts. Currently, every Congressional delegate from Massachusetts
United States Congressional Delegations from Massachusetts
These are complete tables of congressional delegations from Massachusetts to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Eleven of the twelve members of the current delegation are Democrats and one is a Republican.-United States Senate:...

 is a Democrat. Democrats also occupy all constitutional offices in the Commonwealth’s state government, including Attorney General Martha Coakley
Martha Coakley
Martha Mary Coakley is the Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Prior to serving as Attorney General, she was District Attorney of Middlesex County, Massachusetts from 1999 to 2007....

, Auditor Suzanne Bump, Secretary of State William F. Galvin
William F. Galvin
William Francis Galvin is the 27th and current Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth .-Early life and career:...

, and Treasurer Steve Grossman
Steve Grossman
Steve Grossman is an American jazz fusion and hard bop saxophonist.Grossman was notably Wayne Shorter's replacement in Miles Davis' jazz-fusion band. Then, from 1971 to 1973, he was in Elvin Jones's band....

. The Massachusetts Democratic Party holds super-majorities in both the state House of Representatives and the state Senate.

On January 4, 2007, Deval Patrick
Deval Patrick
Deval Laurdine Patrick is the 71st and current Governor of Massachusetts. A member of the Democratic Party, Patrick served as an Assistant United States Attorney General under President Bill Clinton...

 was inaugurated as the first African American
African American
African Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have at least partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa and are the direct descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States...

 Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Patrick, a Democrat, lawyer, and former Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights under the Clinton
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation...

 Administration, was also the first Democratic Governor of Massachusetts to be elected to that position since Michael Dukakis
Michael Dukakis
Michael Stanley Dukakis served as the 65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts from 1975–1979 and from 1983–1991, and was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1988. He was born to Greek immigrants in Brookline, Massachusetts, also the birthplace of John F. Kennedy, and was the longest serving...

’s term ended in 1991.

During the special election
United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 2010
The 2010 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts was a special election held on January 19, 2010, in order to fill the Massachusetts Class I United States Senate seat for the remainder of the term ending January 3, 2013...

 to fill the U.S. Senate
United States Senate
The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the United States, and together with the United States House of Representatives comprises the United States Congress. The composition and powers of the Senate are established in Article One of the U.S. Constitution. Each...

 seat made vacant by the death of Ted Kennedy
Ted Kennedy
Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. Serving almost 47 years, he was the second most senior member of the Senate when he died and is the fourth-longest-serving senator in United States history...

, the Massachusetts Democratic Party and Democratic candidate Martha Coakley
Martha Coakley
Martha Mary Coakley is the Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Prior to serving as Attorney General, she was District Attorney of Middlesex County, Massachusetts from 1999 to 2007....

's campaign were criticized for mailing a campaign flier
Flyer (pamphlet)
__notoc__A flyer or flier, also called a circular, handbill or leaflet, is a form of paper advertisement intended for wide distribution and typically posted or distributed in public place....

 that accused the Republican candidate, Scott Brown
Scott Brown
Scott Brown is a United States senator.Scott Brown may also refer to:-Sportsmen:*Scott Brown , American college football coach of Kentucky State...

, of wanting hospitals to turn away all rape
Rape
Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse, which is initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person's consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority or with a person who is incapable of valid consent. The...

 victims. Reporters with The Boston Globe
The Boston Globe
The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Boston Globe has been owned by The New York Times Company since 1993...

described the flier as "a major misrepresentation of [Brown's] position", while a Politico
The Politico
The Politico is an American political journalism organization based in Arlington, Virginia, that distributes its content via television, the Internet, newspaper, and radio. Its coverage of Washington, D.C., includes the U.S. Congress, lobbying, media and the Presidency...

reporter said it was an "air of desperation" by Massachusetts Democrats, in response to Brown's surging poll numbers. False statements against political candidates that are intentionally made "to aid or to injure or defeat such candidate" is prohibited by Massachusetts General Laws
General Laws of Massachusetts
Massachusetts General Laws, also known as the General Laws of Massachusetts, is a codification of many of the statutes of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Commonwealth's laws are promulgated by an elected bicameral legislative body, the Massachusetts General Court...

. Brown's campaign announced plans to file a criminal complaint
Complaint
In legal terminology, a complaint is a formal legal document that sets out the facts and legal reasons that the filing party or parties In legal terminology, a complaint is a formal legal document that sets out the facts and legal reasons (see: cause of action) that the filing party or parties In...

 against the Massachusetts Democratic Party.

U.S. House of Representatives

: John Olver
John Olver
John Walter Olver is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 1991. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Early in his career, he was a chemistry professor and served in both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court....

: Richard Neal
Richard Neal
Richard Edmund Neal is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 1989. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He is a former city councilor and mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts....

: Jim McGovern
Jim McGovern
James Patrick "Jim" McGovern is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 1997. He is a member of the Democratic Party....

: Barney Frank
Barney Frank
Barney Frank is the U.S. Representative for . A member of the Democratic Party, he is the former chairman of the House Financial Services Committee and is considered the most prominent gay politician in the United States.Born and raised in New Jersey, Frank graduated from Harvard College and...

: Niki Tsongas
Niki Tsongas
Nicola Dickson "Niki" Sauvage Tsongas is the U.S. Representative for , serving since a special election in 2007. She is a member of the Democratic Party.She is the widow of U.S. Senator Paul Tsongas, who represented the 5th district in the 1970s...

: John F. Tierney
John F. Tierney
John F. Tierney is the United States representative for . He is a member of the Democratic Party and an advocate for liberal policies and government oversight. A former attorney, he has served since 1997....

: Ed Markey
Ed Markey
Edward John "Ed" Markey is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 1976. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district includes most of Boston's northern and western suburbs, such as Medford and Framingham. Markey is the Dean of both the Massachusetts and New England House delegations...

: Michael Capuano: Stephen Lynch
Stephen Lynch
Stephen Lynch may refer to:*Stephen Lynch , American musician and comedian*Stephen Lynch , United States Representative from Massachusetts's 9th congressional district...

: William R. Keating
William R. Keating
William Richard "Bill" Keating is the U.S. Representative for . From 1999 to 2011 he was District Attorney of Norfolk County. He is a member of the Democratic Party and a former Massachusetts state representative and state senator....


Statewide offices

  • Governor
    Governor of Massachusetts
    The Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the executive magistrate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States. The current governor is Democrat Deval Patrick.-Constitutional role:...

    : Deval Patrick
    Deval Patrick
    Deval Laurdine Patrick is the 71st and current Governor of Massachusetts. A member of the Democratic Party, Patrick served as an Assistant United States Attorney General under President Bill Clinton...

  • Lieutenant Governor
    Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
    The Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts is the first in the line to discharge the powers and duties of the office of governor following the incapacitation of the Governor of Massachusetts...

    : Tim Murray
  • Secretary of Commonwealth
    Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth
    The Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth is the principal public information officer of the state government of the U.S...

    : William F. Galvin
    William F. Galvin
    William Francis Galvin is the 27th and current Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth .-Early life and career:...

  • Attorney General: Martha Coakley
    Martha Coakley
    Martha Mary Coakley is the Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Prior to serving as Attorney General, she was District Attorney of Middlesex County, Massachusetts from 1999 to 2007....

  • Treasurer: Steve Grossman
  • Auditor
    Massachusetts Auditor
    The Massachusetts State Auditor is a statewide elected office in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The current auditor is Suzanne Bump.-List of state auditors of Massachusetts:-External links:*...

    : Suzanne Bump

Legislative leadership
Massachusetts General Court
The Massachusetts General Court is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The name "General Court" is a hold-over from the Colonial Era, when this body also sat in judgment of judicial appeals cases...

  • Senate President
    President of the Massachusetts Senate
    The President of the Massachusetts Senate is the presiding officer. In the United States Congress, the Vice President of the United States is the ex officio President of the United States Senate. In Massachusetts, however, the President of the Senate is elected from and by the Senators...

    : Therese Murray
    Therese Murray
    Therese Murray is an American state legislator who has served as President of the Massachusetts Senate since March 2007. Murray, a Democrat, is the first woman to lead a house of the Massachusetts General Court...

    • Senate Majority Leader: Frederick Berry
      Frederick Berry
      Frederick E. Berry is a Democratic politician from Massachusetts, currently serving as Massachusetts Senate Majority Leader.Berry, representing Essex County in the State Senate from 1983, was previously Second Assistant Majority Floor Leader and Assistant Majority Floor Leader , before becoming...

  • House Speaker: Robert DeLeo
    Robert DeLeo (politician)
    Robert A. DeLeo is an American politician from the state of Massachusetts. He is the father of two children, Robbie and Rachele....

    • House Majority Leader: Ronald Mariano
      Ronald Mariano
      Ronald Mariano is the majority leader of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. A Democrat from Quincy, he was first elected to the House in a December 1991 special election. He was appointed assistant majority leader in February 2009 and became majority leader in January 2011...


Party chairmen

  • George S. Boutwell
    George S. Boutwell
    George Sewall Boutwell was an American statesman who served as Secretary of the Treasury under President Ulysses S...

     (1853)
  • Noah A. Plympton (1883–1894)
  • Patrick Collins
    Patrick Collins (mayor)
    Patrick Andrew Collins was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts and mayor of Boston.-Early life:Patrick Collins was born March 12, 1844 near Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland....

     (1884–1891)
  • John W. Corcoran (1891)
  • Josiah Quincy
    Josiah Quincy (1859–1919)
    Josiah Quincy was an American politician from Massachusetts who served as mayor of Boston from 1895 to 1899. His grandfather, Josiah Quincy, Jr., and great-grandfather, Josiah Quincy III, also served as mayor of Boston.-External links:*...

     (1891–1894)
  • John W. Corcoran (1894–1896)
  • John Coughlin (1896–1898)
  • Christopher T. Callahan (1898–1901)
  • William S. McNary
    William S. McNary
    William Sarsfield McNary was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.-Early years:McNary was born in Abington, Massachusetts, McNary attended the public schools of Abington and graduated from the Boston English High School....

     (1901–1904)
  • John Flaherty (1904–1905)
  • Josiah Quincy
    Josiah Quincy (1859–1919)
    Josiah Quincy was an American politician from Massachusetts who served as mayor of Boston from 1895 to 1899. His grandfather, Josiah Quincy, Jr., and great-grandfather, Josiah Quincy III, also served as mayor of Boston.-External links:*...

     (1905–1906)
  • John P. Feeney (1906–1908)
  • James W. Synan (1908–1909)
  • John F. McDonald (1909–1912)
  • Thomas P. Riley (1912–1914)
  • Michael A. O'Leary (1914–1921)
  • Arthur Lyman (1921–1923)
  • Charles H. McGlue (1923–1928)
  • Frank J. Donahue
    Frank J. Donahue
    Frank J. Donahue was an American politician who served as the Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth, Chairman of the Massachusetts Democratic State Committee, and as an Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court.-1912 Election:...

     (1928–1932)
  • Joseph A. Maynard (1932–1934)
  • Joseph McGrath (1934–1938)
  • William H. Burke, Jr. (1940–1945)
  • John F. Cahill (1945–1949)
  • John C. Carr (1949–1956)
  • William H. Burke, Jr. (1956)
  • John M. "Pat" Lynch
    John M. Lynch
    John M. "Pat" Lynch was an American politician who served and as the twenty third and twenty fifth Mayors, of Somerville, Massachusetts. He was the Massachusetts Democratic Party Chair from 1956–1962.-Notes:...

     (1956–1962)
  • Gerard F. Doherty (1962–1967)
  • Lester Hyman
    Lester Hyman
    Lester S. Hyman is a legal practitioner, with clients including Fortune 500 corporations, foreign governments and companies across the globe. Previously a founding partner and senior of counsel with the prominent Washington law firm Swidler Berlin, he now acts as a sole counselor.Hyman lives in...

     (1967–1968)
  • Gerard F. Doherty (1968)
  • David E. Harrison
    David E. Harrison
    David Eldridge Harrison is a former American politician, lobbyist, and judge who served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and as Chairman of the Massachusetts Democratic Party....

     (1968–1971)
  • Robert Q. Crane
    Robert Q. Crane
    Robert Quentin Crane is an American politician who served as Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts from 1965–1991. He is credited with starting the Massachusetts Lottery.- Early life :...

     (1971)
  • Charles Flaherty
    Charles Flaherty
    Charles F. Flaherty is a U.S. politician who served as a Democratic member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1967-1996...

     (1971–1977)
  • Chester G. Atkins
    Chester G. Atkins
    Chester Greenough Atkins is a former member of the United States House of Representatives. He was a Democrat from Massachusetts.Atkins was born in Geneva, Switzerland on April 14, 1948 and graduated from Concord-Carlisle High School of Concord, Massachusetts in 1966 and Antioch College in 1970...

     (1977–1991)
  • Steve Grossman (1991–1993)
  • Joan Menard
    Joan Menard
    Joan M. Menard is a retired American politician who currently serves as the vice president for work force development, lifelong learning, grant development and external affairs at Bristol Community College....

     (1993–2000)
  • Philip W. Johnston (2000–2007)
  • John E. Walsh
    John E. Walsh
    John E. Walsh is an American businessman and political figure who currently serves as Chairman of the Massachusetts Democratic Party.-Political career:...

    (2007–present)

Further reading

  • Abrams, Richard M. Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964
  • Brown, Richard D. Massachusetts: A Bicentennial History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1978
  • Darling, Arthur B. Jacksonian Democracy in Massachusetts. The American Historical Review, Vol. 29, No.2. (Jan, 1924), pp. 271-287
  • Gamm, Gerald H. The Making of the New Deal Democrats: Voting Behavior and Realignment in Boston, 1920-1940. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989
  • Goodman, Paul. The Democratic-Republicans of Massachusetts: Politics in a Young Republic. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964
  • Hennessy, Michael E. Four Decades of Massachusetts Politics: 1890-1935. Norwood, Mass.: The Norwood Press, 1935
  • Merriam, C.E. State Central Committees: A Study of Party Organization. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 2. (June, 1904), pp. 224-233.
  • Robinson, William A. Jeffersonian Democracy in New England. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1916.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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