Marshal (Brazil)
Encyclopedia
Marshal
(Portuguese
: Marechal) is the highest rank in both the Brazilian Army
and the Brazilian Air Force
, although the latter is titled Marechal-do-Ar (literally Marshal of the Air). These ranks are equivalent to that of Admiral in the Navy. A marshal is distinguished by using five stars, which for a marshal of the air are in the approximate position of Southern Cross and for a marshal in the army, in the form of "X". The five stars of Admiral are in the shape of a pentagon
.
Until the structural reform of 1967 in the Brazilian Army, army generals (bearing four stars), when moving to the reserve, were awarded the fifth star automatically. With the reform, it was established that there would be only the promotion of a general to marshal in the event of war, thus extinguishing the rank of marshal within the army in times of peace. Those dubbed as marshals prior to such reform, however, would still bear such titles for the reminder of their lives. As such, in 1975, the Army had 73 marshals - meaning that there were more Brazilian marshals than French and English ones together throughout the twentieth century. The last living Brazilian Army marshal, Marshal Waldemar Levy Cardoso
, died in May 2009.
During the days of the Imperial Period (between 1822 and 1889), the patent, regarding the Army, was named "marshal of the army" (Portuguese
: Marechal-do-Exército), having been renamed to its shorter current counterpart with the advent of the Republic after 1889.
Although a large number of marshals existed within Brazilian ranks in the second half of the 20th century as mentioned above, the last active marshal in the Brazilian Army (i.e., that to hold office in the command of active troops) was Marshal Mascarenhas de Moraes
, holding the position of commander of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force
, a special Corps assembled to fight alongside the Allied forces in the Mediterranean Theatre of World War II
. Marshal Mascarenhas de Maraes would bear said position and title for the reminder of his life (thus, until 1968, when he perished) as a result of a decree by the National Congress which dubbed the position and title honorary lifetime in the form of active troops.
Some Marshals became President of Brazil
, notably in the years following the establishment of the Republic in 1889 and also between the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état and the re-establishment of democracy in 1984/1985. Worthy mentions would be Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca
(for the earlier aforementioned period) and Marshals Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco and Artur da Costa e Silva
(for the latter).
This category comprises articles about marshall of the Armed Forces of Brazil (patent virtually extinct in 1967 when, from then, can only be attributed to generals who had participated in conflicts of war). There have been 66 Marshals; 63 army and three air force.
(1822-1825), Argentina-Brazil War
(1825-1828), Platine War
(1851-1852), Uruguayan War
(1864-1865) and War of the Triple Alliance
(1864-1870)), very few military officers achieved the highly distinct rank:
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Marshal
Marshal , is a word used in several official titles of various branches of society. The word is an ancient loan word from Old French, cf...
(Portuguese
Portuguese language
Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
: Marechal) is the highest rank in both the Brazilian Army
Brazilian Army
The Brazilian Army is the land arm of the Brazilian Military. The Brazilian Army has fought in several international conflicts, mostly in South America and during the 19th century, such as the Brazilian War of Independence , Argentina-Brazil War , War of the Farrapos , Platine War , Uruguayan War ...
and the Brazilian Air Force
Brazilian Air Force
The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces"...
, although the latter is titled Marechal-do-Ar (literally Marshal of the Air). These ranks are equivalent to that of Admiral in the Navy. A marshal is distinguished by using five stars, which for a marshal of the air are in the approximate position of Southern Cross and for a marshal in the army, in the form of "X". The five stars of Admiral are in the shape of a pentagon
Pentagon
In geometry, a pentagon is any five-sided polygon. A pentagon may be simple or self-intersecting. The sum of the internal angles in a simple pentagon is 540°. A pentagram is an example of a self-intersecting pentagon.- Regular pentagons :In a regular pentagon, all sides are equal in length and...
.
Until the structural reform of 1967 in the Brazilian Army, army generals (bearing four stars), when moving to the reserve, were awarded the fifth star automatically. With the reform, it was established that there would be only the promotion of a general to marshal in the event of war, thus extinguishing the rank of marshal within the army in times of peace. Those dubbed as marshals prior to such reform, however, would still bear such titles for the reminder of their lives. As such, in 1975, the Army had 73 marshals - meaning that there were more Brazilian marshals than French and English ones together throughout the twentieth century. The last living Brazilian Army marshal, Marshal Waldemar Levy Cardoso
Waldemar Levy Cardoso
Waldemar Levy Cardoso was the last living Field Marshal of the Brazilian Army. He was of Jewish Algerian-Moroccan descent and was born on Rua Evaristo da Veiga in Rio de Janeiro. Cardoso graduated from military college at the top of his class in late 1918, making him a World War I-era veteran...
, died in May 2009.
During the days of the Imperial Period (between 1822 and 1889), the patent, regarding the Army, was named "marshal of the army" (Portuguese
Portuguese language
Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
: Marechal-do-Exército), having been renamed to its shorter current counterpart with the advent of the Republic after 1889.
Although a large number of marshals existed within Brazilian ranks in the second half of the 20th century as mentioned above, the last active marshal in the Brazilian Army (i.e., that to hold office in the command of active troops) was Marshal Mascarenhas de Moraes
Mascarenhas de Moraes
Marshal João Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais was a Spanish Brazilian Army Officer and commander of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in the Second World War.-Biography:...
, holding the position of commander of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force
Brazilian Expeditionary Force
The Brazilian Expeditionary Force or BEF was a force about 25,700 men and women arranged by the Army and Air Force to fight alongside the Allied forces in the Mediterranean Theatre of World War II...
, a special Corps assembled to fight alongside the Allied forces in the Mediterranean Theatre of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. Marshal Mascarenhas de Maraes would bear said position and title for the reminder of his life (thus, until 1968, when he perished) as a result of a decree by the National Congress which dubbed the position and title honorary lifetime in the form of active troops.
Some Marshals became President of Brazil
President of Brazil
The president of Brazil is both the head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces...
, notably in the years following the establishment of the Republic in 1889 and also between the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état and the re-establishment of democracy in 1984/1985. Worthy mentions would be Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca
Deodoro da Fonseca
Marshal Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca became the first president of the Republic of Brazil after heading a military coup that deposed Emperor Pedro II and proclaimed the Republic in 1889, disestablishing the Empire of Brazil.- Biography :...
(for the earlier aforementioned period) and Marshals Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco and Artur da Costa e Silva
Artur da Costa e Silva
Artur da Costa e Silva was a Brazilian Army General, the second President of Brazil during the military regime set up by the 1964 coup d'état; he was born only a month before the coup that overthrow Dom Pedro II. He was married to Iolanda Barbosa Costa e Silva, the daughter of a soldier...
(for the latter).
List of Brazilian Marshals
Marshals of the Empire of Brazil
During the monarchic regime, there were four General ranks (from lowest to highest): Brigadier (Brigadeiro), Field Marshal (Marechal de campo), Lieutenant-General (Tenente-general) and Marshal of the Army (Marechal do Exército). Although almost all international conflicts that Brazil participated occurred during the Imperial Era (Brazilian War of IndependenceBrazilian Declaration of Independence
The Brazilian Independence comprised a series of political events occurred in 1821–1823, most of which involved disputes between Brazil and Portugal regarding the call for independence presented by the Brazilian Kingdom...
(1822-1825), Argentina-Brazil War
Argentina-Brazil War
The Cisplatine War or the Argentine–Brazilian War was an armed conflict over an area known as Banda Oriental or "Eastern Shore" in the 1820s between the United Provinces of River Plate and the Empire of Brazil in the aftermath of the United Provinces' emancipation from Spain.-Background:Led by...
(1825-1828), Platine War
Platine War
The Platine War, also known as the War against Oribe and Rosas was fought between the Argentine Confederation and an alliance consisting of the Empire of Brazil, Uruguay and the Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes...
(1851-1852), Uruguayan War
Uruguayan War
The Uruguayan War , also known as the War against Aguirre, was fought between Uruguay and an alliance between the Empire of Brazil and Uruguayan Colorados....
(1864-1865) and War of the Triple Alliance
War of the Triple Alliance
The Paraguayan War , also known as War of the Triple Alliance , was a military conflict in South America fought from 1864 to 1870 between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay...
(1864-1870)), very few military officers achieved the highly distinct rank:
- Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
- Manuel Antônio da Fonseca Costa, Marquis of Gávea
- Francisco Xavier Calmon Cabral da Silva, Baron of Itapagipe
- Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of ErvalManuel Luís Osório, Marquis of ErvalManuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval , was a Brazilian military officer, monarchist and politician.-References:* Carvalho, José Murilo de. D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007....
- José Antônio Correia da Câmara, Viscount of Pelotas
- Francisco José de Sousa Soares de Andréa, Baron of Caçapava
- Gaston d´Orléans, Count of EuGaston, comte d'EuGaston d'Orléans , the first son of Louis, the Duke of Nemours and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary. His full name was Louis Philippe Marie Ferdinand Gaston d'Orléans; Portuguese: Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Gastão de Orleães...
Marshals of the Republic of Brazil
- Ademar de Queirós
- Aguinaldo Caiado de Castro
- Aires Antônio de Morais Âncora
- Alexandre Gomes de Argolo Ferrão
- Ângelo Mendes de Morais
- Antônio Enéias Gustavo Galvão
- Antônio Henrique Cardim
- Armando Figueira Trompowsky de Almeida Br Air Force
- Bento Manuel Ribeiro
- Cândido José da Costa
- Cândido RondonCândido RondonCândido Mariano da Silva Rondon, or Marechal Rondon was a Brazilian military officer who is most famous for his exploration of Mato Grosso and the Western Amazon Basin, and his lifelong support of Brazilian indigenous populations...
- Carlos Antônio Napion
- Carlos Frederico Lecor
- Carlos Machado Bittencourt
- Casimiro Montenegro FilhoCasimiro Montenegro FilhoCasimiro Montenegro Filho was a Brazilian army and air force officer. He reached the rank of Marechal-do-ar, the highest rank of the Brazilian Air Force rank system....
Br Air Force - Cordeiro de Farias
- Artur da Costa e SilvaArtur da Costa e SilvaArtur da Costa e Silva was a Brazilian Army General, the second President of Brazil during the military regime set up by the 1964 coup d'état; he was born only a month before the coup that overthrow Dom Pedro II. He was married to Iolanda Barbosa Costa e Silva, the daughter of a soldier...
- Deodoro da FonsecaDeodoro da FonsecaMarshal Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca became the first president of the Republic of Brazil after heading a military coup that deposed Emperor Pedro II and proclaimed the Republic in 1889, disestablishing the Empire of Brazil.- Biography :...
- Eduardo GomesEduardo GomesAir Marshal Eduardo Gomes was a Brazilian politician and military figure. He was born in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil....
Br Air Force - Eurico Gaspar DutraEurico Gaspar DutraEurico Gaspar Dutra , was a Brazilian marshal, politician and president of Brazil from 1946–1951.He was born in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, and like many other Brazilians, was from Azorean-Portuguese origin...
- Floriano PeixotoFloriano PeixotoFloriano Vieira de Araújo Peixoto , April 30, 1839, Maceió, Brazil — July 29, 1895, Rio de Janeiro; born in Ipioca , was a Brazilian soldier and politician, a veteran of the War of the Triple Alliance, and the second President of Brazil.-Election and Succession as President:Floriano Peixoto...
- Francisco Arruda Câmara
- Frederico Augusto de Mesquita
- Francisco Carlos da Luz
- Francisco das Chagas Santos
- Francisco José de Sousa Soares de Andréa
- Francisco Marcelino de Sousa Aguiar
- Francisco de Paula Magessi Tavares de Carvalho
- Guilherme Xavier de Sousa
- Hastinfilo de Moura
- Henrique Batista Duffles Teixeira Lott
- Hermes Ernesto da Fonseca
- Hermes da Fonseca
- Humberto de Alencar Castelo BrancoHumberto de Alencar Castelo BrancoMarshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco was a Brazilian military leader and politician.He was President of Brazil, as a military dictator, after the 1964 coup d'etat...
- João Batista do Rego Barros Cavalcanti de Albuquerque
- João Carlos Augusto de Oyenhausen-Gravenburg
- João de Deus Mena Barreto (I)
- João Frederico Caldwell
- João de Segadas Viana
- João de Sousa da Fonseca Costa
- João Tomás de Cantuária
- João Vieira de Carvalho
- Joaquim de Oliveira Álvares
- Joaquim Xavier Curado
- José Bernardino Bormann
- José Egídio Gordilho de Barbuda Filho
- José de Oliveira Barbosa
- José Pessoa
- José Ribeiro de Sousa Fontes
- Juarez TávoraJuarez TávoraJuarez Távora is a town and municipality in the state of Paraíba in the Northeast Region of Brazil.-References:...
- Júlio Anacleto Falcão da Frota
- Luís Paulino d'Oliveira Pinto da França
- Luís Paulino d'Oliveira Pinto da França Garcês
- Manuel de Almeida Lobo d'Eça
- Manuel Antônio da Fonseca Costa
- Manuel Jorge Rodrigues
- Mascarenhas de Morais
- Odílio Denys
- Pedro de Alcântara Bellegarde
- Raimundo José da Cunha Matos
- Rufino Enéias Gustavo Galvão
- Salustiano Jerônimo dos Reis
- Salvador José Maciel
- Sebastião Barreto Pereira Pinto
- Tomás Joaquim Pereira Valente
- Waldemar Levy CardosoWaldemar Levy CardosoWaldemar Levy Cardoso was the last living Field Marshal of the Brazilian Army. He was of Jewish Algerian-Moroccan descent and was born on Rua Evaristo da Veiga in Rio de Janeiro. Cardoso graduated from military college at the top of his class in late 1918, making him a World War I-era veteran...