The
Manġhud (Mangghud) or
Mangudai (
turkishTurkish is spoken as a first language by over 63 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Cyprus, with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania and other...
:
Mangıt) originally were a Mongol tribe of the Urud-Manghud federation. They established the
Nogai HordeThe Nogai Horde was a confederation of Turkic nomads that occupied the Pontic-Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed south by the Russians in the 17th century. 'Nogai' is more of an ethnonym than an ethnic group...
in the 14th c. and the Manghit Dynasty to rule the
Emirate of BukharaThe Emirate of Bukhara was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the land along the lower Zarafshan River, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of...
in 1785. The clan name was used for Mongol vanguards as well. Their descendants live in several regions of the former
Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire was an empire from the 13th and 14th century spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia. It is the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world...
.
According to ancient sources, they were derived from the Kiyad Mongols.
The
Manġhud (Mangghud) or
Mangudai (
turkishTurkish is spoken as a first language by over 63 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Cyprus, with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania and other...
:
Mangıt) originally were a Mongol tribe of the Urud-Manghud federation. They established the
Nogai HordeThe Nogai Horde was a confederation of Turkic nomads that occupied the Pontic-Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed south by the Russians in the 17th century. 'Nogai' is more of an ethnonym than an ethnic group...
in the 14th c. and the Manghit Dynasty to rule the
Emirate of BukharaThe Emirate of Bukhara was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the land along the lower Zarafshan River, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of...
in 1785. The clan name was used for Mongol vanguards as well. Their descendants live in several regions of the former
Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire was an empire from the 13th and 14th century spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia. It is the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world...
.
Manghuds in Mongol Empire
According to ancient sources, they were derived from the Kiyad Mongols. The Manghuds and the Uruuds were war-like people from the Mongolian plateau. Some notable Manghud warriors supported
Genghis KhanGenghis Khan , ; 1162–1227), born , was the founder, Khan and Khagan of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in history....
(1162-1227) while a body of them resisted his rise to power. When the
Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire was an empire from the 13th and 14th century spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia. It is the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world...
began to expand westward, the Manghud people were spread westward into the Middle East along with many other Mongol tribes. In the
Golden HordeThe Ulus of Jochi or the Golden Horde is an East Slavic designation for the Mongol—later Turkicized—Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus...
, the Manghuds supported
NogaiNogai , also called Isa Nogai, was a general and de facto ruler of the Golden Horde and a great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan. His grandfather was Baul/Teval Khan, the 7th son of Jochi...
(d.1299) and established their own semi-independent
hordeHorde may refer to:* a clan or army of steppe nomads* the White Horde, formed 1226* the Blue Horde, formed 1227* the Golden Horde, a Tatar-Mongol state established in the 1240s...
from
the khans in
Sarai-Places:*Sarai , the capital city of the Golden Horde*Sarai Alamgir, a town in northern Pakistan*Sarai , an urban-type settlement in Ryazan Oblast, Russia*Saraj municipality, a municipality in Greater Skopje, Republic of Macedonia...
. After Nogai's death in 1299 AD, the majority of Manghud warriors joined the service of Tokhta Khan. Their chieftain
EdiguEdigu, or Edigey, also İdegäy or Edege Mangit was a Mongol emir of the White Horde who founded the new political entity, which came to be known as the Nogai Horde...
, the powerful
warlordA warlord is a person with power who has both military and civil control over a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority. The term can also mean one who espouses the ideal that war is necessary, and has the means and authority to engage in war...
of the Golden Horde, officially founded
Nogai HordeThe Nogai Horde was a confederation of Turkic nomads that occupied the Pontic-Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed south by the Russians in the 17th century. 'Nogai' is more of an ethnonym than an ethnic group...
or Manghit Horde in the 14th-15th century. Turkish historians would record their tribal name as Manghit or Nogais, as opposed to the original Manghud or Mangudai.
Military unit of the Mongols
The mangudai or mungadai were military units of the
Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire was an empire from the 13th and 14th century spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia. It is the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world...
, but sources differ wildly in their descriptions. One source states that references to Mongol
light cavalryLight cavalry refers to lightly-armed and armored troops mounted on horses, as opposed to heavy cavalry, where the riders are heavily armored...
"suicide troops" date back to the 13th century.
However, a
United States ArmyThe United States Army is the branch of the United States Military responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military and is one of seven uniformed services...
author believes that Mangudai was the name of a 13th-century Mongol warlord who created an arduous selection process to test potential leaders. The term is used by element of the
United States ArmyThe United States Army is the branch of the United States Military responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military and is one of seven uniformed services...
as a name for multi-day tests of Soldiers' endurance and warrior skills.
The Travels of Marco Polo uses the word Meng-Gu-Dai as the name of a person: "The (Mongol) Emperor ordered Meng-Gu-Dai to invade Si-Fan with 6000 men."
http://www.travelbooksonline.com/asia/0025asiapage133_250.html
Nogai Horde
The Nogais protected the northern borders of
AstrakhanAstrakhan is a major city in southern European Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast. The city lies on the Volga River, close to where it discharges into the Caspian Sea. Population: 502,800 ; 504,501 ; 509,210 .-Medieval history:Astrakhan' is situated in the Volga Delta, rich...
and
Crimean khanateThe Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was Crimean Yurt The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea was a Crimean Tatar state from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was Crimean Yurt...
s, and through organized raids to the northern steppes prevented
RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n and
LithuaniaLithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of...
n settlements. Many Nogais joined the service of Crimean khan. Settling there, they contributed to the formation of the
Crimean TatarsCrimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic ethnic group originally residing in Crimea. They speak the Crimean Tatar language...
. However, Nogais were not only good soldiers, they also had considerable agricultural skills. Their basic social unit was the semi-autonomous 'ulus' or band. But Nogais were proud of their nomadic traditions and independence, which they considered superior to settled agricultural life.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the Kalmyks or the
OiratsOirat is the common name of several pastoral nomadic tribes of Mongolian origin whose ancestral home is in the Dzungaria and Amdo regions of western Mongolia and also western China...
, migrated from the steppes of southern Siberia on the banks of the Irtysh River to the Lower Volga region about 1630. The Kalmyks expelled the Nogais who fled to the plains of northern
CaucasusThe Caucasus or Caucas is a geopolitical region between at the border of Europe and Asia. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, including Europe's highest mountain ....
and to the Crimea under the
Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299 to November 1, 1922 The Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِیَّهِ عُثْمَانِیَّه Dawlet-il ʿAliyyat-il ʿOs̠māniyye, Modern Turkish:...
.
Manghit Dynasty
In the 1700s the basins of the
Amu DaryaThe Amu Darya , in antiquity known as Oxus to Greeks and Romans or Vaksu to Indo-Aryans, is a major river in Central Asia. It is formed by the junction of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers...
and
Syr DaryaSyr Darya is a river in Central Asia, sometimes known as the Jaxartes or Yaxartes from its Ancient Greek name . The Greek name is derived from Old Persian, Yakhsha Arta , a reference to the color of the river's water...
passed under the control of three Uzbek khanates claiming legitimacy in their descent from Genghis Khan. These were, from west to east, the Qunggirats based on
KhivaKhiva ; Alternative or historical names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, , Khwarazm, Chiwa, and Chorezm) is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva and lies in the present-day Khorezm Province of Uzbekistan...
in Khwārezm (1717–1920), the Mangits in Bukhara (1753–1920), and the Mings in Kokand (Qǔqon; c. 1710–1876).
The Manghit dynasty was founded by an Uzbek family that ruled the
Emirate of BukharaThe Emirate of Bukhara was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the land along the lower Zarafshan River, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of...
from 1785 to 1920. Manġit power in the
Khanate of BukharaKhanate of Bukhara was a significant feudal state in Central Asia from the early-16th century to the late–18th century. It arose following the conquest of Samarkand and Bukhara by Muhammad Shaybani, when Bukhara became the capital of the short-lived Shaybanid empire...
began to grow in the early 1700s, due to the emirs position as
ataliq to the khan. The family effectively came to power after
Nader ShahNāder Shāh Afshār the Great ruled as Shah of Iran and was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty...
's death in 1747, and the assassination of the ruling Abulfayz Khan and his young son Abdalmumin by the ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi. From the 1750s to the 1780s, the Manġits ruled behind the scenes, until the emir Shah Murad declared himself the open ruler, establishing the Emirate of Bukhara. The last emir of the dynasty,
Mohammed Alim KhanEmir Seyyid Mir Mohammed Alim Khan was the last emir of the Manghit dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Bukhara in Central Asia. Although Bukhara was a protectorate of the Russian Empire from 1873, the Emir presided over the internal affairs of his emirate as absolute monarch and...
, was ousted by the Russian
Red ArmyThe Red Army The Red Army The Red Army was the Soviet government’s revolutionary militia beginning in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the USSR. Since 1946, after the Second World War, it was called the Soviet Army.The 'Red...
in September, 1920, and fled to
AfghanistanThe Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country in south central Asia. It is variously described as being located within Central Asia, South Asia, or the Middle East...
. The dynasty descends from the great Mongol khans of the Golden Horde.
The Manghit dynasty issued coins from 1787 up until the Soviet takeover.
List of Emirs of the Manghit Dynasty (1785-1920)
- Shah Murad Khan (1785 - 13 December 1799)
- Haydar Tura Khan (13 December 1799 - January 1826)
- Husayn Khan (January - March 1826)
- 'Umar Khan (March - 22 March 1826)
- Nasr Allah Bahadur Khan (22 March 1826 - 21 September 1860)
- Muzaffar ad-Din Bahadur Khan (23 September 1860 - 12 November 1885)
- 'Abd al-Ahad Khan (12 November 1885 - 3 January 1911)
- Muhammed Alim Khan (3 January 1911 - 30 August 1920)
Descendants
The Manghuds live as parts of
KhalkhaThe Khalkha, or Halh are a subgroup of the Mongols. They comprise the majority of the population of the independent state of Mongolia. The standard language of Mongolia is based on the Khalkha dialect.- History :The first reference to the Khalkha people is of the early 16th century...
of
MongoliaMongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 24 miles from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator,...
and Baarin banner in
Inner MongoliaInner Mongolia is a Mongol autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the country's north....
now.
Their descendants Nogai and Karakalpak people live in
DagestanThe Republic of Dagestan is a federal subject—republic—of the Russian Federation, located in the North Caucasus region....
and Khorazm. And the Manghits are also found among the
TatarsTatars , sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic ethnic group mainly inhabiting Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. They numbered 10 million in the late 20th Century, which includes all subgroups of Tatar people, such as...
in
RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, the
BashkirsThe Bashkirs, are Turkic people indigenous to Bashkortostan, Russia. Groups of Bashkirs also live in the republic of Tatarstan, as well as in Perm Krai and Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Samara, and Saratov Oblasts of Russia.-Overview:...
and the
KazakhsThe Kazakhs are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
.
External links
See also
- Manghit dynasty in history of Tajikistan