Manado Malay is a language spoken in Manado

Manado

Manado is the capital of the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia. Manado is located at the Bay of Manado, and is surrounded by a mountainous area. The city has about 405,715 inhabitants, making it the second-largest city in Sulawesi after Makassar...

 and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is Bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa

Minahasa

The Minahasa are an ethnic group located in the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia, formerly known as North Celebes...

 Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used only for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.

Manado Malay is actually a creole

Creole language

A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable natural language developed from the mixing of parent languages; creoles differ from pidgins in that they have been nativized by children as their primary language, making them have features of natural languages that are normally missing from...

 of the Malay language

Malay language

Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It is the official language of Malaysia , Indonesia , Brunei and Singapore...

. It differs from Malay in having a large number of Portuguese and Dutch loan words and in traits like for example its use of "kita" as a first person singular pronoun, while "kita" is a first person inclusive plural pronoun in Malay.

Word stress

Most words have stress on the pre-final syllable:

• words in from Bahasah Manado in in the mixture of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch

kaDEra	'chair'
STEnga	'half'
DOi	'money'

But there are also many words with final stress:

buTUL	'right, correct, true'
toLOR	'egg'	saBONG	'soap'

Personal

	Standard Indonesian	Manado Malay
First singular	saya	kita
First plural	kami / kita	torang
Second singular	anda	ngana
Second plural	kalian	ngoni
Third singular	dia	dia
Third plural	mereka	dorang

Possessives

Possessives are built by adding "pe" to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus "pe" has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".

English	Manado Malay
My friend	kita pe tamang / ta pe tamang
Your (sing.) friend	ngana pe tamang / nga pe tamang
His/her book	dia pe buku / de pe buku
This book is yours (pl.)	ini ngoni pe buku

Grammatical aspect

Ada ('to be') can be used in Manadonese Malay to indicate the perfective aspect

Perfective aspect

The perfective aspect , sometimes called the aoristic aspect, is a grammatical aspect used to describe a situation viewed as a simple whole, whether that situation occurs in the past, present, or future. The perfective aspect is equivalent to the aspectual component of past perfective forms...

e.g. :

• Dorang ada turun pigi Wenang = "They already went down to Wenang"
• Torang so makan = "We ate already", or "We have eaten already".
• kita- me, myself, i or we, us
• torang- we, us

Nasal finals

The final nasals /m/ and /n/ in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu

Terengganu

Terengganu is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Iman...

 dialect of Malaysia, e.g. :

• makang (Indonesian makan) = "to eat",
• jalang (Indonesian jalan) = "to walk",
• sirang (Indonesian siram) = "to shower" etc.

"Ba" prefix

The ber prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba in Manado Malay. E.g.: bajalang (berjalan, walking), batobo (berenang, swimming), batolor (bertelur, laying eggs)

"Me" prefix

The me prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma in Manado Malay. E.g.: mangael (mengail, hooking fish), manari (menari, dancing), mancari (mencari, searching), mamasa (memasak, cooking), manangis (menangis, crying).

Other words

Several words in standard Indonesian is shortened in Manado Malay. For example:

pi (standard Indonesian: pergi, to go)

mo pi mana ngoni? (where are you people going?)

co (standard Indonesian: coba, to try)

co lia ini oto (try have a look at this car)

so (standard Indonesian: sudah, have/has done)

so klar? (have you finished?), "so maleleh?" (has it molten?), so kanyang?" (are your stomachs full yet?)

ta (standard Indonesian: awalan ter, passive prefix)

tasono? (fallen asleep) , tajatung? (fallen), tagoso (being rubbed)

Indonesian loanwards from Manado Malay

Several words in Manado Malay is loaned to the standard Indonesian:

• baku (which indicates reciprocality) e.g. : baku hantam (to punch each other), baku ajar (to hit each other), baku veto (to debate one another), baku sedu (to laugh oneselves off), baku dapa (to meet each other).

Manado Malay loanwords from other languages

Due to the past colonisation by the Dutch

Netherlands

The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...

 and the Portuguese

Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...

in Sulawesi, several words of this language originates from their languages.

Standard Indonesian	Manado Malay loanword	Language of Origin	English meaning
topi	capeo	Portuguese (chapéu)	cap, hat
bosan	fastiu	Portuguese (fastio)	bored
untuk	for	Dutch (voor)	for
garpu	fork	Dutch (vork)	fork
tenggorokan	gargantang	Portuguese (garganta)	throat
kursi	kadera	Portuguese (cadeira)	chair
saputangan	lenso	Portuguese (lenço)	handkerchief
tapi	mar	Dutch (maar)	but
jagung	milu	Portuguese (milho)	corn, maize
bendera	bandera	Spanish (la bandera)	flag
Paman	om	Dutch (oom)	uncle
nenek	oma	Dutch (oma)	grandmother
kakek	opa	Dutch (opa)	grandfather
bayangan	sombar	Portuguese (sombra)	shadow
keringat	suar	Portuguese (suar)	sweat
Bibi	tante	Dutch (tante)	aunt
dahi	testa	Portuguese (testa)	forehead, temple
penyu	tuturuga	Portuguese (tartaruga)	turtle
sepatu	chepatu	Spanish (zapato)	shoe(s)