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Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 100BCE-300CE in the southern Korean peninsula
Korean Peninsula

The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan on the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water....
 in the Chungcheong
Chungcheong

Chungcheong was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. Chungcheong was located in the southwest of Korea. The provincial capital was located at Gongju, which had been the capital of the kingdom of Baekje from 475 to 538....
 Province. Arising out of the confluence of Gojoseon
Gojoseon

Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom, considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. According to the Samguk Yusa and other Korean medieval-era records, Gojoseon is said to have been founded in 2333 BC by the legendary Dangun, who is said to be the grandson of Heaven ....
 migration and the Jin
Jin (Korean history)

Jin state was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE, bordering the Korean kingdom Gojoseon to the north....
 federation, Mahan was one of the Samhan
Samhan

Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan confederacy, Jinhan confederacy, and Byeonhan confederacy in central and southern Korean peninsula, which were eventually absorbed into two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea....
 (or "Three Hans"), along with Byeonhan
Byeonhan confederacy

Byeonhan, also known as Byeonjin, was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era to the 4th century in the southern Korean peninsula....
 and Jinhan
Jinhan confederacy

Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province....
. Baekje
Baekje

Baekje , or Paekche , was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
 began as a member statelet, but later overtook all of Mahan and became one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea

The Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean empire of Goguryeo, and kingdom of Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE....
.

n probably developed from the existing bronze society of 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, continuing to absorb migration from the north in subsequent centuries.






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Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 100BCE-300CE in the southern Korean peninsula
Korean Peninsula

The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan on the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water....
 in the Chungcheong
Chungcheong

Chungcheong was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. Chungcheong was located in the southwest of Korea. The provincial capital was located at Gongju, which had been the capital of the kingdom of Baekje from 475 to 538....
 Province. Arising out of the confluence of Gojoseon
Gojoseon

Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom, considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. According to the Samguk Yusa and other Korean medieval-era records, Gojoseon is said to have been founded in 2333 BC by the legendary Dangun, who is said to be the grandson of Heaven ....
 migration and the Jin
Jin (Korean history)

Jin state was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE, bordering the Korean kingdom Gojoseon to the north....
 federation, Mahan was one of the Samhan
Samhan

Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan confederacy, Jinhan confederacy, and Byeonhan confederacy in central and southern Korean peninsula, which were eventually absorbed into two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea....
 (or "Three Hans"), along with Byeonhan
Byeonhan confederacy

Byeonhan, also known as Byeonjin, was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era to the 4th century in the southern Korean peninsula....
 and Jinhan
Jinhan confederacy

Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province....
. Baekje
Baekje

Baekje , or Paekche , was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
 began as a member statelet, but later overtook all of Mahan and became one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea

The Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean empire of Goguryeo, and kingdom of Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE....
.

History

Mahan probably developed from the existing bronze society of 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, continuing to absorb migration from the north in subsequent centuries. King Jun of the kingdom of Gojoseon
Gojoseon

Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom, considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. According to the Samguk Yusa and other Korean medieval-era records, Gojoseon is said to have been founded in 2333 BC by the legendary Dangun, who is said to be the grandson of Heaven ....
 in northern Korea, having lost the throne to Wiman
Wiman

Wiman may refer to:*Wiman of Gojoseon, founder of a kingdom in north-western Korea in the 2nd century BC*Al Wiman, American reporter*Ann-Marie Wiman , Swedish actress and composer...
, fled to the state of Jin
Jin (Korean history)

Jin state was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE, bordering the Korean kingdom Gojoseon to the north....
 in southern Korea around 194BCE-180BCE. He and his followers are thought to have established a base within Jin territory, where he called himself the Han King. It is not certain whether Mahan conquered or arose out of this entity, but Mahan was certainly influenced by this influx of northern culture.

Further migration followed the fall of Gojoseon
Gojoseon

Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom, considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. According to the Samguk Yusa and other Korean medieval-era records, Gojoseon is said to have been founded in 2333 BC by the legendary Dangun, who is said to be the grandson of Heaven ....
 and establishment of the Chinese commanderies in the northern part of the Korean peninsula
Korean Peninsula

The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan on the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water....
 in 108 BC. It is described in the Chinese chronicle San Guo Zhi and the much later Korean chronicles Samguk Yusa
Samguk Yusa

Samguk Yusa, or Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms, is a collection of legends, folktales, and historical accounts relating to the Three Kingdoms of Korea , as well as to other periods and states before, during, and after the Three Kingdoms period....
 and Samguk Sagi
Samguk Sagi

Samguk Sagi is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. The Samguk Sagi is written in Classical Chinese and its compilation was ordered by Goryeo King Injong and undertaken by the government official and historian Kim Busik and a team of junior scholars....
.

In the 1st century CE, the Mokji state, that formed and led Mahan confederacy, was defeated in struggles with Baekje
Baekje

Baekje , or Paekche , was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
, another member of Mahan, and consequently losing whole region of present-day Han River basin. Under continuous pressure from Baekje, only 20 statelets of Mahan confederacy survived until the late 3rd century. Baekje eventually absorbed or conquered all of Mahan by the 4th century, growing into one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea

The Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean empire of Goguryeo, and kingdom of Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE....
, along with Silla
Silla

Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and the longest sustaining dynasty in Asian history. Although it was founded by King Bak Hyeokgeose of Silla, who is also known to be the originator of the Korean family name Park , the dynasty was to see the Kyungju Kim clan hold rule for most of its 992-year history....
 and Goguryeo
Goguryeo

Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Koreans Empire located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Primorsky Krai....
.

Politics

Mahan kings occasionally called themselves "King of Jin," referring to the earlier Jin state and asserting nominal sovereignty over all of Samhan. A wealth of bronze artifacts and production facilities indicate that Mahan was probably the earliest developed of the three Hans. At its height, Mahan covered much of the Han River
Han River (Korea)

The Han River is a major river in South Korea and is formed by the confluence of the Namhan River , which originates in Mount Daedeok, and the Bukhan River , which originates on the slopes of Kumgang-san in North Korea....
 Basin and the modern-day provinces of Gyeonggi, Chungcheong
Chungcheong

Chungcheong was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. Chungcheong was located in the southwest of Korea. The provincial capital was located at Gongju, which had been the capital of the kingdom of Baekje from 475 to 538....
, and Jeolla
Jeolla

Jeolla was one of the Eight Provinces of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. Jeolla was located in the southwest of Korea. The provincial capital was Jeonju....
, although political unity was strongest in Chungcheong, led by Mokji (???, ???).

Legacy

Goryeo
Goryeo

The Goryeo Dynasty was a sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo of Goryeo. It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392....
 historians identified Mahan with Goguryeo
Goguryeo

Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Koreans Empire located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Primorsky Krai....
, which was supported by their works like Samguk Sagi
Samguk Sagi

Samguk Sagi is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. The Samguk Sagi is written in Classical Chinese and its compilation was ordered by Goryeo King Injong and undertaken by the government official and historian Kim Busik and a team of junior scholars....
, Samguk Yusa
Samguk Yusa

Samguk Yusa, or Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms, is a collection of legends, folktales, and historical accounts relating to the Three Kingdoms of Korea , as well as to other periods and states before, during, and after the Three Kingdoms period....
 and Jewang Ungi
Jewang ungi

The Jewang Ungi is a historical poem composed by Yi Seung-hyu in 1287, in the late Goryeo period. It depicts the history of Korea from Dangun to Chungnyeol of Goryeo....
. That historical view was previously given by Choe Chiwon
Choe Chiwon

Choe Chiwon was a noted Korean Korean Confucianism official, philosopher, and poet of the late Unified Silla period . He studied for many years in Tang Dynasty, passed the Tang imperial examination, and rose to high office there before returning to Silla, where he made ultimately futile attempts to reform the governmental apparatus of a decl...
, a noted Confucian scholar and Historian in the late of the Silla. Apart from the geographical location of Mahan, the Chinese historical record History of Song defines the ethnical origin of the Jeong-an kingdom
Jeong-an kingdom

The Jeong-ahn Kingdom was a successor state of Balhae founded by Yeol Manhwa. The official Chinese historical record, History of Song states that Jeong-an Kingdom derives from Mahan confederacy....
, a successor state of Balhae
Balhae

Balhae was an ancient multiethnic empire established after the fall of Goguryeo. After Goguryeo's capital and southern territories fell to Unified Silla, Dae Jo-young, a former Goguryeo general, whose father was Dae Jung-sang, established Jin , later called Balhae....
, as Mahan.

In the late Joseon period, that historical notion came under criticism by an early Silhak
Silhak

Silhak was a Korean Confucianism social reform movement in late Joseon Dynasty Korea. Sil means "actual" or "practical," and hak means "studies" or "learning." It developed in response to the increasingly metaphysical nature of Neo-Confucianism that seemed disconnected from the rapid agricultural, industrial, and political changes o...
 scholar, Han Baek-gyeom who emphasized the linkage between Mahan and Baekje in terms of the geographical location.

Statelets

According to the San Guo Zhi , Mahan consisted of 54 statelets of up to ten thousand families each:

  • Gamhae (???, ???)
  • Gamhaebiri (?????, ?????)
  • Geonma (???, ???)
  • Gorap (???, ???)
  • Gori (???, ???)
  • Gobiri (????, ????)
  • Gowon (???, ???)
  • Gotanja (????, ????)
  • Gopo (???, ???)
  • Guro (???, ???)
  • Gusaodan (?????, ?????)
  • Guso (???, ???)
  • Guhae (???, ???)
  • Naebiri (????, ????)
  • Noram (???, ???)
  • Daeseoksak (????, ????)
  • Makro (???, ???)
  • Manro (???, ???)
  • Morobiri (?????, ?????)
  • Mosu (???, ???)
  • Mokji (???, ???)
  • Baekje
    Baekje

    Baekje , or Paekche , was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
     (???, ???)
  • Byeokbiri (????, ????)
  • Bulmi (???, ???)
  • Bulsabunsa (?????, ?????)
  • Bulun (???, ???)
  • Biri (???, ???)
  • Bimi (???, ???)
  • Saro (???, ???) Not to be confused with Saro
    Silla

    Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and the longest sustaining dynasty in Asian history. Although it was founded by King Bak Hyeokgeose of Silla, who is also known to be the originator of the Korean family name Park , the dynasty was to see the Kyungju Kim clan hold rule for most of its 992-year history....
     in Jinhan confederacy
    Jinhan confederacy

    Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province....
    ; different Hanja
    Hanja

    Hanja is the Korean language name for Chinese characters. More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese language and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation....
    )
  • Sangoe (???, ???)
  • Soseoksak (????, ????)
  • Sowigeon (????, ????)
  • Sokrobulsa (?????, ?????)
  • Sinbulhwal (????, ????)
  • Sinsodo (????, ????)
  • Sinwunsin (????, ????)
  • Sinheun (???, ??)
  • Arim (???, ???)
  • Yeoraebiri (?????, ?????)
  • Yeomro (???, ???)
  • Wuhyumotak (?????, ?????)
  • Wonyang (???, ???)
  • Wonji (???, ???)
  • Ilnan (???, ???)
  • Ilri (???, ???)
  • Ilhwa (???, ???)
  • Imsoban (????, ????)
  • Jarimoro (?????, ?????)
  • Jiban (???, ???)
  • Jichim (???, ???)
  • Cheopro (???, ???)
  • Chori (???, ???)
  • Chosandobiri (??????, ??????)
  • Chiriguk (????, ????)


See also

  • History of Korea
    History of Korea

    The history of Korea stretches from Lower Paleolithic times to the present. The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC, and the Neolithic period began before 6000 BC, followed by the Bronze Age around 2500 BC....