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Lynx (web browser)

 

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Lynx (web browser)



 
 
Lynx is a free open-source, text-only Web
World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is a very large set of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a Web browser, one can view Web pages that may contain writing, s, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them using hyperlinks....
 browser
Web browser

A Web browser is a application software which enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music, games and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network....
 for use on cursor-addressable, character cell terminals
Computer terminal

A computer terminal is an electronic or electromechanical computer hardware device that is used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or a computing system....
. Supported protocols are Gopher, HTTP, HTTPS
Https

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol and a secure communication protocol.HTTP operates at the highest layer of the TCP/IP model, the Application layer; but the security protocol operates at lower sublayer, encrypting an HTTP message prior to transmission and decrypting a message upon arriva...
, FTP, WAIS
Wide area information server

Wide Area Information Servers or WAIS is a client-server text searching system that uses the American National Standards Institute Standard Z39.50 Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specifications for Library Applications" to search index databases on remote computers....
, and NNTP.

sing in Lynx consists of highlighting the chosen link using cursor keys, or having all links on a page numbered and entering the chosen link's number. Current versions support SSL and many HTML
HTML

HTML, an Acronym and initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for Web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document?by denoting certain text as links, headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on?and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded '...
 features. Tables are linearized (scrunched together one cell after another without tabular structure), while frames are identified by name and can be explored as if they were separate pages.






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Lynx is a free open-source, text-only Web
World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is a very large set of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a Web browser, one can view Web pages that may contain writing, s, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them using hyperlinks....
 browser
Web browser

A Web browser is a application software which enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music, games and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network....
 for use on cursor-addressable, character cell terminals
Computer terminal

A computer terminal is an electronic or electromechanical computer hardware device that is used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or a computing system....
. Supported protocols are Gopher, HTTP, HTTPS
Https

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol and a secure communication protocol.HTTP operates at the highest layer of the TCP/IP model, the Application layer; but the security protocol operates at lower sublayer, encrypting an HTTP message prior to transmission and decrypting a message upon arriva...
, FTP, WAIS
Wide area information server

Wide Area Information Servers or WAIS is a client-server text searching system that uses the American National Standards Institute Standard Z39.50 Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specifications for Library Applications" to search index databases on remote computers....
, and NNTP.

Usage

Browsing in Lynx consists of highlighting the chosen link using cursor keys, or having all links on a page numbered and entering the chosen link's number. Current versions support SSL and many HTML
HTML

HTML, an Acronym and initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for Web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document?by denoting certain text as links, headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on?and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded '...
 features. Tables are linearized (scrunched together one cell after another without tabular structure), while frames are identified by name and can be explored as if they were separate pages. Lynx cannot inherently display various types of non-text content on the web, such as images and video, but it can launch external programs to handle it, like an image viewer or video player.

Because of its text-to-speech-friendly interface, Lynx was once popular with visually-impaired users, but better screen reader
Screen reader

A screen reader is a Application software that attempts to identify and interpret what is being displayed on the screen . This interpretation is then re-presented to the user with text-to-speech, sound icons, or a Refreshable Braille display....
s have reduced the appeal of this application. Lynx is also used to check for usability of websites in older browsers. It is still included in a number of Linux distributions, and is particularly useful for reading documentation when only a text-based environment is available. Despite its text-only nature and age, it can still be used to effectively browse much of the modern web, including performing interactive tasks like editing Wikipedia
Wikipedia

Wikipedia is a Free content, multilingualism encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit organization Wikimedia Foundation. Its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki and encyclopedia....
. The speed benefits of text-only browsing are most apparent when using low bandwidth internet connections, or older computer hardware that may be slow to render image-heavy content.

Development history

Lynx was a product of the Distributed Computing Group within Academic Computing Services of the University of Kansas
University of Kansas

The University of Kansas is a public research university with campuses located in Lawrence, Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas, and Overland Park, Kansas, Kansas with the main campus being located atop Mount Oread in Lawrence....
, and was initially developed in 1992 by a team of students at the university (Lou Montulli
Lou Montulli

Louis J. Montulli II is a programmer who is well known for his work in producing web browsers.In 1991 and 1992 he co-authored a text web browser called Lynx with Michael Grobe and Charles Rezac while he was at the University of Kansas....
, Michael Grobe and Charles Rezac) as a hypertext browser used solely to distribute campus information as part of a Campus-Wide Information Server. In 1993 Montulli added an Internet interface and released a new version (2.0) of the browser.

Garrett Blythe created DosLynx and later joined the Lynx effort as well. Foteos Macrides ported much of Lynx to VMS
OpenVMS

OpenVMS , previously known as VAX-11/VMS, VAX/VMS or VMS, is the name of a high-end computer server operating system that runs on the VAX and DEC Alpha families of computers, developed by Digital Equipment Corporation of Maynard, Massachusetts, Massachusetts , and most recently on Hewlett-Packard systems built around the In...
 and maintained it for a time. In 1995, Lynx was released under the GNU General Public License
GNU General Public License

The GNU General Public License is a widely used free software license, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project. The GPL is the most popular and well-known example of the type of strong copyleft license that requires derived works to be available under the same copyleft....
, and is now maintained by a group of volunteers led by Thomas Dickey
Thomas Dickey

Thomas E. Dickey is a computer programmer. He is best known as the maintainer of various free software applications: Vile , xterm, ncurses, lynx and Dialog . He also maintains many others....
.

Platforms

Lynx was originally designed for Unix
Unix

Unix is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of American Telephone & Telegraph employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson , Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna....
 and VMS and is a popular console browser on Linux
Linux

Linux is a generic term referring to Unix-like computer operating systems based on the Linux kernel. Their development is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely modified, and redistributed by anyone under the terms of the GNU GPL license...
. Versions are also available for DOS
DOS

DOS, short for "Disk Operating System", is a shorthand term for several closely related operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 if one includes the partially DOS-based Microsoft Windows versions Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Me....
, recent versions run on all Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ....
 releases, and Mac OS X
Mac OS X

Mac OS X is a line of computer operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., and since 2002 has been included with all new Macintosh computer systems....
. There was also an early port to "Classic" Macintosh
Mac OS history

On January 24, 1984, Apple Computer, Inc. introduced the Macintosh personal computer, with the Macintosh 128K model, which came bundled with the Mac OS operating system, then known as the System Software....
 version called MacLynx "for System 7 and later". Ports to BeOS
BeOS

BeOS was an operating system for personal computers which began development by Be Inc. in 1991. It was first written to run on BeBox hardware. BeOS was optimized for digital media work and was written to take advantage of modern hardware facilities such as symmetric multiprocessing by utilizing modular I/O bandwidth, pervasive multithreading,...
, MINIX
Minix

MINIX is a Unix-like computer operating system based on a microkernel Software architecture. Andrew S. Tanenbaum wrote the operating system to be used for educational purposes; MINIX also inspired the creation of the Linux kernel....
, QNX
QNX

QNX is a commercial Unix-like real-time operating system, aimed primarily at the embedded systems market. On September 12, 2007, the source of the QNX kernel was released for non-commercial use....
, AmigaOS
AmigaOS

AmigaOS is the default native operating system of the Amiga personal computer. It was developed first by Commodore International, and initially introduced in 1985 with the Amiga 1000....
 and OS/2
OS/2

OS/2 is a computer operating system, initially created by Microsoft and IBM, then later developed by IBM exclusively. The name stands for "Operating System/2," because it was introduced as part of the same generation change release as IBM's "IBM Personal System/2 " line of second-generation personal computers....
 are also available.

Alternatives to Lynx include Links
Links (web browser)

Links is an open source Character and graphic web browser with a pull-down menu system. It renders complex pages, has partial HTML 4.0 support , supports color and monochrome terminals and allows horizontal scrolling....
 (with variants Links2 and ELinks
ELinks

ELinks is a free software text-based console web browser for Unix-like operating systems.It began in late 2001 as an Experimental fork by Petr Baudis of the Links Web browser, hence the name....
) and w3m
W3m

w3m is a free software/open source software text-based web browser. It has support for tables, frames, Secure Sockets Layer connections, color and even inline images on suitable Computer terminal....
.

See also

  • Computer accessibility
    Computer accessibility

    In human-computer interaction, computer accessibility refers to the accessibility of a computer system to all people, regardless of disability or severity of impairment....
  • List of web browsers
    List of web browsers

    The following is a list of web browsers....
  • Comparison of web browsers
    Comparison of web browsers

    The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of web browsers. Please see the individual products' articles for further information....


External links

  • (old but still cited: , and )