Lyceum

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Lyceum

A Lyceum can be The precise usage of the term varies among various countries.

(See also Lyceum Movement

Lyceum movement

The lyceum movement in the United States was a trend in architecture inspired by Aristotle's Lyceum in Ancient Greece. Lyceums flourished in the mid-19th century, particularly in the northeast and middle west, and some lasted until the early 20th century....
for a discussion of the lyceum movement and its participants in the United States.)

Lyceum (Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
: ???e???, Lykeion) was a gymnasium

Gymnasium (ancient Greece)

The gymnasium in ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public games. It was also a place for socializing and engaging in intellectual pursuits....
located just outside the walls of ancient Athens

Athens

Athens , the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery; as one of the List of cities by time of continuous habitation, its recorded history spans around 3,400 years....
, most famous for its association with Aristotle

Aristotle

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Encyclopedia

A Lyceum can be

an educational institution (often a school
School

File:Primary Student of Pakistan.JPGA school , is an institution designed to allow and encourage students to education, under the supervision of teachers....
of secondary education
Secondary education

Secondary education is the stage of education following primary education. Secondary education is generally the final stage of compulsory education....
in Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
), or
a public hall
Hall

Several things are commonly known as Halls or halls. For the development of meaning of the word 'hall', see Hall .A hall is fundamentally a relatively large space enclosed by a roof and walls....
used for cultural events like concert
Concert

A concert is a live performance, usually of music, before an audience. The music may be performed by a single musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, a choir, or a musical band....
s.
Mount Lyceum
Mount Lyceum

Lyceum is a mountain of Arcadia at the frontier of three prefectures of Greeces: Arcadia, Mykines, Greece and Elis Province. Its top is Prophetis Ilias , ancient creta 1421 meters height....
(???a??? ????). The holy mount of the Arcadians.

The precise usage of the term varies among various countries.

(See also Lyceum Movement

Lyceum movement

Ancient Greek Lyceum (word origins)

The Lyceum (Greek

Greek language

Gymnasium (ancient Greece)

Athens

Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greeks philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, Poetics , theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology....
. The Lyceum, an important early milestone in the development of Western science and philosophy, was named for its sanctuary

Temple

A temple is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer and sacrifice, or analogous rites. A ??templum?? constituted a sacred precinct as defined by a priest, or augur....
to Apollo

Apollo

In Greek mythology and Roman mythology, Apollo , is one of the most important and many-sided of the Twelve Olympians. The ideal of the kouros , Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun; truth and prophecy; archery; medicine and healing; music, poetry, and the arts; and more....
Lykeios which was 2 centuries older, dating from before the 6th century BC.

Before starting the Lyceum, Aristotle had studied for 19 years (366-347 BC) at Plato's Academy. He was summoned to Atarneus in Asia Minor to help King Philip of Macedon form an alliance with this city, where he remained from 347 until he went to the island of Lesbos to conduct biological studies. Aristotle was then the private teacher of Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great , also known as Alexander III of Macedon was an ancient Greeks King of Macedon . He was one of the most successful military commanders of all time and is presumed undefeated in battle....
from 343 until 335 BC when he returned to Athens. There in the stoa

Stoa

Stoa in Architecture of Ancient Greece; covered walkways or porticos, commonly for public usage. Early stoae were open at the entrance with columns lining the side of the building, creating an enveloping, protective atmosphere and were usually of Doric order....
e and grounds of his new Lyceum, he walked as he lectured, surrounded by a throng of students, so the philosophical school he founded was called the Peripatetics. Aristotle was the head of his school until 323 BC when Athenians turned against the Alexandrian Empire upon the death of Alexander the Great. Aristotle knew that his life was in danger like his predecessor Socrates

Socrates

Socrates was a Classical Greece Philosophy. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known only through the classical accounts of his students....
. He left Athens and returned to his family's estate in Chalcis

Chalcis

Chalcis or Chalkida, Halkida, Halkis or Chalkis , the chief town of the island of Euboea in Greece, is situated on the strait of the Euripus Strait at its narrowest point....
, saying famously that "Athens must not be allowed to sin twice against philosophy

Trial of Socrates

The trial of Socrates refers to the trial and the subsequent execution of the Athenian philosopher Socrates in 399 BC. Socrates was tried and convicted by the courts of democratic Athens on a charge of corrupting the youth and disbelieving in the ancestral gods....
." Theophrastus

Theophrastus

Theophrastus , a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos Island, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. His interests were wide-ranging, extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics....
served as the second head of the school. Later heads include Strato of Lampsacus

Strato of Lampsacus

Strato of Lampsacus , , was a Peripatetic philosopher, and the third director of the Lyceum after the death of Theophrastus. He devoted himself especially to the study of natural science, and increased the Naturalism elements in Aristotle's thought to such an extent, that he denied the need for a god to construct the universe, preferring to...
and Alexander of Aphrodisias

Alexander of Aphrodisias

Alexander of Aphrodisias was the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle. He was styled, by way of pre-eminence, "the expositor" ....
.

The school was sacked by Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix , or simply Sulla, was a Roman general and politician, holding the office of consul twice as well as the Roman dictator....
in 86 BC, but it was later rebuilt. The precise date at which the Lyceum ceased to be used is not known. The location of the complex was lost for centuries, until it was rediscovered in 1996, during excavations for the new Museum of Modern Art, east of downtown Athens and south of the Evangelismos Hospital. The excavations revealed foundations and few other remains. The ground on the spot is very thin and the buildings were founded on the underlying bedrock, which has been uncovered.

Lyceums of the Russian Empire

In Imperial Russia

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
, a Lyceum was one of the following higher educational facilities: Demidov Lyceum of Law in Yaroslavl

Yaroslavl

Yaroslavl is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in Russia, the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, located north-east of Moscow....
(1803), Alexander Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo

Tsarskoye Selo

Tsarskoye Selo is a former Russian Empire residence of the Romanov and visiting nobility, located south from the center of Saint Petersburg....
(1810), Richelieu lyceum in Odessa

Odessa

Odessa or Odesa is the Capital of the Odessa Oblast located in southern Ukraine. The city is a major port located on the shore of the Black Sea and the fourth largest city in Ukraine with a population of 1,029,000 ....
(1817), and Imperial Katkov

Mikhail Katkov

Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov was a conservatism Russian journalist influential during the reign of Alexander III of Russia.Katkov was born of a Russian government official and a Georgian people noblewoman....
Lyceum in Moscow

Moscow

Moscow is the capital and the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia of the Russian Federation. It is also the largest European cities and metropolitan areas, with the Moscow metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world....
(1867).

The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum

The Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo near Saint Petersburg was founded by the Emperor Alexander I of Russia with the object of educating youths of the best families, who should afterwards occupy important posts in the Imperial service....
was opened on October 19, 1811 in the neoclassical

Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism is the name given to quite distinct Cultural movement in the Decorative art and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture ....
building designed by Vasily Stasov

Vasily Stasov

Vasily Petrovich Stasov , Russian architect, extensively travelled in France and Italy, where he became professor of St Luke Academy in Rome. On his return home, he was elected to the Imperial Academy of Arts ....
and situated next to the Catherine Palace

Catherine Palace

The Catherine Palace is the Rococo summer residence of the Russian tsars, located in the town of Tsarskoye Selo , 25 km south-east of Saint Petersburg, Russia....
. The first graduates were all brilliant and included Aleksandr Pushkin

Aleksandr Pushkin

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was a Russian author of the Romanticism era who is considered to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature....
and Alexander Gorchakov. The opening date was celebrated each year with carousals and revels, and Pushkin composed new verses for each of those occasions. In January 1844 the Lyceum was moved to Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg is a types of inhabited localities in Russia and a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea....
.

During 33 years of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum's existence, there were 286 graduates. The most famous of these were Anton Delwig

Anton Delwig

Baron Anton Antonovich Delvig was a Russian poet and journalist who studied in the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum together with Alexander Pushkin, with whom he became a close friend....
, Wilhelm Küchelbecher, Nicholas de Giers

Nicholas de Giers

Nikolay Karlovich Giers was a Russian Foreign Minister during the reign of Alexander III of Russia. He was one of the architects of the Franco-Russian Alliance, which was later transformed into the Triple Entente....
, Dmitry Tolstoy

Dmitry Tolstoy

Count Dmitry Andreyevich Tolstoy was a Russian statesman, a member of the State Council of Imperial Russia . He belonged to the count branch of the Tolstoy....
, Yakov Karlovich Grot

Yakov Karlovich Grot

Yakov Karlovich Grot , was a nineteenth-century Russian philologist of Swedish extraction who worked at the University of Helsinki.Grot was a graduate of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum....
, Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky

Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky

Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky was a Russian natural history, Economics, Ethnology, Philosophy, History, and ideologue of the pan-Slavism and Slavophile movement who expounded a view of world history as eternal return....
, Alexei Lobanov-Rostovsky

Alexei Lobanov-Rostovsky

Prince Alexey Borisovich Lobanov-Rostovsky Descended from the legendary prince Rurik, Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky was educated at Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum of Tsarskoye Selo....
and Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin

Mikhail Yevgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin , better known under his penname Shchedrin , was a leading Russian satire of the 19th century. At one time, after the death of the poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, he acted as editor of the leading Russian magazine, the "????????????" ....
.

Lyceums also emerged in the former Soviet Union countries after they became independent. One typical example is Uzbekistan, where all high schools were replaced with lyceums ("litsey" is the Russian term, derived from French "lycee"), offering three-year educational program with a certain major in certain direction. Unlike Turkey, Uzbek lyceums do not hold University entrance examination, which gives students the right to enter a University, but they hold a kind of "mock examination" which is designed to test their eligibility for a certain University.

Lyceums in today's education

The term lyceum is still used in some (mostly European) countries when referring to a type of school.

Chile

Liceo is the term used for a secondary education public school, it lasts 4 years. It is mandatory to complete it for every citizen.

Czech Republic

The term lyceum refers to the type of secondary education consisting of 4 years ended by graduation. It is a type between grammar school and a technical high school.

Greece & Cyprus

The word lyceum is in use for upper secondary education (Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
: Ge???? ???e??, Geniko Lykeio "General Lyceum"), comparable to the last two or three years of American high school (upper secondary) classes in Greece

Greece

Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkans. It has borders with Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the north, and Turkey to the east....
and Cyprus

Cyprus

Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is an island country situated in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, west of Lebanon, Syria, and Israel, south of Turkey and north of Egypt....
.

France

The French

French language

French is a Romance language spoken around the world by around 80 million people as first language, by 190 million as second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired tongue, with significant speakers in 54 countries....
word for an upper secondary school, lycée, derives from Lyceum. (see Secondary education in France

Secondary education in France

In France, secondary education is in two stages:* coll?ges cater for the first four years of secondary education from the ages of 11 to 15;...
.)

Finland

The concept and name lyceum (or lyseo in Finnish) entered Finland through Sweden. Traditionally, lyceums were schools to prepare students to enter universities, as opposed to the typical, more general education. Some old schools continue to use the name lyceum, though their operations today vary. For example, Helsinki Normal Lyceum educates students in grades 7-12, while Oulu Lyceum enrolls students only in grades 10-12. The more commonly used term for upper secondary school in Finland is lukio.

Italy

The Italian

Italian language

Italian is a Romance languages spoken by about 63 million people as a first language, primarily in Italy. In Switzerland, Italian is one of four Linguistic geography of Switzerlands....
word for an upper secondary school, liceo, derives from Lyceum (see Secondary education in Italy). Among the Italian kinds of licei are: liceo classico

Liceo classico

Liceo classico is a secondary school type in Italy. It lasts 5 years .Until 1968, this was the only secondary education track that allowed the student to access to any university; nowadays it has still the fame of a highly formative school and it is one of the few European secondary school where ancient languages and their literature are...
(specializing in classical studies, including Latin, Ancient Greek and philosophy), liceo scientifico

Liceo Scientifico

Liceo scientifico is a secondary school type in Italy. It lasts 5 years .Students follow a specific pattern of courses that covers a large range of disciplines: Italian language and Italian literature, history, philosophy, Latin, mathematics, physics, foreign language , life sciences, art history and chemistry....
(specializing in scientific studies, and with Latin and English for 5 years), liceo artistico (specializing in art subjects, with English for 5 years), liceo linguistico (specializing in foreign languages: two foreign languages for 5 years and a third foreign language for the last 3 years). They last 5 years between 14 and 18 years of age.

Malta

Junior lyceums refer to secondary education state owned schools.

Philippines

There is a major university in the City of Manila named Lyceum (complete name: Lyceum of the Philippines University

Lyceum of the Philippines University

The Lyceum of the Philippines University is an institute of higher education located in Intramuros in the Manila. It was founded in 1952 by Dr....
). It can also be called on the acronym LPU. Its branches also bear the name "Lyceum". There are other schools that are not affiliated with LPU but has the word "Lyceum" in their names. Thus, it can also be used to name any educational instititution. However, LPU is the original bearer of the name and still has the word pertained to it.

Poland

The Polish

Polish language

Polish , an official language of Poland, has the largest number of speakers of any West Slavic languages. Polish-speakers use the language in a uniform manner through most of Poland, and it has a regular orthography....
word for a secondary education facility, liceum, also derives from that term. Polish liceums are attended by children ages from 16 to 19 or 21 (see list below). At their end students are subject to a final exam called matura
Matura

Matura is the word commonly used in Austria, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Italy, Liechtenstein, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine for the final exams young adults take at the end of their secondary education....
.

Polish liceums can be divided into several types:

general lyceum
Liceum Ogólnoksztalcace

Liceum Og?lnoksztalcace is the Polish high school. They are attended by those who plan to attend university or who do not have any desire to pursue a specialized career ....
(16-19)
specialised lyceum (16-19)
complementary lyceum (18-21)

Portugal

In the Portuguese

Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
educational system

Education in Portugal

Education in Portugal is regulated by the State through two Ministry - the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education....
in the early 1970s, the Lyceum , or National Lyceum , was a high school

High school

High school is the name used in some parts of the world to describe an institution which provides all or part of secondary education. The term originated in Scotland and spread to the New World countries as the high prestige that the Scottish educational system had at the time led several countries to employ Scottish educators to develop the...
that prepared students to enter universities

Higher education in Portugal

Higher education in Portugal is divided into two main subsystems: university and Polytechnic education. It is provided in autonomous public university, private university, public or private university institutes, polytechnic institutions and higher education institutions of other types....
or more general education. On the other hand the Industrial school was a technical-oriented school. After several Education reform

Education reform

Education reform is a plan or movement which attempts to bring about a systematic change in educational theory or practice across a community or society....
s, all these schools merged into a single system of Secondary Schools

Secondary education

Secondary education is the stage of education following primary education. Secondary education is generally the final stage of compulsory education....
, offering grades 7 to 12.

Turkey

The Turkish

Turkish language

Turkish is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Cyprus, with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania and other parts of Eastern Europe....
word for the latest part of pre-university education is lise which is derived from the French word "lycée" and corresponds to "high school" in English. It lasts 3 to 5 years with respect to the type of the high school. At the end of their "lise" education, students take the ÖSS

ÖSS

?SS or ?grenci Se?me Sinavi is the University Entrance Exam in Turkey administered by ?SYM. In Turkey, the only way to enter a university is through this exam....
test (Ögrenci Seçme Sinavi), i.e. university entrance examination, to get the right to enroll in a university.

Romania

The Romanian term is liceu and it represents a post-secondary, pre-university educational institution. It is more specialized than secondary school. Certain specialized lyceum diplomas are enough to find a job.

External links

at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy is a free online encyclopedia on Philosophy topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995....