Longwave

In radio, longwave refers to parts of radio spectrum

Radio spectrum

Radio spectrum refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to radio frequencies – that is, frequencies lower than around 300 GHz ....

 with relatively long wavelength

Wavelength

In physics, the wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.It is usually determined by considering the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase, such as crests, troughs, or zero crossings, and is a...

s. The term is a historic one dating from the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was considered to consist of long, medium and short wavelengths. Most modern radio systems and devices use wavelengths which would then have been considered 'ultra-short'.

In contemporary usage, the term longwave is not defined precisely and its meaning varies across the world. In the US, for example, the Longwave Club of America is interested in "frequencies below the AM broadcast band", i.e. all frequencies below 535 kHz. (Lower frequencies correspond to longer wavelengths.)

In Europe and other parts of ITU Region 1, where a range of frequencies between 148.5 and 283.5 kHz is used for AM broadcasting

AM broadcasting

AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a radio signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is carried out in the medium wave band world wide, and on long wave and short wave...

 (in addition to the medium wave band), the term longwave usually refers specifically to this broadcasting band.

The Region 1 longwave broadcast band falls wholly within the low frequency

Low frequency

Low frequency or low freq or LF refers to radio frequencies in the range of 30 kHz–300 kHz. In Europe, and parts of Northern Africa and of Asia, part of the LF spectrum is used for AM broadcasting as the longwave band. In the western hemisphere, its main use is for aircraft beacon,...

 band of the radio spectrum (30–300 kHz); broader definitions of longwave may extend below and/or above it.

Non-directional beacons

Non-directional beacons transmit continuously for the benefit of radio direction finder

Radio direction finder

A radio direction finder is a device for finding the direction to a radio source. Due to low frequency propagation characteristic to travel very long distances and "over the horizon", it makes a particularly good navigation system for ships, small boats, and aircraft that might be some distance...

s in marine and aeronautical navigation. They identify themselves by a callsign in Morse Code

Morse code

Morse code is a method of transmitting textual information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment...

. They can occupy any frequency in the range 190–1750 kHz. In North America they occupy 190–535 kHz. In ITU Region 1 the lower limit is 280 kHz.

Time signals

There are stations between 40–80 kHz that transmit time signals to radio clocks. For example:

• WWVB
  WWVB
  WWVB is a NIST time signal radio station near Fort Collins, Colorado, co-located with WWV. WWVB is the station that radio-controlled clocks in most of North America use to synchronize themselves. The signal transmitted from WWVB is a continuous 60 kHz carrier wave, derived from a set of atomic...
  
   in Colorado
  Colorado
  Colorado is a U.S. state that encompasses much of the Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains...
  
   on 60 kHz.
• DCF77
  DCF77
  DCF77 is a longwave time signal and standard-frequency radio station. Its primary and backup transmitter are located in Mainflingen, about 25 km south-east of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is operated by Media Broadcast GmbH , on behalf of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany's...
  
   in Frankfurt am Main, Germany on 77.5 kHz.
• HBG in Prangins, Switzerland on 75 kHz.
• JJY
  JJY
  JJY is the call sign of a low frequency time signal radio station.The station is located in Japan and broadcasts from two sites, one on Mount Otakadoya, near Fukushima, and the other on Mount Hagane, located on Kyushu Island...
  
   in Japan on 40 & 60 kHz.
• 66.6 kHz in Taldom transmitter
  Taldom transmitter
  Taldom transmitter is a large facility for longwave and shortwave broadcasting near Taldom, Russia. It transmits on two longwave frequencies, on 153 kHz with 300 kW and on 261 kHz with a power of 2,500 kW. Latter is the most powerful broadcasting station in the world...
  
  , Russia.
• 50 kHz in Irkutsk
  Irkutsk
  Irkutsk is a city and the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, one of the largest cities in Siberia. Population: .-History:In 1652, Ivan Pokhabov built a zimovye near the site of Irkutsk for gold trading and for the collection of fur taxes from the Buryats. In 1661, Yakov Pokhabov...
  
  , Russia.
• MSF time and 60 kHz frequency standard transmitted from Anthorn in the UK

Radio controlled clocks

Radio clock

A radio clock or radio-controlled clock is a clock that is synchronized by a time code bit stream transmitted by a radio transmitter connected to a time standard such as an atomic clock...

 receive their time calibrations signal with built-in longwave receivers. They use longwave, rather than shortwave

Shortwave

Shortwave radio refers to the upper MF and all of the HF portion of the radio spectrum, between 1,800–30,000 kHz. Shortwave radio received its name because the wavelengths in this band are shorter than 200 m which marked the original upper limit of the medium frequency band first used...

 or mediumwave

Mediumwave

Medium wave is the part of the medium frequency radio band used mainly for AM radio broadcasting. For Europe the MW band ranges from 526.5 kHz to 1606.5 kHz...

, because the accuracy of the clocks is not affected by the time signal's travel from the transmitter

Transmitter

In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating...

 to the ionosphere

Ionosphere

The ionosphere is a part of the upper atmosphere, comprising portions of the mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere, distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere...

 and to the receiver; as longwave travels by groundwave, rather than skywave

Skywave

Skywave is the propagation of electromagnetic waves bent back to the Earth's surface by the ionosphere. As a result of skywave propagation, a broadcast signal from a distant AM broadcasting station at night, or from a shortwave radio station can sometimes be heard as clearly as local...

.

Military communication

The United Kingdom, Russian Federation, United States, Germany, and Sweden use frequencies below 50 kHz to communicate with their submarines.

LowFER

In North America during the 1970s the frequencies 167, 179 and 191 kHz were assigned to the short-lived Public Emergency Radio of the United States

Public Emergency Radio of the United States

The Public Emergency Radio of the United States was a communications system planned during the cold war era in the 1970s, to be activated in anticipation of a nuclear attack. The radio system was designed to broadcast on 167, 179 and 191 kHz in the long wave radio band...

. Nowadays the 160–190 kHz range is used in the United States for Part 15 LowFER

LowFER

LowFER is a form of two-way radio communications practiced on frequencies below 300 kHz.-Practices:...

 amateur and experimental stations, and the 190–435 kHz band is used for navigational beacons

Non-directional beacon

A non-directional beacon is a radio transmitter at a known location, used as an aviation or marine navigational aid. As the name implies, the signal transmitted does not include inherent directional information, in contrast to other navigational aids such as low frequency radio range, VHF...

.

Broadcasting

Longwave is used only within ITU Region 1. Most of the longwave broadcasters are in Europe, the former Soviet Union

Commonwealth of Independent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States is a regional organization whose participating countries are former Soviet Republics, formed during the breakup of the Soviet Union....

 and Mongolia

Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...

. The rest are located in Turkey

Turkey

Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...

, Algeria

Algeria

Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...

, Morocco

Morocco

Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...

, Western Sahara

Western Sahara

Western Sahara is a disputed territory in North Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria to the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its surface area amounts to . It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly...

, and Libya

Libya

Libya is an African country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west....

. Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , commonly known in British English as Saudi Arabia and in Arabic as as-Sa‘ūdiyyah , is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab World...

, Egypt

Egypt

Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...

, Qatar

Qatar

Qatar , also known as the State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its...

 and the United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates, abbreviated as the UAE, or shortened to "the Emirates", is a state situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman, and Saudi Arabia, and sharing sea borders with Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Iran.The UAE is a...

 have vacant low powered broadcasting allocations.

Typically, a larger area can be covered by a longwave broadcast transmitter than a medium-wave one. This is because ground-wave propagation suffers less attenuation due to limited ground conductivity

Ground conductivity

Ground conductivity refers to the electrical conductivity of the subsurface of the earth.-Radio propagation:Ground conductivity is an extremely important factor in determining the field strength and propagation of surface wave radio transmissions...

 at lower frequencies.

Carrier frequencies

Carrier frequencies are exact multiples of 9 kHz ranging from 153 to 279 kHz, except for two stations in Germany on 177 kHz and 183 kHz.

Until the 1970s, some longwave stations in the Soviet Union operated on frequencies as high as 400 kHz, and there was even a station on 433 kHz in Finland.

Some stations, for instance Droitwich in the UK, derive their carrier frequencies from an atomic clock

Atomic clock

An atomic clock is a clock that uses an electronic transition frequency in the microwave, optical, or ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum of atoms as a frequency standard for its timekeeping element...

. They can be therefore used as frequency standard

Frequency standard

A frequency standard is a stable oscillator used for frequency calibration or reference. A frequency standard generates a fundamental frequency with a high degree of accuracy and precision. Harmonics of this fundamental frequency are used to provide reference points.Since time is the reciprocal of...

s. Droitwich also broadcasts a low bit-rate data channel, using narrow-shift phase-shift keying of the carrier, for Radio Teleswitch Services

Radio teleswitch

A Radio Teleswitch is a device used in the United Kingdom to allow electricity suppliers to switch large numbers of electricity meters between different tariffs, by broadcasting an embedded signal in broadcast radio signals...

.

List of longwave broadcasting transmitters

Legend:

Freq. kHz	Station name	Country	Location	Aerial type	Power kW	Coordinates	Remarks
153	Deutschlandfunk Deutschlandfunk Deutschlandfunk is a German public broadcasting radio station, broadcasting national news and current affairs.-History:Broadcasting in the Federal Republic of Germany is reserved under the Basic Law to the states. This means that all public broadcasting is regionalised...		Donebach Sender Donebach The Sender Donebach is a 500-kilowatt longwave radio transmitter operating on 153 kHz and transmitting the program of German public broadcaster Deutschlandfunk...	Directional aerial, two guyed steel lattice masts, 363 m high, fed at the top	500	49°33′40.25"N 9°10′22.76"E ; 49°33′33.53"N 9°10′50.82"E	Night: 250 kW
	Antena Satelor / Radio Romania Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company The Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company , informally referred to as Radio Romania , is the public radio broadcaster in Romania. It operates four national radio channels, and, under the Radio România Regional umbrella, eleven regional radio stations. The four national radio channels are: Radio...		Brașov Bod Transmitter The Bod Transmitter is the name of the transmitter facility for the central longwave radio station near Bod, Romania. It was designed by the engineer Cartianu Popescu and built in 1933/34....	T-aerial on 2 guyed steel lattice masts with a height of 250 metres	1200	45°45′22.27"N 25°36′26.77"E ; 45°45′13.16"N 25°36′25.15"E
	NRK Finnmark		Ingoy Longwave transmitter Ingoy The Longwave transmitter Ingøy is a longwave transmitter of Norsk Rikskringkasting with the frequency of 153 kHz and a power of 100 kilowatts. It is located at Ingoy, Finnmark, Norway, commenced service in 2000 and uses a guyed mast...	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 362 m height, fed at the top, ex-Omega equipment	100	71°4′17"N 24°5′14"E
	Chaine 1		Kenadsa / Bechar Kenadsa longwave transmitter Kenadsa longwave transmitter is a longwave transmitter of the Algerian Broadcasting Company situated at Kenadsa near Bechar, which transmits the program of Chaine 1 with a power of 2000 kW on 153 kHz. Kenadsa longwave transmitter, among the most powerful broadcasting transmitters in the world, uses...	Three guyed steel lattice masts, height 357 m.	2000	31°34′5.08"N 2°20′55.14"W ; 31°34′11.82"N 2°20′42.02"W 31°34′18.53"N 2°20′28.91"W
	YuFM		Taldom transmitter Taldom transmitter Taldom transmitter is a large facility for longwave and shortwave broadcasting near Taldom, Russia. It transmits on two longwave frequencies, on 153 kHz with 300 kW and on 261 kHz with a power of 2,500 kW. Latter is the most powerful broadcasting station in the world...	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 257 m height	300	56°45′30.04"N 37°37′12.17"E	Inactive
	Radio Rossii		Popova near Komsomolsk-na-Amure	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 257 m height	1200	50°39′16.75"N 136°54′46.9"E
162	France Inter France Inter France Inter is a major French public radio channel and part of Radio France. It is a "generalist" station, aiming to provide a wide national audience with a full service of news and intelligent spoken-word programming, both serious and entertaining, liberally punctuated with an eclectic mix of...		Allouis	Two guyed lattice steel masts, height 350 m, fed on the top	2000	47°10′10.45"N 2°12′16.75"E ; 47°10′25.34"N 2°12′16.81"E	Time signal phase-modulated
	TRT Turkish Radio and Television Corporation The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation, also known as TRT , is the national public broadcaster of Turkey and was founded in 1964. Around 70% of TRT's funding comes from a tax levied on electricity bills and a sales tax on television and radio receivers...		Agri Agri Agri may refer to:* As shorthand or prefix referring to agriculture* Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development * Azerbaijan–Georgia–Romania Interconnector * Ağrı, a city in eastern Turkey* the Agri in southern Italy...	Two guyed lattice steel masts, height 250 m	1000	39°46′23.11"N 43°02′14.55"E ; 39°46′25.86"N 43°02′33.32"E
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Norilsk Norilsk Norilsk is an industrial city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located between the Yenisei River and the Taymyr Peninsula. Population: It was granted city status in 1953. It is the northernmost city in Siberia and the world's second largest city north of the Arctic Circle...	Omnidirectional antenna, 205 m high antenna	150	69°22′46"N 87°6′26"E ?
	Radio Yuldash, Radio Rossii		Ufa		150	54°46′19.73"N 56°0′17.02"E	closed
	Kanal Uzbekiston		near Tashkent	Omnidirectional antenna, 235 m high antenna ( demolished?)	150	41°19′11"N 69°14′59"E ?	inactive?
164			Ulan-Bator		500	47°47′54.67"N 107°11′14.7"E
171	Medi 1 MEDI 1 Médi 1 Radio is a private, commercial Moroccan radio network owned by various banks and private companies from both Morocco and France. The station started broadcasting in 1980 and is based in Tangier, Morocco....		Nador Nador transmitter Nador transmitter is the main transmission facility for longwave and shortwave of Medi 1 Radio, a privately owned broadcasting company of Morocco. It is situated approximately 18 kilometres south of the city of Nador and a few kilometres south of Selouane at 35°2'29"N and 2°55'7"W.The longwave...	Directional aerial consisting of three guyed steel lattice masts, 380 metres tall	2000	35°02′50.65"N 2°55′22.81"W; 35°02′30.27"N 2°55′16.16"W ; 35°02′9.89"N 2°55′9.52"W
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Bolshakovo Bolshakovo transmitter Bolshakovo transmitter was the most powerful mediumwave broadcasting station for mediumwave in the world, situated near Bolshakovo, Russia. It was used by Voice of Russia for broadcasting on the mediumwave frequencies 1116 kHz and 1386 kHz with a maximum transmission power of 2.5 Megawatts. Eight ...  near Kaliningrad Kaliningrad Kaliningrad is a seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea...	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	600	54°54′42.62"N 21°43′2.32"E
	Ukrainian Radio		Krasne near Lwów	Omnidirectional antenna, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150/75	49°54′12.85"N 24°41′15.22"E	inactive at present
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Raduga	Omnidirectional antenna, 255 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	250	55°29′16"N 83°41′28"E
	Radio 1		Murmansk Murmansk Murmansk is a city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It serves as a seaport and is located in the extreme northwest part of Russia, on the Kola Bay, from the Barents Sea on the northern shore of the Kola Peninsula, not far from Russia's borders with Norway and Finland...	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	69°00′59.07"N 32°55′57.17"E	closed
	Radio 1		Noginsk Noginsk Noginsk is a town and the administrative center of Noginsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, located east of the MKAD ring road on the Klyazma River. Population:...	Omnidirectional antenna, 242 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	55°50′0.89"N 38°20′35.18"E	closed
	Radio 1		Ezhva near Syktyvkar Syktyvkar -Twin towns/sister cities:Syktyvkar is twinned with the following sister cities: Cullera, Spain Debrecen, Hungary Los Altos, United States Lovech, Bulgaria Taiyuan, China-External links:* * * *...	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	61°49′09.34"N 50°41′26.42"E	closed
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Tulagino near Yakutsk Yakutsk With a subarctic climate , Yakutsk is the coldest city, though not the coldest inhabited place, on Earth. Average monthly temperatures range from in July to in January. The coldest temperatures ever recorded on the planet outside Antarctica occurred in the basin of the Yana River to the northeast...	Omnidirectional antenna, circle antenna with 1 central and 6 ring masts	150	62°14′15.01"N 129°48′10.4"E ; 62°14′22.82"N 129°48′0.85"E ; 62°14′15.06"N 129°47′51.2"E ; 62°14′7.27"N 129°48′0.82"E ; 62°14′7.31"N 129°48′20"E ; 62°14′15.06"N 129°48′29.7"E ; 62°14′22.82"N 129°48′20"E
	Radio Kavkaz		Oktyabrskiy	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1200	45°29′07.57"N 40°05′21.59"E
177	Deutschlandradio Kultur Deutschlandradio Kultur Deutschlandradio Kultur is the culture-oriented radio station of the German national Deutschlandradio service...		Zehlendorf Sender Zehlendorf Sender Zehlendorf is a radio transmission facility that has existed since 1936, when a short wave transmitter was built in Zehlendorf as part of the establishment of permanent radio services...  near Oranienburg Oranienburg Oranienburg is a town in Brandenburg, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Oberhavel.- Geography :Oranienburg is a town located on the banks of the Havel river, 35 km north of the centre of Berlin.- Division of the town :...	Omnidirectional aerial, cage aerial mounted on 359.7 m high guyed mast, triangle aerial on 3 150 m high guyed steel lattice masts	500	52°47′41.87"N 13°23′9.5"E	Since August 29, 2005 between 2 and 5 a.m. CET DRM Digital Radio Mondiale Digital Radio Mondiale is a set of digital audio broadcasting technologies designed to work over the bands currently used for AM broadcasting, particularly shortwave... -Mode
180	TRT Turkish Radio and Television Corporation The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation, also known as TRT , is the national public broadcaster of Turkey and was founded in 1964. Around 70% of TRT's funding comes from a tax levied on electricity bills and a sales tax on television and radio receivers...		Polatli Polatli Polatlı is a city and a district in Ankara Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, 80 km west of the Turkish capital Ankara, on the road to Eskişehir. According to 2010 census, population of the district is 117,473 of which 98,605 live in the city of Polatlı...	Omnidirectional antenna, 250 m high guyed latice steel mast	1200	39°45′22.46"N 32°25′6.24"E	Turkish Programme
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Yelizovo Yelizovo Yelizovo is a town in Kamchatka Krai, Russia, located on the Avacha River northwest of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Population: Founded in 1848 as the village of Stary Ostrog , it was renamed Zavoyko in 1897, after the Russian admiral Vasily Zavoyko who led the defense of Petropavlovsk in 1854....  near Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy	Omnidirectional antenna, 255 m high guyed lattice steel mast	150	53°11′4.92"N 158°24′2.24"E
	Radio Mayak Radio Mayak Radio Mayak is a radio broadcasting company in Russia, owned by VGTRK. Mayak is the Russian word for "lighthouse" or "beacon". As well as Radio Mayak proper , the company is also responsible for the youth music channel Radio Yunost.Radio Mayak was established in August 1964 as a major All-Union...		Kruchina near Chita	Omnidirectional antenna, 200 m high guyed lattice steel mast	150	51°50′22.5"N 113°44′8.9"E
			Alma-Ata		250		closed
			Aktyubinsk		150		closed
			Chimkent		50		closed
183	Europe 1 Europe 1 Europe 1, formerly known as Europe n° 1, is a privately owned radio network created in 1955. It is one of the leading French radio broadcasters and heard throughout France...		Felsberg-Berus	Directional aerial, four ground insulated steel lattice masts. Heights of 270 m, 276 m, 280 m and 282 m. Spare aerial: two ground insulated steel lattice masts of 234 m height.	2000	Main antenna: 49°17′4.2"N 6°40′57.73"E ; 49°16′55.86"N 6°40′46.16"E ; 49°16′47.55"N 6°40′34.48"E ; 49°16′39.18"N 6°40′22.72"E, Spare antenna: 49°17′8.93"N 6°39′31.71"E ; 49°17′1.54"N 6°39′23.6"E	French programme. The most powerful longwave transmitter in Germany. DRM Test after 00:00 UTC.
189	RÚV RÚV Ríkisútvarpið is Iceland's national public-service broadcasting organization.Operating from studios in the country's capital, Reykjavík, as well as regional centres around the country, the service broadcasts a variety of general programming to a wide audience across the whole country via radio...		Gufuskalar near Hellissandur Longwave radio mast Hellissandur The Longwave radio mast Hellissandur is a 412 metre high guyed radio mast for longwave transmissions at Gufuskálar in the vicinity of Hellissandur on the peninsula Snæfellsnes of Iceland. This mast, which is the tallest structure in Western Europe, is insulated against ground and guyed in 5 levels...	Slight oval bi-directivity aerial, top loaded parallel connected triangular loops, mast as a common member, all guys insulated except two radiating diametrically opposed grounded top guys, loops closed by copper straps in the ground from two conducting guy grounding points to base of the guyed steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 412m	300	64°54′26"N 23°55′19.5"W	RÚV national programs 1 and 2 Rás 1 and Rás 2
	RAI		Caltanissetta Caltanissetta Caltanissetta is a city and comune located on the western interior of Sicily, capital of the province of Caltanissetta...	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 282 m	10	37°29′53.05"N 14°04′04.08"E	Inactive since August 2004
	SR Sveriges Radio Sveriges Radio AB – Swedish Radio Ltd – is Sweden's national publicly funded radio broadcaster. The Swedish public-broadcasting system is in many respects modelled after the one used in the United Kingdom, and Sveriges Radio - like Sveriges Television - shares many characteristics with...		Orlunda		300	58°25′37"N 14°58′38"E	closed
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Kostantinogradovka near Blagoveshchensk Blagoveshchensk Blagoveshchensk is a city and the administrative center of Amur Oblast, Russia. Population: -Early history of the region:The early residents of both sides of the Amur in the region of today's Blagoveshchensk were the Daurs and Duchers...	Omnidirectional aerial, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1200	50°30′23.58"N 128°18′32.9"E
			Dusheti		250	42°03′1.76"N 44°40′37.56"E	inactive
198	BBC Radio 4 BBC Radio 4 BBC Radio 4 is a British domestic radio station, operated and owned by the BBC, that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes, including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967. The station controller is currently Gwyneth Williams, and the...		Droitwich (SFN Single-frequency network A single-frequency network or SFN is a broadcast network where several transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same frequency channel.-Overview:... )	T-aerial on 2 guyed steel lattice masts insulated against ground with a height of 213 metres	500	52°17′46.9"N 2°6′24.32"W ; 52°17′40.4"N 2°6′20.62"W	All three transmitters carry Radio teleswitch Radio teleswitch A Radio Teleswitch is a device used in the United Kingdom to allow electricity suppliers to switch large numbers of electricity meters between different tariffs, by broadcasting an embedded signal in broadcast radio signals...  PSK data. Droitwich relays BBC World Service BBC World Service The BBC World Service is the world's largest international broadcaster, broadcasting in 27 languages to many parts of the world via analogue and digital shortwave, internet streaming and podcasting, satellite, FM and MW relays...  after the end of Radio 4 programmes.
			Burghead (SFN Single-frequency network A single-frequency network or SFN is a broadcast network where several transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same frequency channel.-Overview:... )	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 154 m	50	57°41′57.9"N 3°28′4.78"W
			Westerglen (SFN Single-frequency network A single-frequency network or SFN is a broadcast network where several transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same frequency channel.-Overview:... )	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, height 152 m	50	55°58′33"N 3°48′58.8"W
	Chaine 1		Berkaoui / Ouargla	Three guyed steel lattice masts.	2000	31°55′14.5"N 5°4′31.53"E ; 31°55′4.41"N 5°4′31.77"E ; 31°54′54.24"N 5°4′32"E
	Polskie Radio Parlament/Radio Polonia Polskie Radio Polskie Radio Spółka Akcyjna is Poland's national publicly funded radio broadcasting organization.- History :Polskie Radio was founded on 18 August 1925 and began making regular broadcasts from Warsaw on 18 April 1926....		Raszyn Longwave transmitter Raszyn The longwave transmitter Raszyn is a longwave broadcasting transmitter near Raszyn, Poland. It was built in 1949. Until 1962, its radio mast was, with a height of 335 metres, the tallest structure in Europe....	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast insulated against ground, 335 m high	200	52°4′21.72"N 20°53′2.15"E	excluded for financial reasons the Polish Radio
	Radio Mayak Radio Mayak Radio Mayak is a radio broadcasting company in Russia, owned by VGTRK. Mayak is the Russian word for "lighthouse" or "beacon". As well as Radio Mayak proper , the company is also responsible for the youth music channel Radio Yunost.Radio Mayak was established in August 1964 as a major All-Union...		Saint Petersburg - Olgino	Omnidirectional aerial, 205 m high guyed steel lattice mast	150	59°59′30.01"N 30°07′38.81"E
	Radio Mayak		Angarsk	Before 2001: T-antenna spun between 2 205 m tall guyed steel lattice mast	250	52°31′51.95"N 103°52′9.46"E, possibly 52°26′10.17"N 103°41′1.05"E	closed
	Radio Mayak		Avsyunino	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	150	55°35′13.75"N 39°09′57.84"E
	Radio Mayak		Ufa		150	54°46′19.73"N 56°0′17.02"E	closed
			Krasnaya Rechka near Bishkek Bishkek Bishkek , formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan.Bishkek is also the administrative centre of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.The name is thought to...		150	42°52′51.9"N 74°59′43.79"E	closed
207	RÚV RÚV Ríkisútvarpið is Iceland's national public-service broadcasting organization.Operating from studios in the country's capital, Reykjavík, as well as regional centres around the country, the service broadcasts a variety of general programming to a wide audience across the whole country via radio...		Eiðar near Egilsstaðir	Omnidirectional aerial, steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 220 m	100		RÚV national programs 1 and 2 Rás 1 and Rás 2
	Deutschlandfunk Deutschlandfunk Deutschlandfunk is a German public broadcasting radio station, broadcasting national news and current affairs.-History:Broadcasting in the Federal Republic of Germany is reserved under the Basic Law to the states. This means that all public broadcasting is regionalised...		Aholming Aholming transmitter Aholming transmitter is a facility for broadcasting the program of Deutschlandfunk on 207 kHz with a power of 500 kW at day and 250 kW at night between Aholming and Ottmaring in Bavaria....	Directional aerial, two guyed steel lattice masts, 265 m high, fed at the top	500	48°43′50.55"N 12°55′47.04"E ; 48°43′38.46"N 12°56′2.06"E	Night: 250 kW
	RNE Todo Noticias		Logroño Logroño Logroño is a city in northern Spain, on the Ebro River. It is the capital of the autonomous community of La Rioja, formerly known as La Rioja Province.The population of Logroño in 2008 was 153,736 and a metropolitan population of nearly 197,000 inhabitants...	Directional antenna, 300 metres tall.	>100		closed
	Ukrainian Radio		Brovary Brovary Brovary is a city in Kiev Oblast in northern Ukraine, an eastern suburb of the country's capital, Kiev. It is the administrative centre of the Brovarskyi Raion . Brovary is an ancient town, firstly mentioned in 1630. Its name translated from Ukrainian means "brewers"...	Omnidirectional antenna, 259.6 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	600	50°29′48.8"N 30°48′9.2"E	closed
			Azilal Azilal Azilal is a town in central Morocco, in the Atlas Mountains. It is located at around ....		400	31°53′54.24"N 6°33′17"W
			Al Karanah		?	31°45′55.47"N 36°28′44.97"E ; 31°45′29.66"N 36°28′59.11"E	closed
	Radio Mayak		Tynda Tynda Tynda is a town in Amur Oblast, Russia. It is an important railway junction, often referred to as the capital of the BAM. The name is of Evenk origin, tendy translating roughly as on the river bank. Population: -Geography:...	Omnidirectional aerial, steel lattice mast insulated against ground, height 244 m	150	55°05′19.31"N 124°43′9.7"E
209			Choibalsan		75	48°01′21.02"N 114°33′3.73"E
			Dalanzadgad Dalanzadgad Dalanzadgad is the capital of Ömnögovi Aimag in Mongolia. It is located south of the national capital Ulaanbaatar. The altitude of the city center is 1,470 meters .As of 2006, its population is 14,000.-Transportation:...		75	43°31′54.38"N 104°24′4.16"E
			Olgii		30	48°57′24.52"N 89°58′13.15"E
216	Radio Monte Carlo Radio Monte Carlo Radio Monte Carlo is the name of six radio stations owned and managed by three different entities:*RMC Info is a French-speaking station, broadcasting in France and Monaco from Paris with some contributions from Monaco. Radio Monte-Carlo was one of 23 founding broadcasting organisations of the...		Roumoules Transmitter Roumoules The Roumoules transmitter is the main broadcasting facility for longwave and mediumwave broadcasting of Radio Monte Carlo near Roumoules, France...	Directional aerial, 3 300 metre high guyed steel lattice masts, 330 metre high guyed steel lattice mast as backup aerial	1200	43°47′41.45"N 6°8′48.41"E ; 43°47′34.56"N 6°8′59.09"E; 43°47′27.7"N 6°9′9.85"E, Backup antenna: 43°47′36.29"N 6°9′30.61"E	Transmitter site exterritorial, exclave of Monaco
	Azerbaijani Radio 1 AzTV AzTV, or Azeri TeleVision , is the national broadcaster for Azerbaijan. AzTV was declined active membership of the European Broadcasting Union since the channel was not independent enough from the ruling government....		Ganja Ganja, Azerbaijan Ganja is Azerbaijan's second-largest city with a population of around 313,300. It was named Yelizavetpol in the Russian Empire period. The city regained its original name—Ganja—from 1920–1935 during the first part of its incorporation into the Soviet Union. However, its name was changed again and...		600	40°36′50"N 46°20′0"E
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Krasnoyarsk	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 210 m tall	150	56°02′02.97"N 92°45′32.31"E
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Atamanovka	Directional antenna	150	51°50′02"N 113°43′10"E	Inactive
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Birobidzhan Birobidzhan Birobidzhan is a town and the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia. It is located on the Trans-Siberian railway, close to the border with the People's Republic of China....	2 guyed masts, 260 m high	30	48°44′19.37"N 132°48′3.95"E ; 48°44′14.71"N 132°48′32.6"E
225	Polskie Radio Program 1 Polskie Radio Polskie Radio Spółka Akcyjna is Poland's national publicly funded radio broadcasting organization.- History :Polskie Radio was founded on 18 August 1925 and began making regular broadcasts from Warsaw on 18 April 1926....		Solec Kujawski Longwave-transmitter Solec Kujawski The Longwave transmitter Solec Kujawski is a longwave broadcasting facility of the Polish broadcasting company for the 225 kHz frequency. Its construction was necessary after the collapse of the Warsaw radio mast on August 8, 1991 and the resistance of the local population to its reconstruction.The...	Directional aerial, 2 guyed radio masts fed on the top, heights 330 m and 289 m	1000	53°1′21.01"N 18°15′32.63"E 53°1′12.83"N 18°15′44.06"E	Earlier transmitter site Konstantynów ( 52°22′3.91"N 19°48′7.04"E )
			Van Van, Turkey Van is a city in southeastern Turkey and the seat of the Kurdish-majority Van Province, and is located on the eastern shore of Lake Van. The city's official population in 2010 was 367,419, but many estimates put this as much higher with a 1996 estimate stating 500,000 and former Mayor Burhan...	Omnidirectional antenna, 250 m high guyed lattice steel mast	600	38°35′11.47"N 43°15′59.17"E
	Radio Rossii		Surgut Surgut Surgut is a city in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located on the Ob River near its junction with the Irtysh River, the largest in the autonomous okrug and the second largest in Tyumen Oblast. Population:...	Omnidirectional antenna, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	61°23′35"N 72°53′20"E
227			Altai		75	46°19′25.52"N 96°15′31.2"E
234	RTL RTL Group RTL Group is Europe's largest TV, radio and production company, and is majority-owned by German media conglomerate Bertelsmann. It has 45 television and 32 radio stations in 11 countries...		Beidweiler Beidweiler longwave transmitter The Beidweiler Longwave Transmitter is a high-power broadcasting transmitter for the French-speaking programme of RTL radio on the longwave frequency 234 kHz...	Directional aerial, 3 guyed grounded steel lattice masts, 290 m high, with vertical cage aerials	2000	49°43′42.57"N 6°19′4.29"E ; 49°43′49.2"N 6°19′15.02"E ; 49°43′55.81"N 6°19′25.67"E	Spare transmitter site Junglinster ( 49°43′0.35"N 6°15′28.9"E ; 49°43′6.56"N 6°15′40.27"E ; 49°43′12.75"N 6°15′51.44"E )
	Radio 1		Krasny Bor transmitter Krasny Bor transmitter Krasny Bor transmitter is a large facility for longwave, mediumwave and shortwave broadcasting at Krasny Bor near Saint Petersburg, Russia. Krasny Bor transmitter was established in 1961 and belongs to the most powerful broadcasting stations in the world. It uses four mast radiators and several...  near Sankt-Peterburg	Omnidirectional aerial, 271.5 metres tall guyed mast with cage antenna	1200	59°39′12.32"N 30°41′50.12"E	closed
			Koskovo near Murmansk	Omnidirectional aerial, 210 m tall guyed mast	250	64°21′35.83"N 41°23′4.01"E	inactive
	Radio 1		Novosemeykino near Samara Samara, Russia Samara , is the sixth largest city in Russia. It is situated in the southeastern part of European Russia at the confluence of the Volga and Samara Rivers. Samara is the administrative center of Samara Oblast. Population: . The metropolitan area of Samara-Tolyatti-Syzran within Samara Oblast...	4 205 metres tall towers insulated against ground arranged in a square	2000	53°22′59.44"N 50°20′13.84"E ; 53°22′59.53"N 50°20′19.23"E ; 53°22′56.2"N 50°20′13.94"E ; 53°22′56.31"N 50°20′19.32"E	closed
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Raduzhnyy near Magadan Magadan Magadan is a port town on the Sea of Okhotsk and gateway to the Kolyma region. It is the administrative center of Magadan Oblast , in the Russian Far East. Founded in 1929 on the site of an earlier settlement from the 1920s, it was granted the status of town in 1939...	Omnidirectional aerial, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	59°42′51.14"N 150°11′29.9"E
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Odinsk near Irkutsk Irkutsk Irkutsk is a city and the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, one of the largest cities in Siberia. Population: .-History:In 1652, Ivan Pokhabov built a zimovye near the site of Irkutsk for gold trading and for the collection of fur taxes from the Buryats. In 1661, Yakov Pokhabov...	Omnidirectional aerial, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	500	52°24′57.43"N 103°42′0.29"E
	Radio 1		Koskovo near Arkhangelsk Arkhangelsk Arkhangelsk , formerly known as Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina River near its exit into the White Sea in the north of European Russia. The city spreads for over along the banks of the river...	Omnidirectional aerial, 257 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	500	64°21′50.92"N 41°24′41.8"E	closed
	Radio 1		Gavar Gavar Gavar , is a city and the provincial capital of the Armenian province of Gegharkunik. It was known as Nor Bayezet or Novyi Bayazet until 1959, then Kamo until 1996...	Omnidirectional aerial, 259.4 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	500	40°25′32.68"N 45°12′16.15"E
243	DR Kalundborg		Kalundborg	Semi-directional Alexanderson antenna 153/333 degrees, two grounded 118 m steel lattice radiating towers with interconnecting top wire capacitance	70	55°40′39.27"N 11°4′8.6"E ; 55°40′32.91"N 11°4′14.33"E	AM suspended 15 February 2007-16 June 2011, now transmitting in time slots only. DRM tests from 3 October 2008.
			Erzurum Erzurum Erzurum is a city in Turkey. It is the largest city, the capital of Erzurum Province. The city is situated 1757 meters above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 361,235 in the 2000 census. .Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in NATO code, served as NATO's southeastern-most air force post during the...	Omnidirectional antenna, 185 m high guyed lattice steel mast	200	39°59′53.59"N 41°06′40.95"E	Off air since 13 October 2008.
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Razdolnoye near Ussuriysk Ussuriysk Ussuriysk is a city in Primorsky Krai, Russia, located in the fertile valley of the Razdolnaya River, north of Vladivostok and about from both the Chinese border and the Pacific Ocean. Population: -Medieval history:...	Omnidirectional antenna, 259 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	1000	43°32′18"N 131°55′46"E	inactive
			Karaganda Karaganda Karagandy , more commonly known by its Russian name Karaganda, , is the capital of Karagandy Province in Kazakhstan. It is the fourth most populous city in Kazakhstan, behind Almaty , Astana and Shymkent, with a population of 471,800 . In the 1940s up to 70% of the city's inhabitants were ethnic...	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 254 m height	1000	49°47′32.45"N 73°01′40.15"E	closed
			Alma-Ata		1000		closed
252	Chaine 1		Tipaza Tipaza Longwave Transmitter Tipaza Longwave Transmitter is the facility of the Algerian Broadcasting Company for transmitting French-speaking programs on the longwave frequency of 252 kHz. Tipaza Longwave Transmitter, which is situated near Tipaza at 36°33'58" N and 2°28'50" E, has a transmission power of 1500 kW during the...	Omnidirectional aerial, single guyed lattice steel mast, height 355 m	1500	36°33′58.14"N 2°28′50.3"E	French programme; during night-time half transmitter-power
	YLE		Lahti Lahti longwave transmitter The Lahti longwave transmitter was a facility for long wave transmission at Lahti, Finland. It was inaugurated in 1927 and used as an aerial a T-type aerial spun between two 150 metre high free standing steel framework towers. The Lahti longwave transmitter was shut down in 1993. Nowadays the...		200	60.980137°N 25.644195°E, 60.978747°N 25.649155°E	closed
	RTÉ Radio 1 RTÉ Radio 1 RTÉ Radio 1 is the principal radio channel of Irish public-service broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann and is the direct descendant of Dublin radio station 2RN, which began broadcasting on a regular basis on 1 January 1926...		Clarkstown	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast, insulated against ground, height 248 m	500	53°27′46"N 6°40′39"W	Used for Atlantic 252 Atlantic 252 Atlantic 252 was a long wave radio station broadcasting to Ireland and the United Kingdom on 252 kHz from its 1988 purpose built transmission site Clarkstown radio transmitter, which provided service to Atlantic 252 from 1989 until 2002. The station's studios were located just 12 km away in... , 1989–2002. Now the only AM transmitter for RTÉ Radio 1. Decreases power at night to 100 kW.
	Radio Rossii		Kazan Kazan Kazan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,143,546 , it is the eighth most populous city in Russia. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the...	Omnidirectional aerial, 152 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna ( ARRT-antenna)	100	55°49′6.3"N 49°10′24.64"E
			Yangi-Yul		150	38°28′41.69"N 68°48′19.53"E ; 38°28′44.64"N 68°48′24.42"E ; 38°28′46.65"N 68°48′22.56"E ; 38°28′43.7"N 68°48′17.66"E
261	Transmitter Burg		Burg Burg bei Magdeburg Burg bei Magdeburg is a town of about 24,700 inhabitants on the Elbe-Havel-Canal in Germany, northeast of Magdeburg. It is situated around a former weir, the Sachsenschleusen...	Omnidirectional aerial, cage aerial on 324 m high guyed, grounded steel lattice mast, 210 m high steel tube mast, insulated against ground	200	52°17′12.93"N 11°53′50.52"E	Inactive at the moment, formerly used by Radio Wolga Radio Wolga Radio Wolga was a radio station for the Soviet armed forces in the former GDR .-Broadcasting station:Until 1967 Radio Wolga broadcast from the Königs Wusterhausen radio facility near Berlin. After 1967 the Burg AM transmitter near Magdeburg was used.From 1967 to 1976 Radio Wolga used the 350-meter...  and Radioropa Info Radioropa Info Radioropa Info was the designation of the only German language privately-owned longwave broadcasting station. It was the air with several stations during the 1990s with a silent stretch on longwave in the middle of the decade....
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Taldom Taldom transmitter Taldom transmitter is a large facility for longwave and shortwave broadcasting near Taldom, Russia. It transmits on two longwave frequencies, on 153 kHz with 300 kW and on 261 kHz with a power of 2,500 kW. Latter is the most powerful broadcasting station in the world...	Omnidirectional antenna, circle antenna with 1 central and 5 ring masts, height of central mast 275 m	2500	56°43′59.86"N 37°39′47.51"E ; 56°44′10.32"N 37°39′46.53"E ; 56°44′2.54"N 37°39′29.17"E ; 56°43′51.09"N 37°39′37.2"E ; 56°43′51.76"N 37°39′59.6"E ; 56°44′3.64"N 37°40′5.34"E	Most powerful transmitter in the world. Currently not used on its maximum power.
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Kruchina near Chita	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 260 m high	150	51°50′22.5"N 113°44′8.9"E
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Tyumen Tyumen Tyumen is the largest city and the administrative center of Tyumen Oblast, Russia, located on the Tura River east of Moscow. Population: Tyumen is the oldest Russian settlement in Siberia. Founded in 16th century to support Russia's eastward expansion, the city has remained one of the most...	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 220 m high	150		inactive
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Vorkuta Vorkuta Vorkuta is a coal-mining town in the Komi Republic, Russia, situated just north of the Arctic Circle in the Pechora coal basin at the Usa River. Population: - Labor camp origins :...	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 220 m high	50		inactive
	Radio Horizont		Vakarel Vakarel Transmitter The Vakarel Transmitter is a large broadcasting facility for long- and medium wave near Vakarel, Bulgaria. The Vakarel Transmitter was inaugurated in 1937. It has one directional antenna consisting of three guyed masts and another consisting of two masts....	One of the few Blaw-Knox Towers in Europe, 215 m high	75	42°34′35.18"N 23°41′55.52"E
270	ČRO 1 - Radiožurnál		Topolna Topolna transmitter The Topolna transmitter is the central longwave broadcasting facility of the Czech Republic situated westward of the village Topolná at the Morava River....	Directional aerial (maximum of radiation in East-West direction), two grounded 257 m high guyed steel lattice mast with cage aerial Cage aerial A Cage aerial is a radio antenna, which consists of the top portion of a tower or mast and of several parallel wires, which are radially arranged around the lower part of the mast. one advantage of the cage aerial is that the supporting tower can be grounded, allowing it to be used for other radio... s	650	49°7′32.88"N 17°30′45.97"E ; 49°7′18.85"N 17°30′41.78"E
	Radio Rossii		Orenburg Orenburg Orenburg is a city on the Ural River and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies southeast of Moscow, very close to the border with Kazakhstan. Population: 546,987 ; 549,361 ; Highest point: 154.4 m...	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 137 m height	25	51°46′44.37"N 55°06′23.01"E	closed
	Radio 1		Khabarovsk Khabarovsk Khabarovsk is the largest city and the administrative center of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located some from the Chinese border. It is the second largest city in the Russian Far East, after Vladivostok. The city became the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia...	2 guyed steel lattice masts, height: 164 m	150	48°30′43.48"N 135°07′02.24"E ; 48°30′48.75"N 135°07′18.15"E	closed
	Radio Slovo		from Novosibirsk Novosibirsk Novosibirsk is the third-largest city in Russia, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and the largest city of Siberia, with a population of 1,473,737 . It is the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast as well as of the Siberian Federal District...  moved to Raduga	Omnidirectional aerial, 209 metres tall guyed mast with cage antenna	150	55°07′38.48"N 82°59′19.03"E
279	Belaruskaje Radyjo 1 (BR1)		Sasnovy		500	53°24′31"N 28°31′57"E
	Radio Rossii		Gorno-Altaisk	Omnidirectional antenna, 143m high guyed lattice steel mast	50	51°58′1.12"N 85°54′54.68"E
	Radio Rossii		Selenginsk Selenginsk Novoselenginsk is a rural locality in Selenginsky District of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located on the Selenge River south of Lake Baikal...	Omnidirectional aerial, 260 m high guyed lattice steel mast with cage antenna (ARRT-antenna)	150	52°02′17.52"N 106°56′25.6"E
	Radio Rossii		Vestochka near Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk -Demographics:Most residents are ethnic Russians, but there also exists a sizable population of Koreans. Of the 43,000 Sakhalin Koreans, half are estimated to live in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, comprising roughly 12% of the city's population...	Omnidirectional antenna, guyed lattice steel mast, 258 m high	1000	46°50′35"N 142°53′44"E
	Radio Rossii Radio Rossii - History :Radio Rossii began broadcasting in December 10, 1990. The radio station is part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VGTRK, which also includes television channels "Russia", "Sport", "Culture", "Vesti", and "Bibigon", as well as radio stations "Radio Yunost", "Mayak", "Culture" and...		Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburg is a major city in the central part of Russia, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Situated on the eastern side of the Ural mountain range, it is the main industrial and cultural center of the Urals Federal District with a population of 1,350,136 , making it Russia's...	Omnidirectional aerial, guyed steel lattice mast of 256 m height, fed at the top	150	56°53′22.46"N 60°41′30.22"E
			Ashgabat		150	37°51′14.89"N 58°21′57.99"E

See also

• Low frequency
  Low frequency
  Low frequency or low freq or LF refers to radio frequencies in the range of 30 kHz–300 kHz. In Europe, and parts of Northern Africa and of Asia, part of the LF spectrum is used for AM broadcasting as the longwave band. In the western hemisphere, its main use is for aircraft beacon,...
  
  : for other uses (military, commercial and amateur) of this part of the radio spectrum (30–300 kHz)
• Electromagnetic spectrum
  Electromagnetic spectrum
  The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object....
  
  : Very low frequency
  Very low frequency
  225px|thumb|right|A VLF receiving antenna at [[Palmer Station]], Antarctica, operated by Stanford UniversityVery low frequency or VLF refers to radio frequencies in the range of 3 kHz to 30 kHz. Since there is not much bandwidth in this band of the radio spectrum, only the very simplest signals...
  
  , Shortwave
  Shortwave
  Shortwave radio refers to the upper MF and all of the HF portion of the radio spectrum, between 1,800–30,000 kHz. Shortwave radio received its name because the wavelengths in this band are shorter than 200 m which marked the original upper limit of the medium frequency band first used...
  
  , Ground wave, Skywave
  Skywave
  Skywave is the propagation of electromagnetic waves bent back to the Earth's surface by the ionosphere. As a result of skywave propagation, a broadcast signal from a distant AM broadcasting station at night, or from a shortwave radio station can sometimes be heard as clearly as local...
  
  , Medium wave
• Radio
  Radio
  Radio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
  
   broadcasting: AM broadcasting
  AM broadcasting
  AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a radio signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is carried out in the medium wave band world wide, and on long wave and short wave...
  
  , BBC Radio 4
  BBC Radio 4
  BBC Radio 4 is a British domestic radio station, operated and owned by the BBC, that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes, including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967. The station controller is currently Gwyneth Williams, and the...
  
  , BBC Light Programme
  BBC Light Programme
  The Light Programme was a BBC radio station which broadcast mainstream light entertainment and music from 1945 until 1967, when it was rebranded as BBC Radio 2...
  
  , Radio clock
  Radio clock
  A radio clock or radio-controlled clock is a clock that is synchronized by a time code bit stream transmitted by a radio transmitter connected to a time standard such as an atomic clock...
  
  , Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française
  Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française
  Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française was the French national public broadcasting organization established on 9 February 1949 to replace the post-war "Radiodiffusion Française" , which had been founded in 1945...
  
  , Warsaw radio mast
  Warsaw radio mast
  The Warsaw radio mast was the world's tallest structure until its collapse on 8 August 1991. It is the second tallest land-based structure ever built, being surpassed as tallest by the Burj Khalifa, completed in 2010....
  
  , Digital Radio Mondiale
  Digital Radio Mondiale
  Digital Radio Mondiale is a set of digital audio broadcasting technologies designed to work over the bands currently used for AM broadcasting, particularly shortwave...
  
  , International broadcasting
  International broadcasting
  International broadcasting is broadcasting that is deliberately aimed at a foreign, rather than a domestic, audience. It usually is broadcast by means of longwave, mediumwave, or shortwave radio, but in recent years has also used direct satellite broadcasting and the Internet as means of reaching...
  
  ,
• Shipping: Global navigation satellite system
  Global Navigation Satellite System
  A satellite navigation or SAT NAV system is a system of satellites that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location to within a few metres using time signals transmitted along a line-of-sight by radio from...
  
  , Navigation
  Navigation
  Navigation is the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks...
  
  , Shipping Forecast
  Shipping Forecast
  The Shipping Forecast is a four-times-daily BBC Radio broadcast of weather reports and forecasts for the seas around the coasts of the British Isles. It is produced by the Met Office and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. The forecasts sent over the Navtex...
  
  
• Lists: List of wave topics
• Other: 1 kilometre, National Institute of Standards and Technology
  National Institute of Standards and Technology
  The National Institute of Standards and Technology , known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards , is a measurement standards laboratory, otherwise known as a National Metrological Institute , which is a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce...
  
  , Fail-safe
  Fail-safe
  A fail-safe or fail-secure device is one that, in the event of failure, responds in a way that will cause no harm, or at least a minimum of harm, to other devices or danger to personnel....
  
  , WGU-20
  Wgu-20
  WGU-20, also known as "the last radio station," was operated by the United States Defense Civil Preparedness Agency in the mid-to-late 1970s.-Public Emergency Radio:...
  
  

External links

• Tomislav Stimac, "Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)". IK1QFK Home Page.
• The Medium Wave Circle - The premier club for MW/LW enthusiasts
• Medium Wave News - Published regularly since 1954
• Euro-African Medium Wave Guide
• Longwave Club of America
• How to receive DRM from Kalundborg longwave station (German)
• http://www.mediumwaveradio.com/longwave.php
• http://www.mwlist.org/mwlist_quick_and_easy.php?area=1&kHz=153 - List of long- and mediumwave transmitters with GoogleMap-Links to transmission sites