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Lokasenna



 
 
Lokasenna (Loki's flyting, Loki's wrangling, Loki's quarrel) is one of the mythological poems of the Poetic Edda
Poetic Edda

The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse poems primarily preserved in the Icelandic mediaeval manuscript Codex Regius. Along with Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, the Poetic Edda is the most important extant source on Norse mythology and Germanic heroic legends....
. The poem presents flyting
Flyting

'Flyting' is a contest of insults, often conducted in verse. The word has been adopted by Social history from Scots language usage of the fifteenth and sixteenth century in which makars would engage in public verbal contests of high-flying, extravagant abuse structured in the form of a poetic Jousting; the classic written example is The Flyt...
 between the gods and Loki
Loki

File:Loke og Sigyn by Eckersberg.jpgIn Norse mythology, Loki is a ?ss or j?tunn . Loki's relation with the gods varies by source. Loki assists the gods, and sometimes causes problems for them....
.

Loki, amongst other things, accuses the gods of moralistic
Moralism

Moralism is the firm belief that humans are instilled with innate moral characteristics, a quality unchangeable, only ignorable. Naturally, Moralism denies a moral structure which religion presents, creating a distinct separation between the two....
 sexual impropriety, the practice of seidr
Seiðr

Seid or sei?r is an Old Norse language term for a type of sorcery or witchcraft which was practiced by the Germanic paganism Norsemen.Sometimes anglicized as "seidhr", "seidh", "seidr", "seithr" or "seith", the term is also used to refer to modern Germanic neopaganism Polytheistic reconstructionism or emulations of the practice....
, and bias. Not ostensibly the most serious of allegations, however these elements are said ultimately to lead to the onset of Ragnarok
RagNaRok

Ragnar?k is the fifth album, released in 1995 on Metal Blade Records, by the Rock and roll/Heavy metal music/punk rock band GWAR.This album contains the most varied vocal stylings of any GWAR album, as the majority of the band lends their lungs to the tracklist , as well as guest villain Cardinal Syn....
 in the Eddic poem Völuspá
Völuspá

V?lusp? is the first and best known poem of the Poetic Edda. It tells the story of the creation of the world and its coming end related by a v?lva addressing Odin....
.






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Lokasenna (Loki's flyting, Loki's wrangling, Loki's quarrel) is one of the mythological poems of the Poetic Edda
Poetic Edda

The Poetic Edda is a collection of Old Norse poems primarily preserved in the Icelandic mediaeval manuscript Codex Regius. Along with Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, the Poetic Edda is the most important extant source on Norse mythology and Germanic heroic legends....
. The poem presents flyting
Flyting

'Flyting' is a contest of insults, often conducted in verse. The word has been adopted by Social history from Scots language usage of the fifteenth and sixteenth century in which makars would engage in public verbal contests of high-flying, extravagant abuse structured in the form of a poetic Jousting; the classic written example is The Flyt...
 between the gods and Loki
Loki

File:Loke og Sigyn by Eckersberg.jpgIn Norse mythology, Loki is a ?ss or j?tunn . Loki's relation with the gods varies by source. Loki assists the gods, and sometimes causes problems for them....
.

Loki, amongst other things, accuses the gods of moralistic
Moralism

Moralism is the firm belief that humans are instilled with innate moral characteristics, a quality unchangeable, only ignorable. Naturally, Moralism denies a moral structure which religion presents, creating a distinct separation between the two....
 sexual impropriety, the practice of seidr
Seiðr

Seid or sei?r is an Old Norse language term for a type of sorcery or witchcraft which was practiced by the Germanic paganism Norsemen.Sometimes anglicized as "seidhr", "seidh", "seidr", "seithr" or "seith", the term is also used to refer to modern Germanic neopaganism Polytheistic reconstructionism or emulations of the practice....
, and bias. Not ostensibly the most serious of allegations, however these elements are said ultimately to lead to the onset of Ragnarok
RagNaRok

Ragnar?k is the fifth album, released in 1995 on Metal Blade Records, by the Rock and roll/Heavy metal music/punk rock band GWAR.This album contains the most varied vocal stylings of any GWAR album, as the majority of the band lends their lungs to the tracklist , as well as guest villain Cardinal Syn....
 in the Eddic poem Völuspá
Völuspá

V?lusp? is the first and best known poem of the Poetic Edda. It tells the story of the creation of the world and its coming end related by a v?lva addressing Odin....
. However, Lokasenna does not directly state that Loki's binding is as a consequence of the killing of Baldr. This is explicitly stated only in Snorri's
Snorri Sturluson

Snorri Sturluson was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. He was two-time elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing....
 Prose Edda.

Lee M. Hollander, in his introduction to his translation of the poem, claims that it was in no sense a popular lay and suggests we should not necessarily believe that the accusations of the "sly god" were an accepted part of the lore.

Plot

The setting is a feast given by the sea god Ægir
Ægir

?gir is a j?tunn and a king of the sea in Norse mythology. He seems to be a personification of the power of the ocean. He was also known for hosting elaborate parties for the ?sir....
. (In continuity, the prose introduction says: "Ægir, also named Gymir, had made ale for the Æsir, when he had received the great kettle of which was told" (see Hymiskviða
Hymiskviða

Hymiskvi?a is a poem collected in the Poetic Edda. Its contents are somewhat confusing but can be summarized more or less as follows.The ?sir visit ?gir and find, since ?gir apparently has a lot of kettles, that he should be their host from now on....
). Thor
Thor

Thor is the red-haired and bearded god of thunder in Germanic mythology and Germanic paganism, and its subsets: Norse paganism, Anglo-Saxon paganism and Continental Germanic mythology....
 did not attend, but his wife Sif
Sif

In Norse mythology, Sif is a goddess with golden hair and is the wife of the god Thor. Sif is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson....
 came in his stead as did Bragi
Bragi

Bragi is a skaldic god in Norse mythology....
 and his wife Iðunn
Iðunn

I?unn is a goddess in Norse mythology. I?unn is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson....
. Tyr
Tyr

File:T?r by Fr?lich.jpgT?r is the god of single combat, victory and heroic glory in Norse mythology, portrayed as a one-handed man. In the late Icelandic Eddas, he is portrayed, alternately, as the son of Odin or of Hymir , while the origins of his name and his possible relationship to Tuisto suggest he was once considered the father of...
, by this time one-handed as a consequence of his sacrifice of his hand in the shackling of Loki's son, the wolf Fenrisulfr
Fenrisulfr

In Norse mythology, Fenrir , Fenris?lfr , or Hr??vitnir is a monstrous wolf. Fenrir is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson....
, attended, as did Niord and his wife Skaði
Skaði

In Norse mythology, Ska?i or sometimes referred to as ?ndurgu? or ?ndurd?s is a j?tunn, daughter of Thjazi, one-time wife of the god Nj?r?r and stepmother of Freyr and Freyja....
, Freyr
Freyr

Freyr is one of the most important gods of Norse paganism. Freyr was highly associated with agriculture, weather and, as a phallus fertility god, Freyr "bestows peace and pleasure on mortals"....
 and Freyja, as well as Vidar
Vidar

In Norse mythology, V??arr is a god among the ?sir associated with vengeance. V??arr is described as the son of Odin and the j?tunn Gr??r , and is foretold to avenge his father's death by killing the wolf Fenrir at Ragnar?k, a conflict which he is described as surviving....
, the son of Odin. Many other Vanir
Vanir

In Norse mythology, the Vanir are one of two groups of gods, the other being the ?sir. The two groups are described as having waged war against one another in the ?sir-Vanir War?, resulting in the unification of the two into a single tribe of gods....
, Æsir
Æsir

In Old Norse, ?ss is the term denoting a member of the principal groups of gods of the List of Norse gods of Norse paganism. They include many of the major figures, such as Odin, Frigg, Thor, Baldr and Tyr....
, and also elves
Elf

An elf is a creature of Germanic mythology. The elves were originally thought of as a race of minor nature and fertility deity, who are often pictured as youthful-seeming men and women of great beauty living in forests and underground places and caves, or in wells and springs....
 were there.

The servants of Ægir, Fimafeng
Fimafeng

Fimafeng is a servant of ?gir in Norse mythology. His name means "quick service" or "handy service." In the Lokasenna, Loki kills Fimafeng during a feast for the ?sir being hosted by ?gir....
 and Eldir
Eldir

In Norse mythology, Eldir is a servant of ?gir. At the beginning of Lokasenna, Loki kills another servant, Fimafeng, and is driven from ?gir's hall into the forest by the gods who were assembled at the feasting table....
, did a thorough job of welcoming the guests; Loki was jealous of the praise being heaped upon them and slew Fimafengr. The gods were angry with Loki and drove him out of the hall, before returning to their carousing. On returning Loki encountered Eldir.

He threatened him and bade him reveal what the gods were talking about in their cups. Eldir's response was that they were discussing their might at arms, and that Loki was not welcomed.

Loki then enters the hall of Ægir after trading insults and threats with Eldir. A hush falls. Loki calls upon the rules of hospitality, demanding a seat and ale. Bragi then responds that he is unwelcome. Loki demands fulfillment of an ancient oath sworn with Odin that they should drink together. Odin asked his son Vidar to make a space for Loki.

Vidar rises and pours a drink for Loki. Before Loki drains his draught, he utters a toast to the gods but pointedly excludes Bragi from it. Bragi offers Loki a horse, a ring and a sword to placate him; Loki, however, is spoiling for a fight, and insults Bragi by questioning his courage. Bragi's response is that it would be contrary to the rules of correct behaviour to fight within his hosts' hall, but were they back in Asgard then things would be different. Iðunn
Iðunn

I?unn is a goddess in Norse mythology. I?unn is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson....
, Bragi's wife, holds him back. Loki then insults Iðunn, calling her sexually loose. Gefjon is the next to speak and then Loki turns his spite on her. Odin then attempts to take a grip, as do (in turn), Freyja, Niord, Tyr, Freyr and Byggvir
Byggvir

Byggvir is a figure in Norse mythology. The only surviving mention of Byggvir appears in the prose beginning of Lokasenna, and stanzas 55 through 56 of the same poem, where he is referred to as one of Freyr's servants and as the husband of Beyla....
. The exchanges between Odin and Loki are particularly vitriolic.

Eventually Thor
Thor

Thor is the red-haired and bearded god of thunder in Germanic mythology and Germanic paganism, and its subsets: Norse paganism, Anglo-Saxon paganism and Continental Germanic mythology....
 turns up at the party, and he is not to be placated, nor withheld. Alternating with Loki's insults to him, he says four times that he will use his hammer to knock Loki's head off if he continues. Loki replies that for Thor alone he will leave the hall, because his threats are the only ones he fears. He then leaves.

Finally there is a short piece of prose telling a short version of the tale of Loki's binding. Loki is chased by the gods, and caught after an unsuccessful attempt at disguising himself as a salmon. His son Váli
Váli (son of Loki)

In Norse mythology, V?li was a son of Loki. He is mentioned in the Gylfaginning section of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda. After the death of Baldr the ?sir chase down and capture Loki....
  is killed while his other son Narfi
Narfi

Narfi in Norse mythology may refer to the son of Loki or the father of N?tt, the personified night....
 turns into a wolf. Váli's entrails are used to bind Loki to three rocks above which Skaði places a serpent to drip venom on him.

Loki's wife Sigyn
Sigyn

Sigyn is a ?sir and wife of Loki in Norse mythology. Sigyn is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson....
 remains by his side with a bowl to catch the venom, however whenever she leaves to empty the bowl, venom falls on Loki, causing him to writhe in agony; this writhing was said to be the cause of earthquakes. Since other sources name Loki's sons as Váli
Váli (son of Loki)

In Norse mythology, V?li was a son of Loki. He is mentioned in the Gylfaginning section of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda. After the death of Baldr the ?sir chase down and capture Loki....
 and Narfi, some editors have chosen to read the names Nari and Narvi as a mistake in the manuscript, and transcribe Nari as Váli. Nari and Narfi are otherwise considered to be variations of the same name.

Excerpts

Thorpe's Translation.

  • Loki:
"Hail, Æsir!
Hail, Asyniur!
And ye, all-holy gods!
all, save that one man,
who sits within there,
Bragi, on yonder bench."


  • Bragi:
"I know that were I without,
as I am now within,
the hall of Ægir,
I thy head would
bear in my hand,
and so for lying punish thee."


  • Loki:
"Valiant on thy seat art thou, Bragi!
but so thou shouldst not be,
Bragi, the bench's pride!
Go and fight,
if thou art angry;
a brave man sits not considering."


Idunn stepped in to protect her husband.

  • Idunn:
"I pray thee, Bragi!
let avail the bond of children,
and of all adopted sons,
and to Loki speak not
in reproachful words,
in Ægir's hall."


  • Loki:
"Be silent, Idunn!
of all women I declare thee
most fond of men,
since thou thy arms,
carefully washed, didst twine
round thy brother's murderer."


  • Idunn:
"Loki I address not
with opprobrious words,
in Ægir's hall.
Bragi I soothe,
by beer excited.
I desire not that angry ye fight."


  • Gefjun:
"Why will ye, Æsir twain,
here within,
strive with reproachful words?
Lopt perceives not
that he is deluded,
and is urged on by fate."


  • Loki:
"Be silent, Gefjun!
I will now just mention,
how that fair youth
thy mind corrupted,
who thee a necklace gave,
and around whom thou thy limbs didst twine?"


Odin interfered, but Loki called him "unmanly" as well.

  • Odin:
"Knowest thou that I gave
to those I ought not -
victory to cowards?
Thou was eight winters
on the earth below,
milked cow as a woman,
and didst there bear children.
Now that, methinks, betokens a base nature."


  • Loki:
"But, it is said, thou wentest
with tottering steps in Samsö,
and knocked at houses as a Vala. (Vala
Vala

Vala can refer to* V?lva, a priestess in Norse mythology or a Scandinavian earth spirit* Numonius Vala, an Ancient Roman family name, or any of the men of that name...
: seeress)
In likeness of a fortune teller,
thou wentest among people;
Now that, methinks, betokens a base nature."


Frigg tried to defend her husband.

  • Frigg:
"Your doings
ye should never
publish among men,
what ye, Æsir twain,
did in days of yore.
Ever forgotten be men's former deeds!"


  • Loki:
"Be thou silent, Frigg!
Thou art Fjorgyn's daughter, (Fjorgyn: the earth.)
and ever hast been lustful,
since Ve and Vili, it is said,
thou, Vidrir's wife, didst (Vidrir: another name of Odin, Ve
VE

VE, Ve or ve may refer to* V?, a god in Norse mythology* V? , a shrine in Germanic paganism and modern place name element* Ve , a character from the Cyrillic alphabet...
 and Vili: Odin's brothers)
both to thy bosom take."


  • Freyja:
"Mad art thou, Loki!
in recounting
thy foul misdeeds.
Frigg, I believe,
knows all that happens,
although she says it not."


  • Loki:
"Be thou silent, Freyja!
I know thee full well;
thou art not free from vices:
of the Æsir and the Alfar,
that are herein,
each has been thy paramour."


  • Freyja:
"False is thy tongue.
Henceforth it will, I think,
prate no good to thee.
Wroth with thee are the Æsir,
and the Asyniur.
Sad shalt thou home depart."


  • Loki:
"Be silent, Freyja!
Thou art a sorceress,
and with much evil blended;
since against thy brother thou
the gentle powers excited.
And then, Freyja! what didst thou do?"


  • Njörðr:
"It is no great wonder,
if silk-clad dames
get themselves husbands, lovers;
but 'tis a wonder that a wretched man,
that has borne children, (i.e. the horse Sleipnir
Sleipnir

In Norse mythology, Sleipnir is an eight-legged horse. Sleipnir is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson....
)
should herein enter."


  • Loki:
"Cease now, Njörðr!
in bounds contain thyself;
I will no longer keep it secret:
it was with thy sister
thou hadst such a son (i.e. Freyr)
hardly worse than thyself."


  • Týr:
"Freyr is best
of all the exalted gods
in the Æsir's courts:
no maid he makes to weep,
no wife of man,
and from bonds looses all."


Not only mocking Týr's wound (his arm was bitten by Fenrir), Loki also called him a cuckold.

  • Loki:
"Be silent, Týr;
to thy wife it happened
to have a son by me.
Nor rag nor penny ever
hadst thou, poor wretch!
for this injury."


  • Freyr:
"I the wolf see lying (The wolf: Loki is father of Fenrir)
at the river's mouth,
until the powers are swept away.
So shalt thou be bound,
if thou art not silent,
thou framer of evil."


  • Loki:
"With gold thou boughtest
Gýmir's daughter, (i.e. Freyr's wife, Gerd
Gerd

Ger?r is a j?tunn in Norse Mythology most well known as the wife of the Norse Mythology god Freyr. Her brilliant, naked arms illuminate air and sea....
)
and so gavest away thy sword:
but when Muspell's sons (i.e. Fire Giants, whose leader would slay the unarmed Freyr at Ragnarök)
through the dark forest ride,
thou, unhappy, wilt not
have wherewith to fight."


  • Heimdallr:
"Loki, thou art drunk,
and hast lost thy wits.
Why dost thou not leave off, Loki?
But drunkenness
so rules every man,
that he knows not of his garrulity."


  • Loki:
"Be silent, Heimdallr!
For thee in early days
was that hateful life decreed:
with a wet back
thou must ever be,
and keep watch as guardian of the gods."


  • Skaði:
"Thou art merry, Loki!
Not long wilt thou
frisk with an unbound tail;
for thee, on a rock's point,
with the entrails of thy ice-cold son,
the gods will bind."


  • Loki:
"Milder was thou of speech
to Laufey's son, (Laufey
Laufey

In Norse mythology, Laufey or N?l is, with F?rbauti, the mother of Loki, Helblindi and B?leistr. She is otherwise unknown.Her name means "leaf island" and is a kenning for a tree....
´s son: the giant Loki)
when to thy bed thou didst invite me.
Such matters must be mentioned,
if we accurately must
recount our vices."


Sif went to pour for Loki.

  • Sif:
"Hail to thee, Loki!
and this cool cup receive,
full of old mead:
at least me alone,
among the blameless Æsir race,
leave stainless."


  • Loki:
"So alone shouldst thou be,
hadst thou strict and prudent been
towards thy mate;
but one I know,
and, I think, know him well,
a favoured rival of Hlorridi,
and that is the wily Loki."


After this, Thor came in and drove Loki away.

  • Thor:
"Silence, thou impure being!
My mighty hammer, Mjöllnir,
shall stop thy prating.
I will thy head
from thy neck strike;
then will thy life be ended."


External links


English translations

  • Translation and commentary by Henry A. Bellows
  • Translation by Benjamin Thorpe
    Benjamin Thorpe

    Benjamin Thorpe was an England Old English language scholar.After studying for four years at Copenhagen University, under the Danish philologist Rasmus Christian Rask, he returned to England in 1830, and in 1832 published an English version of Caedmon's metrical paraphrase of portions of the Holy Scriptures, which at once established his r...
  • Translation by W. H. Auden
    W. H. Auden

    Wystan Hugh Auden who signed his works W. H. Auden, was an Anglo-American poet, regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century....
     and P. B. Taylor
  • Translation by A. S. Cottle


Old Norse editions

  • Sophus Bugge
    Sophus Bugge

    Sophus Bugge was a Norway philologist, known for his theories, and work on the runic alphabet, and the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda. In his 1880 work Studies about the origin of Nordic mythological and heroic tales, Bugge theorized that nearly all myths in Old Norse literature derive from Christianity and late classical antiquity c...
    's edition of the manuscript text
  • Guðni Jónsson's edition of the text with normalized spelling