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Lithium aluminium hydride
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Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4), commonly abbreviated to LAH, is a reducing agent used in organic synthesis. It is more powerful than the related reagent sodium borohydride due to the weaker Al-H bond compared to the B-H bond. Often supported by water, It will convert esters, carboxylic acids, and ketones into the corresponding alcohols; and amide, nitro, nitrile, imine, oxime, and azide compounds into the amines.
is a white solid but commercial samples are almost always grey due to contamination with traces of aluminium metal.
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Encyclopedia
Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4), commonly abbreviated to LAH, is a reducing agent used in organic synthesis. It is more powerful than the related reagent sodium borohydride due to the weaker Al-H bond compared to the B-H bond. Often supported by water, It will convert esters, carboxylic acids, and ketones into the corresponding alcohols; and amide, nitro, nitrile, imine, oxime, and azide compounds into the amines.
Availability and handling
LAH is a white solid but commercial samples are almost always grey due to contamination with traces of aluminium metal. This material can be purified by recrystallization from diethyl ether. Large-scale purifications employ a Soxhlet extractor. Commonly, the impure gray material is used in synthesis, since the impurities are innocuous and easily separated from the organic products. The pure material is pyrophoric. Some commercial materials contain mineral oil to inhibit reactions with atmospheric moisture, but more commonly it is packed in moisture-proof plastic sacks.
LAH violently reacts with water, including atmospheric moisture. The reaction proceeds according the following idealized equation:
- LiAlH4 + 4 H2O ? LiOH + Al(OH)3 + 4 H2
This reaction provides a useful method to generate hydrogen in the laboratory. Aged, air-exposed samples often appear white because they have absorbed enough moisture to generate a mixture of the colorless compounds lithium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide.
Preparation
LAH was first prepared from the reaction between lithium hydride (LiH) and aluminium chloride:
- 4 LiH + AlCl3 ? LiAlH4 + 3 LiCl
In addition to this method, the industrial synthesis entails the initial preparation of sodium aluminium hydride from the elements under high pressure and temperature:
- Na + Al + 2 H2 ? NaAlH4
LAH is then prepared by metathesis reaction according to:
- NaAlH4 + LiCl ? LiAlH4 + NaCl
which proceeds in a high yield of LAH. LiCl is removed by filtration from an ethereal solution of LAH, with subsequent precipitation of LAH to yield a product containing around 1% w/w LiCl.
Other tetrahydridoaluminiumates
A variety of salts analogous to LAH are known. NaH can be used to efficiently produce sodium aluminium hydride (NaAlH4) by metathesis in THF:
- LiAlH4 + NaH ? NaAlH4 + LiH
Potassium aluminium hydride (KAlH4) can be produced similarly in diglyme as a solvent:
- LiAlH4 + KH ? KAlH4 + LiH
The reverse, i.e., production of LAH from either sodium aluminium hydride or potassium aluminium hydride can be obtained by reaction with LiCl in diethyl ether or THF:
- NaAlH4 + LiCl ? LiAlH4 + NaCl
- KAlH4 + LiCl ? LiAlH4 + KCl
"Magnesium alanate" (Mg(AlH4)2) arises similarly using MgBr2:
- 2 LiAlH4 + MgBr2 ? Mg(AlH4)2 + 2 LiBr
Use in organic chemistry
Lithium aluminium hydride is widely used in organic chemistry as a reducing agent. Despite handling problems associated with its reactivity, it is even used at the small-industrial scale, although for large scale reductions the related reagent sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride, commonly known as Red-Al, is more often used. For such purposes it is usually used in solution in diethyl ether, and an aqueous workup is usually performed after the reduction in order to remove inorganic by-products.
LAH is most commonly used for the reduction of esters and carboxylic acids to primary alcohols; prior to the advent of LiAlH4 this was a difficult conversion involving sodium metal in boiling ethanol (the Bouveault-Blanc reduction). Aldehydes and ketones can also be reduced to alcohols by LAH, but this is usually done using milder reagents such as NaBH4. a,ß-Unsaturated ketones are reduced to allylic alcohols. When epoxides are reduced using LAH, the reagent attacks the less hindered end of the epoxide, usually producing a secondary or tertiary alcohol. Epoxycyclohexanes are reduced to give axial alcohols preferentially.
Image:LAH_rxns.png|
rect 5 12 91 74 alcohol
rect 82 178 170 240 epoxide
rect 121 9 193 69 alcohol2
rect 337 1 414 60 alcohol3
rect 458 55 526 117 alcohol4
rect 170 151 234 210 aldehyde
rect 141 259 207 279 nitrile
rect 135 281 196 300 amide
rect 128 311 204 366 amine1
rect 264 268 339 334 carboxylic acid
rect 457 362 529 413 alcohol5
rect 381 255 433 273 azide
rect 469 244 525 269 amine2
rect 321 193 401 242 ester
rect 261 141 320 203 ketone
desc none
- Notes:
- Details on the new coding for clickable images is here: mw:Extension:ImageMap
- was used.
Using LAH, amines can be prepared by the reduction of amides,, oximes, nitriles, nitro compounds or alkyl azides.
Lithium aluminium hydride also reduces alkyl halides to alkanes, although this reaction is rarely employed. Alkyl iodides react the fastest, followed by alkyl bromides and then alkyl chlorides. Primary halides are the most reactive followed by secondary halides. Tertiary halides react only in certain cases.
Lithium aluminium hydride does not reduce simple alkenes, arenes, and alkynes are only reduced if an alcohol group is nearby.
Inorganic chemistry
LAH is widely used to prepare main group and transition metal hydrides from the corresponding metal halides.
Thermal decomposition
At room temperature LAH is metastable. During prolonged storage it slowly decomposes to Li3AlH6 and LiH. This process can be accelerated by the presence of catalytic elements e.g. Ti, Fe, V.
When heated LAH decomposes in a three step reaction mechanism.
- 3 LiAlH4 → Li3AlH6 + 2 Al + 3 H2 (R1)
- 2 Li3AlH6 → 6 LiH + 2 Al + 3 H2 (R2)
- 2 LiH + 2 Al → 2 LiAl + H2 (R3)
R1 is usually initiated by the melting of LAH around a temperature of 150-170oC immediately followed by decomposition into solid Li3AlH6. At about 200oC Li3AlH6 decomposes into LiH (R2) and Al which subsequently decompose into LiAl above 400oC (R3). R1 is effectively irreversible. The reversibility of R2 has not been proven. R3 is reversible with an equilibrium pressure of about 0.25 bar at 500oC. R1 and R2 can occur at room temperature with suitable catalysts.
LiAlH4 contains 10.6 wt% hydrogen thereby making LAH a potential hydrogen storage medium for future fuel cell powered vehicles. Cycling only R2 would store 5.6 wt% in the material in a single step (comparable to the two steps of NaAlH4). However, attempts on this have not been successful.
Solubility data
LAH is soluble in many etheral solutions. However, it may spontaneously decompose due to the presence of catalytic impurities, though, it appears to be more stable in THF. Thus, THF is preferred over e.g. diethyl ether even despite the lower solubility.
align="center" | Solubility data for LiAlH4 (mol/l) | Temperature (oC) | Solvent | 0 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | | Diethyl ether | -- | 5.92 | -- | -- | -- | | THF | -- | 2.96 | -- | -- | -- | | Monoglyme | 1.29 | 1.80 | 2.57 | 3.09 | 3.34 | | Diglyme | 0.26 | 1.29 | 1.54 | 2.06 | 2.06 | | Triglyme | 0.56 | 0.77 | 1.29 | 1.80 | 2.06 | Tetraglyme | 0.77 | 1.54 | 2.06 | 2.06 | 1.54 | | Dioxane | -- | 0.03 | -- | -- | -- | | Dibutyl ether | -- | 0.56 | -- | -- | -- |
Note that lithium aluminium hydride should not be used with water, which it reacts violently with, as described by the following equation.
- LiAlH4 + 4 H2O ? Li+ + Al3+ + 4 OH- + 4 H2
Crystal structure
The crystal structure of LAH belongs to the monoclinic crystal system and the space group is P21c. The crystal structure of LAH is illustrated to the right. The structure consists of Li atoms surrounded by five AlH4 tetrahedra. The Li+ centers are bonded to one hydrogen atom from each of the surrounding tetrahedra creating a bipyramid arrangement. The unit cell is defined as follows: a = 4.82, b = 7.81, and c = 7.92 Å, a = ? = 90° and ß = 112 °. At high pressures (>2.2GPa) a phase transition may occur to give ß-LAH.
Thermodynamic data
The table summarizes thermodynamic data for LAH and reactions involving LAH, in the form of standard enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy change, respectively.
align="center" | Thermodynamic data for reactions involving LiAlH4 Reaction | ?Ho (kJ/mol) | ?So (J/ (mol K)) | ?Go (kJ/mol) | Comment | | Li (s) + Al (s) + 2 H2(g) ? LiAlH4 (s) | -116.3 | -240.1 | -44.7 | Standard formation from the elements. | | LiH (s) + Al (s) + 3/2 H2 (g) ? LiAlH4 (s) | -25.6 | -170.2 | 23.6 | Using ?Hof(LiH) = -90.5, ?Sof(LiH) = -69.9, and ?Gof(LiH) = -68.3. | | LiAlH4 (s) ? LiAlH4 (l) | 22 | -- | -- | Heat of fusion. Value is probably unreliable. | | LiAlH4 (l) ? ? Li3AlH6 (s) + ? Al (s) + H2 (g) | 3.46 | 104.5 | -27.68 | ?So calculated from reported values of ?Ho and ?Go. |
See also
Further reading
External links
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