List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein
Encyclopedia
Albert Einstein
(1879–1955) was a renowned theoretical physicist
of the 20th century, best known for his theories of special relativity
and general relativity
. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics
, especially his treatment of Brownian motion
, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection
of fluctuations and dissipation
. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made seminal contributions to quantum mechanics
and, indirectly, quantum field theory
, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon
.
Einstein's scientific publications are listed below in four tables: journal articles, book chapters, books and authorized translations. Each publication is indexed in the first column by its number in the Schilpp bibliography (Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, pp. 694–730) and by its article number in Einstein's Collected Papers
. Complete references for these two bibliographies may be found below in the Bibliography section. The Schilpp numbers are used for cross-referencing in the Notes (the final column of each table), since they cover a greater time period of Einstein's life at present. The English translations of titles are generally taken from the published volumes of the Collected Papers. For some publications, however, such official translations are not available; unofficial translations are indicated with a § superscript. Although the tables are presented in chronological order by default, each table can be re-arranged in alphabetical order for any column by clicking on the arrows at the top of that column. For illustration, to re-order a table by subject—e.g., to group together articles that pertain "General relativity" or "Specific heats"—one need only click on the arrows in the "Classification and Notes" columns. To print out the re-sorted table, the page may be printed directly using the web-browser Print option; the "Printable version" link at the left gives only the default sorting. Collaborative works by Einstein are highlighted in lavender, with the co-author(s) provided in the final column of the table.
Einstein's many non-scientific works are not included here, to limit both the article's focus and size. The division of scientific and non-scientific works follows the Schilpp bibliography, which cites over 130 non-scientific works, often on humanitarian or political topics (pp. 730–746). Five volumes of Einstein's Collected Papers (volumes 1, 5, 8–10) are devoted to his correspondence, much of which is concerned with scientific questions. These letters are likewise not listed here, since they were not prepared for publication.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history...
(1879–1955) was a renowned theoretical physicist
Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena...
of the 20th century, best known for his theories of special relativity
Special relativity
Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's...
and general relativity
General relativity
General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics...
. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics
Statistical mechanics
Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably...
, especially his treatment of Brownian motion
Brownian motion
Brownian motion or pedesis is the presumably random drifting of particles suspended in a fluid or the mathematical model used to describe such random movements, which is often called a particle theory.The mathematical model of Brownian motion has several real-world applications...
, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection
Einstein relation (kinetic theory)
In physics the Einstein relation is a previously unexpected connection revealed independently by Albert Einstein in 1905 and by Marian Smoluchowski in their papers on Brownian motion...
of fluctuations and dissipation
Fluctuation dissipation theorem
The fluctuation-dissipation theorem is a powerful tool in statistical physics for predicting the behavior of non-equilibrium thermodynamical systems. These systems involve the irreversible dissipation of energy into heat from their reversible thermal fluctuations at thermodynamic equilibrium...
. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made seminal contributions to quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic...
and, indirectly, quantum field theory
Quantum field theory
Quantum field theory provides a theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of systems classically parametrized by an infinite number of dynamical degrees of freedom, that is, fields and many-body systems. It is the natural and quantitative language of particle physics and...
, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon
Photon
In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force...
.
Einstein's scientific publications are listed below in four tables: journal articles, book chapters, books and authorized translations. Each publication is indexed in the first column by its number in the Schilpp bibliography (Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, pp. 694–730) and by its article number in Einstein's Collected Papers
Einstein Papers Project
The Einstein Papers Project was established in 1986 to assemble, preserve, translate, and publish papers selected from the literary estate of Albert Einstein and from other collections .Sponsored by the Princeton University Press and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem since its inception, the...
. Complete references for these two bibliographies may be found below in the Bibliography section. The Schilpp numbers are used for cross-referencing in the Notes (the final column of each table), since they cover a greater time period of Einstein's life at present. The English translations of titles are generally taken from the published volumes of the Collected Papers. For some publications, however, such official translations are not available; unofficial translations are indicated with a § superscript. Although the tables are presented in chronological order by default, each table can be re-arranged in alphabetical order for any column by clicking on the arrows at the top of that column. For illustration, to re-order a table by subject—e.g., to group together articles that pertain "General relativity" or "Specific heats"—one need only click on the arrows in the "Classification and Notes" columns. To print out the re-sorted table, the page may be printed directly using the web-browser Print option; the "Printable version" link at the left gives only the default sorting. Collaborative works by Einstein are highlighted in lavender, with the co-author(s) provided in the final column of the table.
Einstein's many non-scientific works are not included here, to limit both the article's focus and size. The division of scientific and non-scientific works follows the Schilpp bibliography, which cites over 130 non-scientific works, often on humanitarian or political topics (pp. 730–746). Five volumes of Einstein's Collected Papers (volumes 1, 5, 8–10) are devoted to his correspondence, much of which is concerned with scientific questions. These letters are likewise not listed here, since they were not prepared for publication.
Chronology and major themes
The following chronology of Einstein's scientific discoveries provides a context for the publications listed below, and clarifies the major themes running through his work.- In 1905, Einstein developed the theory of special relativitySpecial relativitySpecial relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's...
, which reconciled the relativity of motionGalilean invarianceGalilean invariance or Galilean relativity is a principle of relativity which states that the fundamental laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames...
with the observed constancy of the speed of lightSpeed of lightThe speed of light in vacuum, usually denoted by c, is a physical constant important in many areas of physics. Its value is 299,792,458 metres per second, a figure that is exact since the length of the metre is defined from this constant and the international standard for time...
(a paradox of 19th-century physics). Special relativity is now a core principle of physics. Its counterintuitive predictions that moving clocks run more slowlyTime dilationIn the theory of relativity, time dilation is an observed difference of elapsed time between two events as measured by observers either moving relative to each other or differently situated from gravitational masses. An accurate clock at rest with respect to one observer may be measured to tick at...
, that moving objects are shortened in their direction of motionLength contractionIn physics, length contraction – according to Hendrik Lorentz – is the physical phenomenon of a decrease in length detected by an observer of objects that travel at any non-zero velocity relative to that observer...
, and that the order of events is not absoluteRelativity of simultaneityIn physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that simultaneity–whether two events occur at the same time–is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. According to the special theory of relativity, it is impossible to say in an absolute sense whether two events occur...
have been confirmed experimentally. Its relation E=mc2 suggested that matterMatterMatter is a general term for the substance of which all physical objects consist. Typically, matter includes atoms and other particles which have mass. A common way of defining matter is as anything that has mass and occupies volume...
was a form of energy, which was later verified by the mass defect in atomic nucleiAtomic nucleusThe nucleus is the very dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom. It was discovered in 1911, as a result of Ernest Rutherford's interpretation of the famous 1909 Rutherford experiment performed by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, under the direction of Rutherford. The...
. The energyNuclear binding energyNuclear binding energy is the energy required to split a nucleus of an atom into its component parts. The component parts are neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons...
released in nuclear reactionNuclear reactionIn nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is semantically considered to be the process in which two nuclei, or else a nucleus of an atom and a subatomic particle from outside the atom, collide to produce products different from the initial particles...
s—which is essential for nuclear powerNuclear powerNuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity...
and nuclear weaponNuclear weaponA nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter. The first fission bomb test released the same amount...
s—can be estimated from such mass defects.
- Likewise in 1905, Einstein developed a theory of Brownian motionBrownian motionBrownian motion or pedesis is the presumably random drifting of particles suspended in a fluid or the mathematical model used to describe such random movements, which is often called a particle theory.The mathematical model of Brownian motion has several real-world applications...
in terms of fluctuations in the number of molecular collisions with an object, providing further evidence that matter was composed of atomAtomThe atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons...
s. A few weeks earlier, he had derived the Einstein relationEinstein relation (kinetic theory)In physics the Einstein relation is a previously unexpected connection revealed independently by Albert Einstein in 1905 and by Marian Smoluchowski in their papers on Brownian motion...
for diffusionDiffusionMolecular diffusion, often called simply diffusion, is the thermal motion of all particles at temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size of the particles...
, which was the first example of the general fluctuation-dissipation theorem and allowed a good estimate of the Avogadro constant.
- Also in 1905, Einstein proposed the existence of the photonPhotonIn physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force...
, an elementary particleElementary particleIn particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure; that is, it is not known to be made up of smaller particles. If an elementary particle truly has no substructure, then it is one of the basic building blocks of the universe from which...
associated with electromagnetic radiationElectromagnetic radiationElectromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space...
(light), which was the foundation of quantum theoryQuantum mechanicsQuantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic...
. In 1909, Einstein showed that the photon carries momentumMomentumIn classical mechanics, linear momentum or translational momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object...
as well as energy and that electromagnetic radiation must have both particle-like and wave-like properties if Planck's law holds; this was a forerunner of the principle of wave-particle duality.
- In 1907 and again in 1911, Einstein developed the first quantum theoryEinstein solidThe Einstein solid is a model of a solid based on two assumptions:* Each atom in the lattice is an independent 3D quantum harmonic oscillator* All atoms oscillate with the same frequency...
of specific heats by generalizing Planck's law. His theory resolved a paradox of 19th-century physics that specific heats were often smaller than could be explained by any classical theoryClassical physicsWhat "classical physics" refers to depends on the context. When discussing special relativity, it refers to the Newtonian physics which preceded relativity, i.e. the branches of physics based on principles developed before the rise of relativity and quantum mechanics...
. His work was also the first to show that Planck'sMax PlanckMax Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS, was a German physicist who actualized the quantum physics, initiating a revolution in natural science and philosophy. He is regarded as the founder of the quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.-Life and career:Planck came...
quantum mechanical lawQuantum mechanicsQuantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic...
E=hν was a fundamental law of physics, and not merely special to blackbody radiation.
- Between 1907 and 1915, Einstein developed the theory of general relativityGeneral relativityGeneral relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics...
, a classical field theory of gravitationGravitationGravitation, or gravity, is a natural phenomenon by which physical bodies attract with a force proportional to their mass. Gravitation is most familiar as the agent that gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall to the ground when dropped...
that provides the cornerstone for modern astrophysicsAstrophysicsAstrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior...
and cosmologyCosmologyCosmology is the discipline that deals with the nature of the Universe as a whole. Cosmologists seek to understand the origin, evolution, structure, and ultimate fate of the Universe at large, as well as the natural laws that keep it in order...
. General relativity is based on the surprising idea that time and spaceSpaceSpace is the boundless, three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and have relative position and direction. Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum...
dynamically interact with matterMatterMatter is a general term for the substance of which all physical objects consist. Typically, matter includes atoms and other particles which have mass. A common way of defining matter is as anything that has mass and occupies volume...
and energy, and has been checked experimentallyTests of general relativityAt its introduction in 1915, the general theory of relativity did not have a solid empirical foundation. It was known that it correctly accounted for the "anomalous" precession of the perihelion of Mercury and on philosophical grounds it was considered satisfying that it was able to unify Newton's...
in many ways, confirming its predictions of matter affecting the flow of timeGravitational time dilationGravitational time dilation is the effect of time passing at different rates in regions of different gravitational potential; the lower the gravitational potential, the more slowly time passes...
, frame dragging, black holeBlack holeA black hole is a region of spacetime from which nothing, not even light, can escape. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will deform spacetime to form a black hole. Around a black hole there is a mathematically defined surface called an event horizon that...
s, and gravitational waveGravitational waveIn physics, gravitational waves are theoretical ripples in the curvature of spacetime which propagates as a wave, traveling outward from the source. Predicted to exist by Albert Einstein in 1916 on the basis of his theory of general relativity, gravitational waves theoretically transport energy as...
s.
- In 1917, Einstein published the idea for the Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method for finding the quantum mechanicalQuantum mechanicsQuantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic...
version of a classical system. The famous Bohr modelBohr modelIn atomic physics, the Bohr model, introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar in structure to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction,...
of the hydrogen atom is a simple example, but the EBK method also gives accurate predictions for more complicated systems, such as the dinuclear cations H2+ and HeH2+.
- In 1918, Einstein developed a general theory of the process by which atoms emit and absorb electromagnetic radiation (his A and B coefficients), which is the basis of laserLaserA laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation...
s (stimulated emissionStimulated emissionIn optics, stimulated emission is the process by which an atomic electron interacting with an electromagnetic wave of a certain frequency may drop to a lower energy level, transferring its energy to that field. A photon created in this manner has the same phase, frequency, polarization, and...
) and shaped the development of modern quantum electrodynamicsQuantum electrodynamicsQuantum electrodynamics is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved...
, the best-validated physical theory at present.
- In 1924, together with Satyendra Nath BoseSatyendra Nath BoseSatyendra Nath Bose FRS was an Indian mathematician and physicist noted for his collaboration with Albert Einstein in developing a theory regarding the gaslike qualities of electromagnetic radiation. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation...
, Einstein developed the theory of Bose–Einstein statisticsBose–Einstein statisticsIn statistical mechanics, Bose–Einstein statistics determines the statistical distribution of identical indistinguishable bosons over the energy states in thermal equilibrium.-Concept:...
and Bose–Einstein condensateBose–Einstein condensateA Bose–Einstein condensate is a state of matter of a dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero . Under such conditions, a large fraction of the bosons occupy the lowest quantum state of the external potential, at...
s, which form the basis for superfluidity, superconductivitySuperconductivitySuperconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance occurring in certain materials below a characteristic temperature. It was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum...
, and other phenomena.
- In 1935, together with Boris PodolskyBoris PodolskyBoris Yakovlevich Podolsky , was an American physicist of Russian Jewish descent.-Education:In 1896, Boris Podolsky was born into a poor Jewish family in Taganrog, in what was then the Russian Empire, and he moved to the United States in 1913...
and Nathan RosenNathan RosenNathan Rosen was an American-Israeli physicist noted for his study on the structure of the hydrogen molecule and his work with Albert Einstein and Boris Podolsky on entangled wave functions and the EPR paradox.-Background:Nathan Rosen was born into a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York...
, Einstein put forward what is now known as the EPR paradoxEPR paradoxThe EPR paradox is a topic in quantum physics and the philosophy of science concerning the measurement and description of microscopic systems by the methods of quantum physics...
, and argued that the quantum-mechanical wave function must be an incomplete description of the physical world.
- In the final thirty years of his life, Einstein explored whether various classical unified field theoriesClassical unified field theoriesSince the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics...
could account for both electromagnetismElectromagnetismElectromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are the strong interaction, the weak interaction and gravitation...
and gravitation and, possibly, quantum mechanics. However, his efforts were unsuccessful, since those theories did not match experimental observations.
Journal articles
Most of Einstein's original scientific work appeared as journal articles. Articles on which Einstein collaborated with other scientists are highlighted in lavender, with the co-author(s) listed in the "Classification and notes" column.IndexThese Index numbers are taken from the Schilpp reference cited in the Bibliography, pp. 694–730, and from the Collected Papers of Albert Einstein published by Princeton University Press. The latter are indicated by a CP in italic type, the volume number in boldface type, and by the article number within that volume. | Year | Title and English translationThe translations of article titles are generally taken from the published volumes of Einstein's collected papers Einstein Papers Project The Einstein Papers Project was established in 1986 to assemble, preserve, translate, and publish papers selected from the literary estate of Albert Einstein and from other collections .Sponsored by the Princeton University Press and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem since its inception, the... . For some articles, however, such official translations are not available; unofficial translations are indicated with a § superscript. |
Journal, volume, pagesThe volume number is given in boldface type. Terms such as "ser. 4" in the journal name refer to the series of the journal, which is a grouping of volumes. For example, a journal may appear in yearly volumes for 60 years (volumes 1–60), then start its volume numbering anew in a second series. | Classification and notesThe subject classification of Einstein's articles are the first item, and are indicated in boldface type. Any co-authors are always indicated by the second item. | |
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Schilpp 1; CP 2, 1 | 1901 | Folgerungen aus den Kapillaritätserscheinungen
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 4, 513–523, link |
Intermolecular force Intermolecular force Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles: atoms, molecules or ions. They are weak compared to the intramolecular forces, the forces which keep a molecule together... s. The first of two papers in which Einstein proposed the (incorrect) theory that the interactions between all molecules are a universal function of distance, in analogy with the inverse-square force Inverse-square law In physics, an inverse-square law is any physical law stating that a specified physical quantity or strength is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity.... of gravity. Once parameterized, his theory makes reasonably accurate predictions for heavier hydrophobic molecules, but fails for lighter molecules. |
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Schilpp 2; CP 2, 2 | 1902 | Thermodynamische Theorie der Potentialdifferenz zwischen Metallen und vollständig dissoziierten Lösungen ihrer Salze, und eine elektrische Methode zur Erforschung der Molekularkräfte
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 8, 798–814, link |
Intermolecular force Intermolecular force Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles: atoms, molecules or ions. They are weak compared to the intramolecular forces, the forces which keep a molecule together... s. Einstein's second paper on a universal molecular energy function, this time applied to electrolytic solution Electrolyte In chemistry, an electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive. The most typical electrolyte is an ionic solution, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible.... s. No data are available for comparison. Einstein characterizes these two papers as "worthless" in 1907. |
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Schilpp 3; CP 2, 3 | 1902 | Kinetische Theorie des Wärmegleichgewichtes und des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 9, 417–433, link |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Study of the equipartition theorem Equipartition theorem In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem is a general formula that relates the temperature of a system with its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition... and the definitions of temperature and entropy Entropy Entropy is a thermodynamic property that can be used to determine the energy available for useful work in a thermodynamic process, such as in energy conversion devices, engines, or machines. Such devices can only be driven by convertible energy, and have a theoretical maximum efficiency when... . |
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Schilpp 4; CP 2, 4 | 1903 | Eine Theorie der Grundlagen der Thermodynamik
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 11, 170–187, link |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . The problem of irreversibility Irreversibility In science, a process that is not reversible is called irreversible. This concept arises most frequently in thermodynamics, as applied to processes.... in thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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Schilpp 5; CP 2, 5 | 1904 | Allgemeine molekulare Theorie der Wärme
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 14, 354–362, link |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Fluctuations and new methods for determining Boltzmann's constant. |
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CP 2, 6 | 1905 | Review of Giuseppe Belluzzo: "Principi di termodinamica grafica"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 78 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 7 | 1905 | Review of Albert Fliegner: "Über den Clausius'schen Entropiesatz"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 79 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 8 | 1905 | Review of William McFadden Orr: "On Clausius' Theorem for Irreversible Cycles, and on the Increase of Entropy" | Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 79 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 9 | 1905 | Review of George Hartley Bryan: "The Law of Degradation of Energy as the Fundamental Principle of Thermodynamics" | Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 80 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 10 | 1905 | Review of Nikolay Nikolayevich Schiller: "Einige Bedenken betreffend die Theorie der Entropievermehrung durch Diffusion der Gase bei einander gleichen Anfangsspannungen der letzteren"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 81 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 11 | 1905 | Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: "Über die spezifischen Wärmen des überhitzten Wasserdampfes"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 82 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 12 | 1905 | Review of Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff: "Einfluss der Änderung der spezifischen Wärme auf die Umwandlungsarbeit"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 82 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 13 | 1905 | Review of Arturo Giammarco: "Un caso di corrispondenza in termodinamica"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 84 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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Schilpp 7; CP 2, 14 | 1905 | Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 17, 132–148, link |
Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Proposal of the photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... as a quantum of energy, supported by many independent arguments. |
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Schilpp 8; CP 2, 16 | 1905 | Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 17, 549–560, link |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Seminal treatment of Brownian motion Brownian motion Brownian motion or pedesis is the presumably random drifting of particles suspended in a fluid or the mathematical model used to describe such random movements, which is often called a particle theory.The mathematical model of Brownian motion has several real-world applications... , a type of translational diffusion Diffusion Molecular diffusion, often called simply diffusion, is the thermal motion of all particles at temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size of the particles... . |
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CP 2, 17 | 1905 | Review of Karl Fredrik Slotte: "Über die Schmelzwärme"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 135 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 18 | 1905 | Review of Karl Fredrik Slotte: "Folgerungen aus einer thermodynamischen Gleichung"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 135 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 19 | 1905 | Review of Emile Mathias: "La constante a des diamètres rectilignes et les lois des états correspondents"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 136 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 20 | 1905 | Review of Max Planck: "On Clausius' Theorem for Irreversible Cycles, and on the Increase of Entropy" | Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 29 (1905) 137 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 21 | 1905 | Review of Edgar Buckingham: "On Certain Difficulties Which Are Encountered in the Study of Thermodynamics" | Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 137 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 22 | 1905 | Review of Paul Langevin: "Sur une formule fondamentale de la théorie cinétique"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 138 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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Schilpp 9; CP 2, 23 | 1905 | Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 17, 891–921, link, Wikilivres |
Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . This seminal paper gave birth to special relativity (SR). In particular, it stated the two postulates of SR (uniform motion is undetectable, and the speed of light is always constant) and its kinematics Kinematics Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of bodies and systems without consideration of the forces that cause the motion.... . |
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Schilpp 10; CP 2, 24 | 1905 | Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 18, 639–641, link |
Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . This paper derived the conclusion that mass was equivalent to an energy and vice versa, leading to the famous equation E=mc2. |
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CP 2, 25 | 1905 | Review of Heinrich Birven: Grundzüge der mechanischen Wärmetheorie
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 175 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 26 | 1905 | Review of Auguste Ponsot: "Chaleur dans le déplacement de 1'équilibre d'un système capillaire"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 175 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 27 | 1905 | Review of Karl Bohlin: "Sur le choc, considéré comme fondement des théories cinétiques de la pression des gaz et de la gravitation universelle"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 176 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 28 | 1905 | Review of Georges Meslin: "Sur la constante de la loi de Mariotte et GayLussac"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 177 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 29 | 1905 | Review of Albert Fliegner: "Das Ausströmen heissen Wassers aus Gefässmündungen"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 177 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 30 | 1905 | Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: Grundriss der Wärmetheorie. Mit zahlreichen Beispielen und Anwendungen
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 178 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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CP 2, 31 | 1905 | Review of Albert Fliegner: "Über den Wärmewert chemischer Vorgänge"
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 29, 179 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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Schilpp 11; CP 2, 33 | 1906 | Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 19, 289–306, link |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Hydrodynamic determination of molecular volumes. |
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Schilpp 12; CP 2, 32 | 1906 | Zur Theorie der Brownschen Bewegung
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 19, 371–381, link |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Rotational Brownian motion, an example of rotational diffusion Rotational diffusion Rotational diffusion is a process by which the equilibrium statistical distribution of the overall orientation of particles or molecules is maintained or restored... . |
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Schilpp 13; CP 2, 34 | 1906 | Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtabsorption
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 20, 199–206, link |
Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Einstein reconciles his and Planck's independent derivations of the blackbody formula E=hν. Planck's derivation of this formula ascribed it to a restriction on the energy changes possible when radiation is produced or absorbed by matter, which implied no restriction on the energies of either matter or radiation. Einstein's 1905 derivation ascribed it to a restriction on the energy of radiation alone, but in this paper, he proposes the modern idea that the energies of both matter and radiation are quantized, which led to his work on quantum specific heats, such as reference #16. |
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Schilpp 14; CP 2, 35 | 1906 | Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung und die Trägheit der Energie
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 20, 627–633, link |
Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . First statement that the conservation of mass is a special case of the conservation of energy. |
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Schilpp 15; CP 2, 36 | 1906 | Eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der transversalen und longitudinalen Masse des Elektrons
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 21, 583–586, link |
Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . A French translation appeared in the journal L'Éclairage électrique, volume 49, pages 493–494. |
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CP 2, 37 | 1906 | Review of Max Planck: Vorlesungen über die Theorie der Wärmestrahlung
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 30, 211 | Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . |
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Schilpp 16; CP 2, 38 | 1907 | Planckshe Theorie der Strahlung und die Theorie der Spezifischen Wärme
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 22, 180–190, 800 link and correction |
Specific heats. Seminal work applying Planck's law to the oscillations of atoms and molecules in solids. Resolved the 19th century paradox of the equipartition theorem Equipartition theorem In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem is a general formula that relates the temperature of a system with its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition... in classical physics, and introduced the Einstein model Einstein solid The Einstein solid is a model of a solid based on two assumptions:* Each atom in the lattice is an independent 3D quantum harmonic oscillator* All atoms oscillate with the same frequency... of solids, which led to the current Debye model Debye model In thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat in a solid. It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice as phonons in a box, in contrast to the Einstein model, which treats the... . Showed that the quantum mechanical Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... law E=hν was a general law of physics, and not merely special to blackbody radiation. |
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Schilpp 17; CP 2, 39 | 1907 | Gültigkeit des Satzes vom thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht und die Möglichkeit einer neuen Bestimmung der Elementarquanta
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 22, 569–572, link |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Applies his theory of fluctuations to determine Boltzmann's constant from the voltage Voltage Voltage, otherwise known as electrical potential difference or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two points — or the difference in electric potential energy per unit charge between two points... fluctuations in a capacitor Capacitor A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric ; for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated... . Resulted in a novel low-noise technique for amplifying voltages, as described in reference #25. |
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Schilpp 18; CP 2, 41 | 1907 | Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 23, 197–198, link |
Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . Einstein's discovery of the transverse Doppler effect, in which the perceived frequency is shifted even when the line between the wave source and receiver and the source's velocity are perpendicular. |
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Schilpp 19 | 1907 | Bemerkung zur Notiz des Herrn P. Ehrenfest: Translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 23, 206–208, link |
Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . Discusses the difficulty of applying Lorentz transformations to rigid bodies. |
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Schilpp 20; CP 2, 45 | 1907 | Die vom Relitivätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 23, 371–384, link |
Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . First statement that the total energy of a moving particle equals E=mc2. Derives the transformation of energy and momentum under the influence of external forces (relativistic dynamics). Notes again the difficulty of applying Lorentz transformations to rigid bodies (see reference #19). Finally, speculates that Maxwell's equations will prove to be the limiting case for large numbers of light-quanta, just as thermodynamics is a limiting case of statistical mechanics. |
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CP 2, 46 | 1907 | Review of Jakob Johann Weyrauch: Grundriss der Wärmetheorie. Mit zahlreichen Beispielen und Anwendungen
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Beiblätter zu den Annalen der Physik, 31, 251 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... . |
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Schilpp 21; CP 2, 47 | 1907 | Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen
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Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität, 4, 411–462, link | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . A correction appeared in volume 5, pp. 98–99, Berichtigungen. First appearance (page 443) of the equation E=mc2. This paper also marks the beginning of Einstein's long development of general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... ; here he derives the equivalence principle Equivalence principle In the physics of general relativity, the equivalence principle is any of several related concepts dealing with the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and to Albert Einstein's assertion that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body is actually... , gravitational redshift Gravitational redshift In astrophysics, gravitational redshift or Einstein shift describes light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation of certain wavelengths that originate from a source that is in a region of a stronger gravitational field that appear to be of longer wavelength, or redshifted, when seen or... , and the gravitational bending of light. Einstein returns to these topics in 1911. |
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Schilpp 22; CP 2, 40 | 1907 | Theoretische Bemerkungen über die Brownsche Bewegung
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Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie, 13, 41–42 | Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Brief note on the technical meaning of "average velocity". |
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Schilpp 23; CP 2, 51 | 1908 | Elektromagnetische Grundgleichungen für bewegte Körper
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 26, 532–540, link |
Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . Co-authored with J. Laub. A correction appeared in volume 27, p.232, Berichtigungen. See also publication #27. |
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Schilpp 24; CP 2, 52 | 1908 | Die im elektromagnetischen Felde auf ruhende Körper ausgeübten ponderomotorischen Kräfte
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 26, 541–550, link |
Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . Co-authored with J. Laub. |
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Schilpp 25; CP 2, 48 | 1908 | Neue elektrostatische Methode zur Messung kleiner Elektrizitätsmengen
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Physikalische Zeitschrift, 9, 216–217 | Electromagnetism Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are the strong interaction, the weak interaction and gravitation... . Novel experimental method for measuring tiny amounts of charge, by first charging a variable capacitor at low capacitance, then changing it to high capacitance and discharging it to another capacitor. An apparatus for this amplification was constructed by two brothers, Johann Conrad Habicht and Franz Paul Habicht, in collaboration with Einstein and published in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 11, 532 (1910). |
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Schilpp 26; CP 2, 50 | 1908 | Elementare Theorie der Brownschen Bewegung
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Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie, 14, 235–239 | Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Semi-popular review. |
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Schilpp 27; CP 2, 54 | 1909 | Bemerkungen zu unserer Arbeit: Elektromagnetische Grundgleichungen für bewegte Körper
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 28, 445–447, link |
Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . Co-authored with J. Laub. |
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Schilpp 28; CP 2, 55 | 1909 | Bemerkung zur Arbeit von Mirimanoff: Die Grundgleichungen...
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 28, 885–888, link |
Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . Notes similarity to Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski was a German mathematician of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, who created and developed the geometry of numbers and who used geometrical methods to solve difficult problems in number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity.- Life and work :Hermann Minkowski was born... 's work. |
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Schilpp 29; CP 2, 56 | 1909 | Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Strahlungsproblems
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Physikalische Zeitschrift, 10, 185–193 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Review article on electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space... , and an important forerunner of publication #30. |
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Schilpp 29b; CP 2, 57 | 1909 | No title | Physikalische Zeitschrift, 10, 323–324 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Walther Ritz's joint communique with Einstein (co-author) on their differing viewpoints of the advanced and retarded solutions of Maxwell's equations. Einstein argues that the physical restriction to retarded solutions is not a law, but probabilistic; Ritz states that the same restriction is the basis of the 2nd law of thermodynamics. |
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Schilpp 30; CP 2, 60 | 1909 | Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung
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Physikalische Zeitschrift, 10, 817–825 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Pivotal address before the 81st assembly of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher, held in Salzburg, where Einstein showed that photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s must carry momentum and should be treated as particles. Notes that electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space... must have a dual nature, at once both wave-like and particulate. Also published in the journal Deutsche physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 11, pp. 482–500. An English translation is available at the English Wikisource. |
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Schilpp 31; CP 3, 7 | 1910 | Über einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung in der Strahlungstheorie
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 33, 1096–1104, link |
Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Co-authored with L. Hopf. See also publication #79. |
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Schilpp 32; CP 3, 8 | 1910 | Statistische Untersuchung der Bewegung eines Resonators in einem Strahlungsfeld
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 33, 1105–1115, link |
Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Co-authored with L. Hopf. |
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Schilpp 33; CP 3, 9 | 1910 | Theorie der Opaleszenz von homogenen Flüssigkeiten und Flüssigkeitsgemischen in der Nähe des kritischen Zustandes
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 33, 1275–1298, link |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Seminal paper on critical opalescence Critical opalescence Critical opalescence is a phenomenon which arises in the region of a continuous, or second-order, phase transition. Originally reported by Thomas Andrews in 1869 for the liquid-gas transition in carbon dioxide, many other examples have been discovered since. The phenomenon is most commonly... . |
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Schilpp 34; CP 3, 2 | 1910 | Principe de relativité et ses conséquences dans la physique moderne
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Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4), 29, 5–28, 125–244 | Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . Translation by E. Guillaume, but does not correspond to reference #21. |
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Schilpp 35; CP 3, 5 | 1910 | Théorie des quantités lumineuses et la question de la localisation de l'énergie électromagnetique
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Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4), 29, 525–528 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. |
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Schilpp 36; CP 3, 6 | 1910 | Forces pondéromotrices qui agissent sur les conducteurs ferromagnétique disposés dans un champs magnétique et parcourus par un courant
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Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4), 30, 323–324 | Electromagnetism Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are the strong interaction, the weak interaction and gravitation... . |
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Schilpp 37; CP 3, 12 | 1911 | Bemerkung zu dem Gesetz von Eötvös
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 34, 165–169, link |
Intermolecular force Intermolecular force Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles: atoms, molecules or ions. They are weak compared to the intramolecular forces, the forces which keep a molecule together... s and fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and the forces on them. Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; fluid kinematics, the study of fluids in motion; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion... . |
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Schilpp 38; CP 3, 13 | 1911 | Beziehung zwischen dem elastischen Verhalten und der Spezifischen Wärme mit einatomigem Molekül
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 34, 170–174, link |
Specific heats. Einstein tries to connect a characteristic frequency in his 1907 theory of specific heats to the elastic properties of the solid. See also Bemerkung zu meiner Arbeit: 'Eine Beziehung zwischen dem elastischen Verhalten ...'", p. 590. | |
Schilpp 39; CP 3, 10 | 1911 | Bemerkungen zu den P. Hertzschen Arbeiten: Mechanische Grundlagen der Thermodynamik
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 34, 175–176, link |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . |
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Schilpp 40; CP 3, 14 | 1911 | Berichtigung zu meiner Arbeit: Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 34, 591–592, link |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Correction to publication #11 that produces an excellent estimate of the Avogadro constant. |
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Schilpp 41; CP 3, 21 | 1911 | Elementare Betrachtungen über die thermische Molekularbewegung in festen Körpern
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 35, 679–694, link |
Specific heats. Recognizing that his 1907 model of specific heats is incorrect at very low temperatures, Einstein tries to improve it. The correct answer came a year later with the Debye model Debye model In thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat in a solid. It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice as phonons in a box, in contrast to the Einstein model, which treats the... . |
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Schilpp 42; CP 3, 23 | 1911 | Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 35, 898–908, link |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . In this paper, Einstein resumes his development of general relativity, last discussed in 1907. Here, Einstein realizes that a new theory is needed to replace both special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and Newton's Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton PRS was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, who has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived."... theory of gravitation Gravitation Gravitation, or gravity, is a natural phenomenon by which physical bodies attract with a force proportional to their mass. Gravitation is most familiar as the agent that gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall to the ground when dropped... . He also realizes that special relativity and the equivalence principle Equivalence principle In the physics of general relativity, the equivalence principle is any of several related concepts dealing with the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and to Albert Einstein's assertion that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body is actually... hold locally, not globally. |
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Schilpp 43; CP 3, 17 | 1911 | Relativitätstheorie
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Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zürich, Vierteljahresschrift, 56, 1–14 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and (possibly) general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . An address given at the conference of the Zurich Society of Scientists. |
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Schilpp 44; CP 3, 22 | 1911 | Zum Ehrenfestschen Paradoxon
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Physikalische Zeitschrift, 12, 509–510 | Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . Clears up confusion about the Lorentz contraction. |
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Schilpp 45; CP 4, 2 and 5 | 1912 | Thermodynamische Begründung des photochemischen Äquivalentgesetzes
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 37, 832–838, link |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . See also volume 38, pp. 881–884, Nachtrag zu meiner Arbeit: 'Thermodynamische Begründung des photochemischen Äquivalentgesetzes' |
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Schilpp 46; CP 4, 3 | 1912 | Lichtgeschwindigkeit und Statik des Gravitationsfeldes
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 38, 355–369, link |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . First of two papers (see next entry for second) in the continuing development of general relativity (see reference #42). These two papers are the last in which Einstein allows time to be warped while keeping space flat (uncurved). In these papers, he realizes that the Lorentz transformation Lorentz transformation In physics, the Lorentz transformation or Lorentz-Fitzgerald transformation describes how, according to the theory of special relativity, two observers' varying measurements of space and time can be converted into each other's frames of reference. It is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik... s of special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... must be generalized and that the new theory of gravitation must be non-linear, since gravitational energy can itself gravitate. |
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Schilpp 47; CP 4, 4 | 1912 | Theorie des statischen Gravitationsfeldes
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 38, 443–458, link |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Second of two papers (see previous entry for first) in the continuing development of general relativity. |
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Schilpp 48; CP 4, 6 | 1912 | Antwort auf eine Bemerkung von J. Stark: Anwendung des Planckschen Elementargesetzes
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 38, 888, link |
Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. |
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Schilpp 49; CP 4, 8 | 1912 | Relativität und Gravitation: Erwiderung auf eine Bemerkung von M. Abraham
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 38, 1059–1064, link |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 50; CP 4, 9 | 1912 | Bemerkung zu Abraham's vorangehender Auseinandersetzung: Nochmals Relativität und Gravitation
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 39, 704, link |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 52; CP 4, 7 | 1912 | Gibt es eine Gravitationswirkung die der elektromagnetischen Induktionswirkung analog ist?
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Vierteljahrschrift für gerichtliche Medizin (ser. 3), 44, 37–40 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 53; CP 4, 13 | 1913 | Entwurf einer verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und eine Theorie der Gravitation. I. Physikalischer Teil von A. Einstein II. Mathematischer Teil von M. Grossmann
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Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, 62, 225–244, 245–261 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . A breakthrough paper, written in collaboration with Marcel Grossmann Marcel Grossmann Marcel Grossmann was a mathematician of Jewish ancestry, and a friend and classmate of Albert Einstein. He became a Professor of Mathematics at the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, today the ETH Zurich, specializing in descriptive geometry.... , in which the single Newtonian scalar Scalar (physics) In physics, a scalar is a simple physical quantity that is not changed by coordinate system rotations or translations , or by Lorentz transformations or space-time translations . This is in contrast to a vector... gravitational field Newton's law of universal gravitation Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every point mass in the universe attracts every other point mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them... is replaced by ten fields, which are the components of a symmetric, four-dimensional metric tensor Metric tensor In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor is a type of function defined on a manifold which takes as input a pair of tangent vectors v and w and produces a real number g in a way that generalizes many of the familiar properties of the dot product of vectors in Euclidean... . However, the correct equations describing these fields are not identified. Reviewed critically in reference #68. See also references #21, 42, 46 and 47. |
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Schilpp 54; CP 4, 11 | 1913 | Einige Argumente für die Annahme einer molekular Agitation beim absoluten Nullpunkt
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 40, 551–560, link |
Specific heats. Co-authored with O. Stern. Einstein and Stern attempt to explain the specific heats of diatomic gases, such as molecular hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly... , H2. Although qualitatively correct, they are quantitatively inaccurate. |
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Schilpp 55; CP 4, 12 | 1913 | Déduction thermodynamique de la loi de l'équivalence photochimique
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Journal de physique (ser. 5), 3, 277–282 | Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Not a translation of reference #45, but rather an address before the Société Française de Physique, held on March 27, 1913. |
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Schilpp 56; CP 4, 16 | 1913 | Physikalische Grundlagen einer Gravitationstheorie
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Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zürich, Vierteljahrsschrift, 58, 284–290 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Address before the Swiss Society of Scientists on September 9, 1913. A résumé is printed in the Schweizerische naturforschende Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 1913 (part 2), pp. 137–138. |
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Schilpp 57; CP 4, 23 | 1913 | Max Planck als Forscher
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Naturwissenschaften, 1, 1077–1079 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 58; CP 4, 17 | 1913 | Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Gravitationsproblems
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Physikalische Zeitschrift, 14, 1249–1266 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Address on September 21, 1913 to the 85th Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher in Vienna. The discussion following Einstein's address is included in this citation. This review was also published in the Gesellschaft deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte, Verhandlungen, 1914, pp. 3–24. A referat was also published in the journal Himmel und Erde, 26, pp. 90–93. |
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Schilpp 59; CP 4, 28 | 1914 | Nordströmsche Gravitationstheorie vom Standpunkt des absoluten Differentialkalküls
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 44, 321–328, link |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Co-authored with A. D. Fokker Adriaan Fokker Adriaan Daniël Fokker , was a Dutch physicist and musician.Fokker was born in Buitenzorg, Dutch East Indies ; he was a cousin of the aeronautical engineer Anthony Fokker... . Shows that the competing field theory Nordström's theory of gravitation In theoretical physics, Nordström's theory of gravitation was a predecessor of general relativity. Strictly speaking, there were actually two distinct theories proposed by the Finnish theoretical physicist Gunnar Nordström, in 1912 and 1913 respectively... of Gunnar Nordström Gunnar Nordström Gunnar Nordström was a Finnish theoretical physicist best remembered for his theory of gravitation, which was an early competitor of general relativity... could be recast as a special case of the Einstein-Grossmann equations (see reference #53). |
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Schilpp 60 | 1914 | Bases physiques d'une théorie de la gravitation
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Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles (ser. 4), 37, 5–12 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Translated by E. Guillaume. |
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Schilpp 61 | 1914 | Bemerkung zu P. Harzers Abhandlung: Die Mitführung des Lichtes in Glas und die Aberration
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Astronomische Nachrichten, 199, 8–10, link | Electromagnetism Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are the strong interaction, the weak interaction and gravitation... and special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . |
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Schilpp 62 | 1914 | Antwort auf eine Replik P. Harzers
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Astronomische Nachrichten, 199, 47–48, link | Electromagnetism Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are the strong interaction, the weak interaction and gravitation... and special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . |
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Schilpp 63 | 1914 | Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Problems der spezifischen Wärme
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Deutsche Bunsengesellschaft, Abhandlungen, 7, 330–364 | Specific heats. German edition of reference #51; pages 353–364 include the discussion following Einstein's address. | |
Schilpp 64; CP 6, 5 | 1914 | Beiträge zur Quantentheorie
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Deutsche physikalische Gesellschaft, Berichte, 1914, 820–828 | Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . Reprinted in volume 16 of the Verhandlungen of the same society. |
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Schilpp 65; CP 4, 27 | 1914 | Zur Theorie der Gravitation
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Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Zürich, Vierteljahrsschrift, 59, 4–6 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 66 | 1914 | Review of H. A. Lorentz Hendrik Lorentz Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect... : Das Relativitätsprinzip
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Naturwissenschaften, 2, 1018 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and (possibly) general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 67; CP 4, 24 | 1914 | Nachträgliche Antwort auf eine Frage von Reissner
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Physikalische Zeitschrift, 15, 108–110 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Concerns the mass of a gravitational field itself. |
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Schilpp 68; CP 4, 25 | 1914 | Principielles zur verallgemeinerten Relativitätstheorie und Gravitationstheorie
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Physikalische Zeitschrift, 15, 176–180 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Reply to Gustav Mie Gustav Mie Gustav Adolf Feodor Wilhelm Ludwig Mie was a German physicist.-Biography:Mie was born in Rostock. From 1886 he studied mathematics and physics at the University of Rostock. In addition to his major subjects, he also attended lectures in chemistry, zoology, geology, mineralogy, astronomy as well as... on the relationship between reference #53 and Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski was a German mathematician of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, who created and developed the geometry of numbers and who used geometrical methods to solve difficult problems in number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity.- Life and work :Hermann Minkowski was born... 's work. |
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Schilpp 69; CP 6, 3 | 1914 | Antrittsrede
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1914 (pt. 2), 739–742 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 70; CP 6, 9 | 1914 | Formale Grundlage de allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1914 (part 2), 1030–1085 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . An important paper in the development of general relativity. Einstein still has not derived correct field equations, but he derives the geodesic motion of point particles, relates gravitational fields to rotation, and re-derives his 1907 results about the bending of light and gravitational redshift Gravitational redshift In astrophysics, gravitational redshift or Einstein shift describes light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation of certain wavelengths that originate from a source that is in a region of a stronger gravitational field that appear to be of longer wavelength, or redshifted, when seen or... using the new metric tensor Metric tensor In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor is a type of function defined on a manifold which takes as input a pair of tangent vectors v and w and produces a real number g in a way that generalizes many of the familiar properties of the dot product of vectors in Euclidean... theory. |
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Schilpp 71; CP 4, 31 | 1914 | Zum Relativitätsproblem
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Scientia (Bologna), 15, 337–348 link | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and (possibly) general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 72 | 1914 | Physikalische Grundlagen und leitende Gedanken für eine Gravitationstheorie
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Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 96 (pt. 2), 146 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Listed only by title; same lecture as publication #56. |
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Schilpp 73 | 1914 | Gravitationstheorie
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Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 96 (pt. 2), 136–137 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . For full text, see reference #56. |
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Schilpp 74; CP 6, 1 | 1914 April 26 | Relativitätsprinzip
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Vossische Zeitung, 33–34 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and (possibly) general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 75; CP 6, 2 | 1914 | Kovarianzeigenschaften der Feldgleichungen der auf die verallgemeinerte Relativitätstheorie gegründeten Gravitationstheorie
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Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik, 63, 215–225 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Co-authored with M. Grossmann. |
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Schilpp 78 | 1915 | Proefondervindelijk bewijs voor het bestan der moleculaire stroomen von Ampère
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Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Verslag. (ser. 4), 23, 1449–1464 | Einstein-de Haas effect Einstein-de Haas effect The Einstein–de Haas effect, or the Richardson effect , is a physical phenomenon delineated by Albert Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas in the mid 1910's, that exposes a relationship between magnetism, angular momentum, and the spin of elementary particles... . Co-authored with WJ de Haas Wander Johannes de Haas Wander Johannes de Haas was a Dutch physicist and mathematician. He is best known for the Shubnikov–de Haas effect, the de Haas–van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect.-Personal life:... . |
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Schilpp 79; CP 6, 18 | 1915 | Antwort auf eine Abhandlung M. von Laues Max von Laue Max Theodor Felix von Laue was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals... : Ein Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung auf die Strahlungstheorie
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 47, 879–885, link |
Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. |
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Schilpp 80; CP 6, 23 | 1915 | Experimenteller Nachweis des Ampèreschen Molekularströme
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Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, 17, 152–170, 203 (Berichtigung), 420 | Einstein-de Haas effect Einstein-de Haas effect The Einstein–de Haas effect, or the Richardson effect , is a physical phenomenon delineated by Albert Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas in the mid 1910's, that exposes a relationship between magnetism, angular momentum, and the spin of elementary particles... . Co-authored with WJ de Haas Wander Johannes de Haas Wander Johannes de Haas was a Dutch physicist and mathematician. He is best known for the Shubnikov–de Haas effect, the de Haas–van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect.-Personal life:... . |
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Schilpp 81 | 1915 | Experimenteller Nachweis des Ampèreschen Molekularströme
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Naturwissenschaften, 3, 237–238 | Einstein-de Haas effect Einstein-de Haas effect The Einstein–de Haas effect, or the Richardson effect , is a physical phenomenon delineated by Albert Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas in the mid 1910's, that exposes a relationship between magnetism, angular momentum, and the spin of elementary particles... . Co-authored with WJ de Haas Wander Johannes de Haas Wander Johannes de Haas was a Dutch physicist and mathematician. He is best known for the Shubnikov–de Haas effect, the de Haas–van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect.-Personal life:... . |
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Schilpp 82 | 1915 | Grundgedanken der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie und Anwendung dieser Theorie in der Astronomie
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1915 (part 1), 315 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 83; CP 6, 21 and 22 | 1915 | Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1915 (part 2), 778–786, 799–801 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Two of Einstein's four papers in November 1915 that led to the final field equations for general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . The first paper corrected a fundamental misconception and allowed Einstein to finish; however, the second introduced a serious mistake. |
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Schilpp 84; CP 6, 24 | 1915 | Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1915 (part 2), 831–839 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . A pivotal paper in which Einstein shows that general relativity explains the anomalous precession of the planet Mercury Mercury (planet) Mercury is the innermost and smallest planet in the Solar System, orbiting the Sun once every 87.969 Earth days. The orbit of Mercury has the highest eccentricity of all the Solar System planets, and it has the smallest axial tilt. It completes three rotations about its axis for every two orbits... , which had vexed astronomers since 1859. This paper also introduced the important calculational method, the post-Newtonian expansion Post-Newtonian expansion Post-Newtonian expansions in general relativity are used for finding an approximate solution of the Einstein equations for the metric tensor. The post-Newtonian approximations are expansions in a small parameter, which is the ratio of the velocity of matter, forming the gravitational field, to the... . Einstein also calculated correctly (for the first time) the bending of light by gravity. |
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Schilpp 85; CP 6, 25 | 1915 | Feldgleichungen der Gravitation
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1915 (part 2), 844–847 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . This is the defining paper of general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . At long last, Einstein had found workable field equations, which served as the basis for subsequent derivations. |
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Schilpp 88; CP 6, 14 | 1916 | Experimental proof of the existence of Ampère's molecular currents | Proceedings of the Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, 18, 696–711,link | Einstein-de Haas effect Einstein-de Haas effect The Einstein–de Haas effect, or the Richardson effect , is a physical phenomenon delineated by Albert Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas in the mid 1910's, that exposes a relationship between magnetism, angular momentum, and the spin of elementary particles... . Co-authored with WJ de Haas Wander Johannes de Haas Wander Johannes de Haas was a Dutch physicist and mathematician. He is best known for the Shubnikov–de Haas effect, the de Haas–van Alphen effect and the Einstein–de Haas effect.-Personal life:... ; English translation of reference #80. |
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Schilpp 89; CP 6, 30 | 1916 | Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 49, 769–822, link |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 90; CP 6, 40 | 1916 | Über Fr. Kottlers Abhandlung: Einsteins Äquivalenzhypothese und die Gravitation
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 51, 639–642, link |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 91; CP 6, 28 | 1916 | Einfaches Experiment zum Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme
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Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, 18, 173–177 | Einstein-de Haas effect Einstein-de Haas effect The Einstein–de Haas effect, or the Richardson effect , is a physical phenomenon delineated by Albert Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas in the mid 1910's, that exposes a relationship between magnetism, angular momentum, and the spin of elementary particles... . |
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Schilpp 92; CP 6, 34 | 1916 | Strahlungs-emission und -absorption nach der Quantentheorie
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Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, 18, 318–323 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Seminal paper in which Einstein showed that Planck's Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS, was a German physicist who actualized the quantum physics, initiating a revolution in natural science and philosophy. He is regarded as the founder of the quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.-Life and career:Planck came... quantum hypothesis E = hÉÀ could be derived from a kinetic rate equation. This paper introduced the idea of stimulated emission Stimulated emission In optics, stimulated emission is the process by which an atomic electron interacting with an electromagnetic wave of a certain frequency may drop to a lower energy level, transferring its energy to that field. A photon created in this manner has the same phase, frequency, polarization, and... (which led to the laser Laser A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation... and maser Maser A maser is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves through amplification by stimulated emission. Historically, “maser” derives from the original, upper-case acronym MASER, which stands for "Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation"... ), and Einstein's A and B coefficients provided a guide for the development of quantum electrodynamics Quantum electrodynamics Quantum electrodynamics is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved... , the most accurately tested theory of physics at present. In this work, Einstein begins to realize that quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... seems to involve probabilities and a breakdown of causality Causality Causality is the relationship between an event and a second event , where the second event is understood as a consequence of the first.... . |
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Schilpp 93; CP 6, 38 | 1916 | Quantentheorie der Strahlung
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Mitteilungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft, Zürich, 16, 47–62 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Following his 1909 address (reference #30), Einstein shows that photons must carry momentum Momentum In classical mechanics, linear momentum or translational momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object... if Planck's law is to hold. This was confirmed in 1923 by Compton scattering Compton scattering In physics, Compton scattering is a type of scattering that X-rays and gamma rays undergo in matter. The inelastic scattering of photons in matter results in a decrease in energy of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, called the Compton effect... , for which the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and... was awarded and which led to the general acceptance to the photon concept. |
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Schilpp 94; CP 6, 36 | 1916 | Review of H. A. Lorentz: Théories statistiques en thermodynamique
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Naturwissenschaften, 4, 480–481 | Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . |
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Schilpp 95; CP 6, 39 | 1916 | Elementare Theorie der Wasserwellen und des Fluges
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Naturwissenschaften, 4, 509–510 | Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and the forces on them. Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; fluid kinematics, the study of fluids in motion; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion... . |
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Schilpp 96; CP 6, 29 | 1916 | Ernst Mach | Physikalische Zeitschrift, 17, 101–104 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 97; CP 6, 27 | 1916 | Neue formale Deutung der Maxwellschen Feldgleichungen der Elektrodynamik
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1916 (part 1), 184–187 | Electromagnetism Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are the strong interaction, the weak interaction and gravitation... . |
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Schilpp 98 | 1916 | Einige anschauliche Überlegungen aus dem Gebiete der Relativitätstheorie
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1916 (part 1), 423 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Abstract of a paper (never published) dealing with the behavior of clocks and Foucault pendulum Foucault pendulum The Foucault pendulum , or Foucault's pendulum, named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, is a simple device conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth. While it had long been known that the Earth rotated, the introduction of the Foucault pendulum in 1851 was the... s. |
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Schilpp 99; CP 6, 32 | 1916 | Näherungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen der Gravitation
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1916 (part 1), 688–696 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 100 | 1916 | Gedächtnisrede auf Karl Schwarzschild
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1916 (part 1), 768–770 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 101; CP 6, 41 | 1916 | Hamiltonsches Prinzip und allgemeine Relativitätstheorie
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1916 (part 2), 1111–1116 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 103; CP 6, 45 | 1917 | Zum Quantensatz von Sommerfeld und Epstein
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Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, 19, 82–92 | Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . Seminal paper for the Einstein-Brillouin-Keller method Einstein-Brillouin-Keller method The Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method is a semiclassical method to compute eigenvalues in quantum mechanical systems.-See also:*Quantum mechanics*WKB approximation*Albert Einstein*Léon Brillouin*Joseph B. Keller... , which describes how to convert a classical system into its quantum mechanical Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... analogue. |
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Schilpp 104 | 1917 | Review of H. v. Helmholtz: Zwei Vorträge über Goethe
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Naturwissenschaften, 5, 675 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 105 | 1917 | Marian von Smoluchowski | Naturwissenschaften, 5, 737–738 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 106 | 1917 | Quantentheorie der Strahlung
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Physikalische Zeitschrift, 18, 121–128 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. |
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Schilpp 107; CP 6, 43 | 1917 | Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1917 (part 1), 142–152 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . This seminal paper marks the beginning of physical cosmology Physical cosmology Physical cosmology, as a branch of astronomy, is the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution. For most of human history, it was a branch of metaphysics and religion... . Under certain simplifying assumptions, general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... describes the birth Big Bang The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that explains the early development of the Universe. According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe was once in an extremely hot and dense state which expanded rapidly. This rapid expansion caused the young Universe to cool and resulted in... , the expansion and the ultimate fate Ultimate fate of the universe The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology. Many possible fates are predicted by rival scientific theories, including futures of both finite and infinite duration.... of the Universe Universe The Universe is commonly defined as the totality of everything that exists, including all matter and energy, the planets, stars, galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space. Definitions and usage vary and similar terms include the cosmos, the world and nature... . |
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Schilpp 108; CP 6, 47 | 1917 | Eine Ableitung des Theorems von Jacobi
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1917 (part 2), 606–608 | Mathematical physics Mathematical physics Mathematical physics refers to development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines this area as: "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and... . |
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Schilpp 109 | 1917 May 23 | Friedrich Adler als Physiker
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Die Vossische Zeitung, Morgen Ausgabe, no. 259, 2 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 112; CP 7, 4 | 1918 | Prinzipielles zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik Annalen der Physik is one of the oldest physics journals worldwide. The journal publishes original, peer-reviewed papers in the areas of experimental, theoretical, applied and mathematical physics and related areas... (ser. 4), 55, 241–244, link |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 113; CP 7, 6 | 1918 | Lassen sich Brechungsexponenten der Körper für Röntgenstrahlen experimentell ermitteln?
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Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, 20, 86–87 | Electromagnetism Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are the strong interaction, the weak interaction and gravitation... . |
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Schilpp 114; CP 7, 15 | 1918 | Bemerkung zu Gehrckes Notiz: Über den Äther
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Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, 20, 261 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 115; CP 7, 10 | 1918 | Review of H. Weyl: Raum, Zeit, Materie
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Naturwissenschaften, 6, 373 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 116; CP 7, 13 | 1918 | Dialog über Einwände gegen die Relativitätstheorie
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Naturwissenschaften, 6, 697–702 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 117; CP 7, 2 | 1918 | Notiz zu Schrödingers Arbeit: Energiekomponenten des Gravitationsfeldes
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Physikalische Zeitschrift, 19, 115–116 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 118; CP 7, 3 | 1918 | Bemerkung zu Schrödingers Notiz: Lösungssystem der allgemein kovarianten Gravitationsgleichungen
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Physikalische Zeitschrift, 19, 165–166 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 119; CP 7, 1 | 1918 | Gravitationswellen
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1918 (part 1), 154–167 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . The first prediction of gravitational wave Gravitational wave In physics, gravitational waves are theoretical ripples in the curvature of spacetime which propagates as a wave, traveling outward from the source. Predicted to exist by Albert Einstein in 1916 on the basis of his theory of general relativity, gravitational waves theoretically transport energy as... s. Such gravitational radiation has been observed indirectly, for which the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and... was awarded. |
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Schilpp 120; CP 7, 5 | 1918 | Kritisches zu einer von Hrn. de Sitter gegebenen Lösung der Gravitationsgleichungen
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1918 (part 1), 270–272 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 121; CP 7, 9 | 1918 | Der Energiesatz in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte, 1918 (part 1), 448–459 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 122 | 1919 | Prüfung der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Naturwissenschaften, 7, 776 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 123; CP 7, 17 | 1919 | Spielen Gravitationsfelder im Aufbau der materiellen Elementarteilchen eine wesentliche Rolle?
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1919 (pt. 1), 349–356 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Suggests a modification of his field equations to allow for stable elementary particle Elementary particle In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure; that is, it is not known to be made up of smaller particles. If an elementary particle truly has no substructure, then it is one of the basic building blocks of the universe from which... s. |
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Schilpp 124; CP 7, 18 | 1919 | Bemerkungen über periodische Schwankungen der Mondlänge, welche bisher nach der Newtonschen Mechanik nicht erklärbar schienen
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1919 (pt. 1), 433–436 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 125 | 1919 | Feldgleichungen der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie vom Standpunkte des kosmologischen Problems und des Problems der Konstitution der Materie
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1919 (pt. 1), 463 (Title only) | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 126; CP 7, 26 | 1919 November 28 | My theory | Times, London, 13 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Re-published in 1919 as "Time, space and gravitation" in Optician, the British optical journal, volume 58, pages 187–188. |
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Schilpp 127; CP 7, 24 | 1919 | Leo Arons als Physiker
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Sozialistische Monatshefte, 52 (Jahrgang 25, pt. 2), 1055–1056 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 132 | 1920 | Bemerkung zur Abhandlung von W. R. Hess: Theorie der Viscosität heterogener Systeme
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Kolloidzeitschrift, 27, 137 | Intermolecular force Intermolecular force Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles: atoms, molecules or ions. They are weak compared to the intramolecular forces, the forces which keep a molecule together... s. |
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Schilpp 133 | 1920 | Inwiefern lässt sich die moderne Gravitationstheorie ohne die Relativität begründen?
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Naturwissenschaften, 8, 1010–1011 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 134 | 1920 | Trägheitsmoment des Wasserstoffmoleküls
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1920, 65 | Intermolecular force Intermolecular force Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles: atoms, molecules or ions. They are weak compared to the intramolecular forces, the forces which keep a molecule together... s. Abstract of never-published paper. |
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Schilpp 135; CP 7, 39 | 1920 | Schallausbreitung in teilweise dissoziierten Gasen
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1920, 380–385 | Intermolecular force Intermolecular force Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles: atoms, molecules or ions. They are weak compared to the intramolecular forces, the forces which keep a molecule together... s. |
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Schilpp 136; CP 7, 45 | 1920 August 27 | Meine Antwort über die antirelativitätstheoretische G.m.b.H.
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Berliner Tageblatt und Handelszeitung, no. 402, 1–2 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 147; CP 7, 53 | 1921 | A brief outline of the development of the theory of relativity | Nature, 106, 782–784 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . Translated by R. W. Lawson. |
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Schilpp 148 | 1921 | Geometrie und Erfahrung
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1921 (pt. 1), 123–130 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 149; CP 7, 54 | 1921 | Eine naheliegende Ergänzung des Fundaments der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1921 (pt. 1), 261–264 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 150; CP 7, 68 | 1921 | Ein den Elementarprozess der Lichtemission betreffendes Experiment
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1921 (pt. 2), 882–883 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. |
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Schilpp 151 | 1921 | Report of a lecture at King's College on the development and present position of relativity, with quotations | Nation and Athenaeum, 29, 431–432 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . The German text is reproduced in Mein Weltbild (pp. 215–220); a full translation is found in The world as I see it. It was also reported in Nature (107, p. 504) and also in the Times (London) on June 14, p. 8. |
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Schilpp 159 | 1922 | Bemerkung zur Seletyschen Arbeit: Beiträge zum kosmologischen Problem
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Annalen der Physik (ser. 4), 69, 436–438, link | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 160 | 1922 | Review of W. Pauli: Relativitätstheorie
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Naturwissenschaften, 10, 184–185 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 161 | 1922 | Emil Warburg als Forscher
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Naturwissenschaften, 10, 823–828 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 162 | 1922 | Theorie der Lichtfortpflanzung in dispergierenden Medien
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phys.-math. Klasse, 1922, 18–22 | Electromagnetism Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are the strong interaction, the weak interaction and gravitation... . |
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Schilpp 163 | 1922 | Bemerkung zu der Abhandlung von E. Trefftz: Statische Gravitationsfeld zweier Massenpunkte
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phys.-math. Klasse, 1922, 448–449 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 164 | 1922 | Quantentheoretische Bemerkungen zum Experiment von Stern und Gerlach
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Zeitschrift für Physik, 11, 31–34 | Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . Co-authored with Paul Ehrenfest Paul Ehrenfest Paul Ehrenfest was an Austrian and Dutch physicist, who made major contributions to the field of statistical mechanics and its relations with quantum mechanics, including the theory of phase transition and the Ehrenfest theorem.- Biography :Paul Ehrenfest was born and grew up in Vienna in a Jewish... . |
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Schilpp 165 | 1922 | Bemerkung zu der Arbeit von A. Friedmann: Über die Krümmung des Raumes
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Zeitschrift für Physik, 11, 326 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Einstein withdrew this self-criticism in 1922 in the same journal Zeitschrift für Physik, volume 16, p. 228. |
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Schilpp 170 | 1923 | Bemerkung zu der Notiz von W. Anderson: Neue Erklärung des kontinuierlichen Koronaspektrums
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Astronomische Nachrichten, 219, 19 | Solar physics Solar physics For the physics journal, see Solar Physics Solar physics is the study of our Sun. It is a branch of astrophysics that specializes in exploiting and explaining the detailed measurements that are possible only for our closest star... . |
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Schilpp 171 | 1923 | Experimentelle Bestimmung der Kanalweite von Filtern
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Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, 49, 1012–1013 | Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and the forces on them. Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; fluid kinematics, the study of fluids in motion; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion... . Co-authored with H. Mühsam. |
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Schilpp 172 | 1923 | Beweis der Nichtexistenz eines überall regulären zentrisch symmetrischen Feldes nach der Feldtheorie von Kaluza
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Jerusalem University, Scripta, 1 (no. 7), 1–5 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Co-authored with J. Grommer; also given in Hebrew. |
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Schilpp 173 | 1923 | Theory of the affine field | Nature, 112, 448–449 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Translated by RW Lawson, but does not correspond to publication #175. Relatively non-mathematical. |
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Schilpp 174 | 1923 | Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1923, 32–38, 76–77 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 175 | 1923 | Zur affinen Feldtheorie
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1923, 137–140 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 176 | 1923 | Bietet die Feldtheorie Möglichkeiten für die Lösung des Quantenproblems?
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1923, 359–364 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 177 | 1923 | Théorie de relativité
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Société française de philosophie, Bulletin, 22, 97–98, 101, 107, 111–112 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Quoted in full in Nature, 112, p. 253. |
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Schilpp 178 | 1923 | Quantentheorie des Strahlungsgleichgewichts
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Zeitschrift für Physik, 19, 301–306 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Co-authored with Paul Ehrenfest Paul Ehrenfest Paul Ehrenfest was an Austrian and Dutch physicist, who made major contributions to the field of statistical mechanics and its relations with quantum mechanics, including the theory of phase transition and the Ehrenfest theorem.- Biography :Paul Ehrenfest was born and grew up in Vienna in a Jewish... . |
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Schilpp 181 | 1924 | Antwort auf eine Bemerkung von W. Anderson
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Astronomische Nachrichten, 221, 329–330 | ||
Schilpp 182 | 1924 April 20 | Komptonsche Experiment
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Berliner Tageblatt, 1. Beiblatt | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Experiment showing that photons could carry momentum; for many physicists, this experiment was conclusive proof that photons were particles. |
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Schilpp 184 | 1924 | Zum hundertjährigen Gedenkag von Lord Kelvins Geburt
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Naturwissenschaften, 12, 601–602 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 185 | 1924 | Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1924, 261–267 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s and statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . First of two seminal papers (see reference #194), in which Einstein creates the theory of identical particles Identical particles Identical particles, or indistinguishable particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include elementary particles such as electrons, and, with some clauses, composite particles such as atoms and molecules.There are two... in quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . In 1924, Satyendra Nath Bose Satyendra Nath Bose Satyendra Nath Bose FRS was an Indian mathematician and physicist noted for his collaboration with Albert Einstein in developing a theory regarding the gaslike qualities of electromagnetic radiation. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation... derived Planck's law of black-body radiation from a modification of coarse-grained counting of phase space Phase space In mathematics and physics, a phase space, introduced by Willard Gibbs in 1901, is a space in which all possible states of a system are represented, with each possible state of the system corresponding to one unique point in the phase space... . Einstein shows that this modification is equivalent to assuming that photons are rigorously identical, leading to the concept of coherent state Coherent state In quantum mechanics a coherent state is a specific kind of quantum state of the quantum harmonic oscillator whose dynamics most closely resembles the oscillating behaviour of a classical harmonic oscillator... s. Einstein also extends Bose's formalism to material particles (boson Boson In particle physics, bosons are subatomic particles that obey Bose–Einstein statistics. Several bosons can occupy the same quantum state. The word boson derives from the name of Satyendra Nath Bose.... s), predicting that they condense Bose–Einstein condensate A Bose–Einstein condensate is a state of matter of a dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero . Under such conditions, a large fraction of the bosons occupy the lowest quantum state of the external potential, at... at sufficiently low temperatures, as verified experimentally. |
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Schilpp 186 | 1924 | Über den Äther
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Verhandlungen der Schweizerischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 105 (pt. 2), 85–93 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . Historical overview. |
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Schilpp 187 | 1924 | Theorie der Radiometerkräfte
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Zeitschrift für Physik, 27, 1–6 | Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Treatment of the physics of radiometer Radiometer A radiometer is a device for measuring the radiant flux of electromagnetic radiation. Generally, the term radiometer denotes an infrared radiation detector, yet it also includes detectors operating on any electromagnetic wavelength.... s, a science toy. |
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Schilpp 188 | 1924 | [Note appended to a paper by Bose Satyendra Nath Bose Satyendra Nath Bose FRS was an Indian mathematician and physicist noted for his collaboration with Albert Einstein in developing a theory regarding the gaslike qualities of electromagnetic radiation. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation... entitled "Wärmegleichgewicht im Strahlungsfeld bei Anwesenheit von Materie"]
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Zeitschrift für Physik, 27, 392–392 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. |
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Schilpp 193 | 1925 | Elektron und allgemeine Reltivitätstheorie
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Physica, 5, 330–334 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 194 | 1925 | Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases. 2. Abhandlung
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin), Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1925, 3–14 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s and statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Second of two seminal articles on identical particles Identical particles Identical particles, or indistinguishable particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include elementary particles such as electrons, and, with some clauses, composite particles such as atoms and molecules.There are two... , boson Boson In particle physics, bosons are subatomic particles that obey Bose–Einstein statistics. Several bosons can occupy the same quantum state. The word boson derives from the name of Satyendra Nath Bose.... s and Bose-Einstein condensation; see reference #185 for the first. |
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Schilpp 195 | 1925 | Quantentheorie des idealen Gases
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin), Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1925, 18–25 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s and statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . |
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Schilpp 196 | 1925 | Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin), Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1925, 414–419 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 197 | 1925 | Bemerkung zu P. Jordans Abhandlung: Theorie der Quantenstrahlung
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Zeitschrift für Physik, 31, 784–785 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. |
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Schilpp 199 | 1926 | W. H. Julius, 1860–1925 | Astrophysical Journal, 63, 196–198 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 200 | 1926 | Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flussläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes
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Naturwissenschaften, 14, 223–224 | Earth science Earth science Earth science is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences... . The physics of meandering rivers. |
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Schilpp 201 | 1926 | Vorschlag zu einem die Natur des elementaren Strahlungs-emissions-prozesses betreffenden Experiment
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Naturwissenschaften, 14, 300–301 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. |
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Schilpp 202 | 1926 | Interferenzeigenschaften des durch Kanalstrahlen emittierten Lichtes
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1926, 334–340 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. Supposedly verified experimentally by Rupp Emil Rupp Emil Rupp was a German physicist, regarded by many as a respectable and important experimentalist in the late 1920s. He was later forced to recant all five of the papers he had published in 1935, admitting that his findings and experiments had been fictions... in the paper following it in the journal (pp. 341–351); later, it came out that Rupp was a fraud. |
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Schilpp 203 | 1926 | Geometría no euclídea y fisica
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Revista matemática Hispano-americana (ser. 2), 1, 72–76 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 205 | 1927 | Einfluss der Erdbewegung auf die Lichtgeschwindigkeit relativ zur Erde
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Forschungen und Fortschritte, 3, 36–37 | Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . |
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Schilpp 206 | 1927 | Formale Beziehung des Riemannschen Krümmungstensors zu den Feldgleichungen der Gravitation
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Mathematische Annalen, 97, 99–103 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 207 | 1927 | Isaac Newton | Manchester Guardian Weekly, 16, 234–235 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . Reprinted in the Manchester Guardian (March 19, 1927); Observatory, 50, 146–153; Smithsonian Institution, Report for 1927, 201–207. |
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Schilpp 208 | 1927 | Newtons Mechanik und ihr Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der theoretischen Physik
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Naturwissenschaften, 15, 273–276 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 209 | 1927 | Zu Newtons 200. Todestage
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Nord und Süd, Jahrg. 50, 36–40 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 210 | 1927 | [Letter to the Royal Society on the occasion of the Newton bicentennary] | Nature, 119, 467 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . Also published in Science, 65, 347–348. |
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Schilpp 211 | 1927 | Establishment of an international bureau of meteorology | Science, 65, 415–417 | Meteorology Meteorology Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere. Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 18th century. The 19th century saw breakthroughs occur after observing networks developed across several countries... . |
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Schilpp 212 | 1927 | Kaluzas Theorie des Zusammenhanges von Gravitation und Elektrizität
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1927, 23–30 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 213 | 1927 | Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie und Bewegungsgesetz
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1927, 2–13, 235–245 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . The first part (pp. 2–13) was co-authored with J. Grommer. |
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Schilpp 214 | 1927 | Theoretisches und Experimentelles zur Frage der Lichtentstehung
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Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie, 40, 546 | Photon Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force... s. |
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Schilpp 216 | 1928 | H. A. Lorentz | Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Blätter, 22, 24–25 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . Abstract of an address given at a memorial service at Leiden University. Reprinted in Mein Weltbild (The world as I see it), p. 25. |
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Schilpp 217 | 1928 | Riemanngeometrie mit Aufrechterhaltung des Begriffes des Fern-Parallelismus
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1928, 217–221 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 218 | 1928 | Neue Möglichkeit für eine einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1928, 224–227 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 219 | 1928 | À propos de "La déduction relativiste" de M. E. Meyerson
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Revue philosophique de la France, 105, 161–166 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 222 | 1929 | Ansprache an Prof. Planck [bei Entgegennahme der Planckmedaille]
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Forschungen und Fortschritte, 5, 248–249 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 223 | 1929 | [Quotation from an interview with (London) Daily Chronicle (January 26, 1929) on the unitary field theory, in advance of publication #226] | Nature, 123, 175 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 224 | 1929 | [Note appended to a reprinting of Arago's Memorial address on Thomas Young before the French Academy] | Naturwissenschaften, 17, 363 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 225 | 1929 February 4 | The new field theory | Times (London) | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Translated by L. L. Whyte. Reprinted in the Observatory, 52, 82–87, 114–118 (1930). |
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Schilpp 226 | 1929 | Einheitliche Feldtheorie
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1929, 2–7 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 227 | 1929 | Einheitliche Feldtheorie und Hamiltonsches Prinzip
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1929, 156–159 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 228 | 1929 | Sur la théorie synthéthique des champs
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Revue générale de l'électricité, 25, 35–39 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Co-authored with Théophile de Donder Théophile de Donder Théophile Ernest de Donder was a Belgian mathematician and physicist famous for his 1923 work in developing correlations between the Newtonian concept of chemical affinity and the Gibbsian concept of free energy.-Education:... . |
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Schilpp 229 | 1929 | Appreciation of Simon Newcomb | Science, 69, 249 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . Translation of a letter to Newcomb's daughter dated July 15, 1926. |
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Schilpp 230 | 1929 | Sesión especial de la Academia (16 abril 1925)
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Sociedad cientifica Argentina, Anales, 107, 337–347 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Einstein's discussions with RG Loyarte on mass-energy equivalence and with H Damianovich on the relevance of relativity for a proposed "chemical field". |
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Schilpp 232 | 1930 November 9 | Über Kepler
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Frankfurter Zeitung, p. 16, col. 3–4 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . The text is reprinted in Mein Weltbild and its English translation The world as I see it (in German and English, respectively). |
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Schilpp 233 | 1930 | Raum-, Feld- und Äther-problem in der Physik
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World power conference, 2nd, Berlin, 1930. Transactions, 19, 1–5 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . A widely reported address, e.g., in Dinglers polytechnisches journal, 345, p. 122. |
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Schilpp 234 | 1930 | Raum, Äther und Feld in der Physik
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Forum Philosophicum, 1, 173–180 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . An English translation by ES Brightman was provided in the same volume, pp. 180–184. Similar to #233, but different from the article "Das Raum-, Äther-, und Feld-problem der Physik" reprinted in Mein Weltbild (The world as I see it), pp. 229–248. |
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Schilpp 235 | 1930 | Théorie unitaire du champ physique
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Annales de l'Institut H. Poincaré, 1, 1–24 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 236 | 1930 | Auf die Riemann-Metrik und den Fern-Parallelismus gegründete einheitliche Feldtheorie
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Mathematische Annalen, 102, 685–697 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 237 | 1930 | Das Raum-Zeit Problem
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Die Koralle, 5, 486–488 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 238 | 1930 | Review of S. Weinberg: Erkenntnistheorie
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Naturwissenschaften, 18, 536 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 239 | 1930 | Kompatibilität der Feldgleichungen in der einheitlichen Feldtheorie
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1930, 18–23 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 240 | 1930 | Zwei strenge statische Lösungen der Feldgleichungen der einheitlichen Feldtheorie
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1930, 110–120 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Co-authored with W. Mayer. |
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Schilpp 241 | 1930 | Theorie der Räume mit Riemannmetrik und Fernparallelismus
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1930, 401–402 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 242 | 1930 | Address at University of Nottingham | Science, 71, 608–610 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . A survey of relativity theory (special and general) and of field theory in general. A precis of the talk was published in Nature, 125, pp. 897–898, under the title "Concept of space". |
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Schilpp 243 | 1930 | Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Yale University Library, Gazette, 6, 3–6 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . An English translation by Prof. Leigh Page Leigh Page Leigh Page developed the theory of conformal invariance originally suggested by Harry Bateman... of Yale University was provided on pages 7–10. Interestingly, this was neither a scientific talk nor a typical scientific paper; rather, a Yale graduate convinced Einstein to write the summary by longhand; the manuscript is still housed at Yale. |
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Schilpp 247 | 1931 | Theory of Relativity: Its Formal Content and Its Present Problems | Nature, 127, 765, 790, 826–827 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Rhodes lectures delivered at Oxford University in May 1931. |
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Schilpp 248 | 1931 | Knowledge of past and future in quantum mechanics | Physical Review (ser. 2), 37, 780–781, link | Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . Co-authored with R. C. Tolman and B. Podolosky. |
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Schilpp 249 | 1931 | Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1931, 235–237 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Proposed a "cosmological constant Cosmological constant In physical cosmology, the cosmological constant was proposed by Albert Einstein as a modification of his original theory of general relativity to achieve a stationary universe... ." |
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Schilpp 250 | 1931 | Systematische Untersuchung über kompatible Feldgleichungen welche in einem Riemannschen Raume mit Fern-Parallelismus gesetzt werden können
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1931, 257–265 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Co-authored with W. Mayer. |
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Schilpp 251 | 1931 | Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1931, 541–557 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Co-authored with W. Mayer. |
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Schilpp 252 | 1931 | Thomas Alva Edison, 1847–1931 | Science, 74, 404–405 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 253 | 1931 | Gravitational and electrical fields [Translation of a preliminary report for the Josiah Macy, Jr. foundation] | Science, 74, 438–439 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 254 | 1931 | [Reply to congratulatory addresses at a dinner given by the California Institute of Technology on January 15, 1931] | Science, 73, 379 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 255 | 1931 | Gedenkworte auf Albert A. Michelson
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Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie, 44, 658 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 258 | 1932 | On the relation between the expansion and the mean density of the universe | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 18, 213–214 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Co-authored with Willem de Sitter Willem de Sitter Willem de Sitter was a Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer.-Life and work:Born in Sneek, De Sitter studied mathematics at the University of Groningen and then joined the Groningen astronomical laboratory. He worked at the Cape Observatory in South Africa... . |
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Schilpp 259 | 1932 | Zu Dr. Berliners siebzigstem Geburtstag
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Naturwissenschaften, 20, 913 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . Reprinted in Mein Weltbild (The world as I see it), pp. 29–32. |
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Schilpp 260 | 1932 | Gegenwärtiger Stand der Relativitätstheorie
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Die Quelle (now called Paedogogischer Führer), 82, 440–442 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 261 | 1932 | Einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektrizität, 2. Abhandlung
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1932, 130–137 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Co-authored with W. Mayer. |
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Schilpp 262 | 1932 | Semi-Vektoren und Spinoren
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Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse, 1932, 522–550 | Mathematics Mathematics Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity... . Co-authored with W. Mayer. |
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Schilpp 263 | 1932 | Unbestimmtheitsrelation
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Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie, 45, 23 | Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . |
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Schilpp 267 | 1933 | Dirac Gleichungen für Semi-Vektoren
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Akademie van wetenschappen (Amsterdam), Proceedings, 36 (pt. 2), 497–? | Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . Co-authored with W. Mayer. |
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Schilpp 268 | 1933 | Spaltung der natürlichsten Feldgleichungen für Semi-Vektoren in Spinor-Gleichungen vom Diracschen Typus
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Akademie van wetenschappen (Amsterdam), Proceedings, 36 (pt. 2), 615–619 | Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . Co-authored with W. Mayer. |
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Schilpp 270 | 1934 | Darstellung der Semi-Vektoren als gewöhnliche Vektoren von besonderem Differentiations Charakter
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Annals of mathematics (ser. 2), 35, 104–110 | Mathematics Mathematics Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity... . Co-authored with W. Mayer. |
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Schilpp 271 | 1934 | Review of R. Tolman: Relativity, thermodynamics and cosmology | Science, 80, 358 | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 272 | 1935 | Elementary derivation of the equivalence of mass and energy | Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 41, 223–230, link | Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . |
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Schilpp 273 | 1935 | Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete? | Physical Review (ser. 2), 47, 777–780, link | Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . Co-authored with B. Podolsky and N. Rosen. |
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Schilpp 274 | 1935 | The particle problem in the general theory of relativity | Physical Review (ser. 2), 48, 73–77 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Co-authored with N. Rosen. |
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Schilpp 275 | 1936 | Physik und Realität
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Franklin Institute, Journal, 221, 313–347 | Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . An English translation (by J Picard) is provided on pages 349–382. Also reprinted in Zeitschrift für freie deutsche Forschung, 1, no. 1, pp. 5–19 and no. 2, pp. 1–14 (1938). |
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Schilpp 276 | 1936 | Two-body problem in general relativity theory | Physical Review (ser. 2), 49, 404–405 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Co-authored with N. Rosen. |
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Schilpp 277 | 1936 | Lens-like action of a star by deviation of light in the gravitational field | Science, 84, 506–507 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 278 | 1937 | On gravitational waves | Journal of the Franklin Institute, 223, 43–54 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Co-authored with N. Rosen. This important paper established that gravitational waves are possible despite the nonlinear nature of the Einstein field equations Einstein field equations The Einstein field equations or Einstein's equations are a set of ten equations in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity which describe the fundamental interaction of gravitation as a result of spacetime being curved by matter and energy... . Interestingly, Einstein and Rosen originally reached the opposite conclusion! |
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Schilpp 283 | 1938 | Gravitational equations and the problems of motion | Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2), 39, 65–100 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Co-authored with L. Infeld and B. Hoffmann. |
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Schilpp 284 | 1938 | Generalization of Kaluza's theory of electricity | Annals of mathematics (ser. 2), 39, 683–701 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Co-authored with P. Bergmann Peter Bergmann Peter Gabriel Bergmann was a German-American physicist best known for his work with Albert Einstein on a unified field theory encompassing all physical interactions... . |
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Schilpp 285 | 1939 | Stationary system with spherical symmetry consisting of many gravitating masses | Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2), 40, 922–936 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 286 | 1940 | Gravitational equations and the problems of motion. II | Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2), 41, 455–464 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Co-authored with L. Infeld. |
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Schilpp 287 | 1940 | Considerations concerning the fundamentals of theoretical physics | Science, 91, 487–492 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . Partly reprinted in Nature, 145, 920–924. |
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Schilpp 290 | 1941 | Demonstration of the non-existence of gravitational fields with a non-vanishing total mass free of singularities | Tucumán universidad nac., Revista (ser. A), 2, 11–16 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 292 | 1942 | The work and personality of Walter Nernst | Scientific Monthly, 54, 195–196 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 293 | 1943 | Non-existence of regular stationary solutions of relativistic field equations | Annals of Mathematics (ser. 2), 44, 131–137 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Co-authored with Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Ernst Pauli was an Austrian theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after being nominated by Albert Einstein, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "decisive contribution through his discovery of a new law of Nature, the exclusion principle or... . |
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Schilpp 295 | 1944 | Bivector fields, I | Annals of mathematics (ser. 2), 45, 1–14 | Mathematics Mathematics Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity... . Co-authored with V. Bargmann. |
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Schilpp 296 | 1944 | Bivector fields, II | Annals of mathematics (ser. 2)296, 45, 15–23 | Mathematics Mathematics Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity... . |
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Schilpp 298 | 1945 | On the cosmological problem | American Scholar, 14, 137–156, 269 (correction) | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . A pre-printing of the appendix to publication #297. |
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Schilpp 299 | 1945 | Generalization of the relativistic theory of gravitation | Annals of mathematics (ser. 2), 46, 578–584 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 300 | 1945 | Influence of the expansion of space on the gravitation fields surrounding the individual stars | Reviews of modern physics, 17, 120–124 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Co-authored with E. G. Straus. Corrections and additions, ibid., 18, 148–149 (1946). |
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Schilpp 301 | 1946 | Generalization of the relativistic theory of gravitation, II | Annals of mathematics (ser. 2), 47, 731–741 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Co-authored with E. G. Straus. |
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Schilpp 302 | 1946 | Elementary derivation of the equivalence of mass and energy | Technion Journal, 5, 16–17, link | Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . Novel, simplified derivation in the Yearbook of American Society for Advancement of the Hebrew Institute of Technology in Haifa. Also published in Hebrew in 1947, in the Scientific Publications of Hebrew Technical College (Institute of Technology) in Haifa. |
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Schilpp 307 | 1948 | Quantenmechanik und Wirklichkeit
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Dialectica, 2, 320–324 | Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . |
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Schilpp 308 | 1948 | Generalized theory of gravitation | Reviews of modern physics, 20, 35–39 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 309 | 1949 | Motion of particles in general relativity theory | Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 1, 209–241 | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Co-authored with L. Infeld. |
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Schilpp 310 | 1949 | Dem Gedächtnis Max Plancks
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Angewandte Chimie, 61, U114 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 311 | 1950 | The Bianchi Identities in the Generalized Theory of Gravitation | Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 2, 120–128 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 313 | 1950 | On the General Theory of Gravitation | Scientific American, 182, 13–17 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 314 | 1951 | The Advent of the Quantum Theory | Science, 113, 82–84 | Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic... . |
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Schilpp 316 | 1953 | A Comment on a Criticism of Unified Field Theory | Physical Review, 89, 321 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . |
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Schilpp 317 | 1954 | Algebraic Properties of the Field in the Relativistic Theory of the Asymmetric Field | Annals of Mathematics, 59, 230–244 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Co-authored with B. Kaufman. |
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Schilpp 318 | 1955 | An Interview with Einstein | Scientific American, 193, 69–73 | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . Co-authored with I. B. Cohen. |
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Schilpp 319 | 1955 | A New Form of the General Relativistic Field Equations | Annals of Mathematics, 62, 128–138 | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Simplified derivation using an ancillary field instead of the usual affine connection Affine connection In the branch of mathematics called differential geometry, an affine connection is a geometrical object on a smooth manifold which connects nearby tangent spaces, and so permits tangent vector fields to be differentiated as if they were functions on the manifold with values in a fixed vector space... . Co-authored with B. Kaufman. |
Book chapters
With the exception of publication #288, the following book chapters were written by Einstein; he had no co-authors. Given that most of the chapters are already in English, the English translations are not given their own columns, but are provided in parentheses after the original title; this helps the table to fit within the margins of the page.Index | Year | Chapter title (English translation) | Book title (English translation), page numbers | Book author/editor | Publisher (Location) | Classification and notes | ||
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Schilpp 51 | 1912 | État actuel du problème des chaleurs spécifiques
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Rapports du premier Conseil de Physique (1911), Instituts Solvay
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Unknown | Gauthier (Paris) | Specific heats. The German text is publication #63. | ||
Schilpp 76 | 1915 | Theoretische Atomistik
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Die Physik, pp. 251–263
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E. Lecher | Teubner (Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing... ) |
Atomic physics Atomic physics Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. It is primarily concerned with the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus and... . Part of the series Kultur der Gegenwart (3. Teil, Abt. 3, Band 1). |
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Schilpp 77 | 1915 | Relativitätstheorie
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Die Physik
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E. Lecher | Teubner (Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Part of the series Kultur der Gegenwart (3. Teil, Abt. 3, Band 1) |
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Schilpp 87 | 1916 | Vorwort
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Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Gravitationstheorie
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Erwin F. Freundlich | Springer (Berlin) | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 111 | 1918 | Motiv des Forschens
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Zu Max Plancks 60. Geburtstag: Ansprachen in der deutschen physikalischen Gesellschaft, pp. 29–32
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Unknown | Müller (Karlsruhe Karlsruhe The City of Karlsruhe is a city in the southwest of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border.Karlsruhe was founded in 1715 as Karlsruhe Palace, when Germany was a series of principalities and city states... ) |
Philosophy of physics Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics studies the fundamental philosophical questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interact. The philosophy of physics begins by reflecting on the basic metaphysical and epistemological questions posed by physics:... . |
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Schilpp 146 | 1921 | Einfache Anwendung des Newtonschen Gravitationsgesetzes auf die Kugelförmigen Sternhaufen
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Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaft, Festschrift zu ihrem zehnjährigen Jubiläum, pp. 50–52
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Unknown | Springer Verlag (Berlin) | Gravitation Gravitation Gravitation, or gravity, is a natural phenomenon by which physical bodies attract with a force proportional to their mass. Gravitation is most familiar as the agent that gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall to the ground when dropped... . |
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Schilpp 158 | 1922 | Theoretische Bemerkungen zur Supraleitung der Metalle
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Leyden. Rijksuniversiteit Naturkundig Laboratorium, Gedenkboek aangeboden aan H. Kamerlingh Onnes, pp. 429–435
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Unknown | Ijdo (Leiden) | Superconductivity Superconductivity Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance occurring in certain materials below a characteristic temperature. It was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum... . |
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Schilpp 180 | 1924 | Geleitwort
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Lucretius Lucretius Titus Lucretius Carus was a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is an epic philosophical poem laying out the beliefs of Epicureanism, De rerum natura, translated into English as On the Nature of Things or "On the Nature of the Universe".Virtually no details have come down concerning... , De rerum natura |
H. Diels | Weidmann (Berlin) | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 190 | 1925 | Anhang: Eddingtons Theorie und Hamiltonsches Prinzip
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Relativitätstheorie in mathematischer Behandlung
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AS Eddington | Springer Verlag (Berlin) | Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Written exclusively for this German translation of Eddington. |
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Schilpp 191 | 1925 | Theoretische Atomistik
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Die Physik, 2. Auflage, pp. 281–294
|
Unknown | Teubner (Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing... ) |
Atomic physics Atomic physics Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. It is primarily concerned with the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus and... . |
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Schilpp 192 | 1925 | Relativitätstheorie
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Die Physik, 2. Auflage, pp. 783–797
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Unknown | Teubner (Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 204 | 1927 | Introduction | Di spetsyele relativitets-teorye
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T. Shalit | privately printed (Berlin) | Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . Both Yiddish and German versions are provided. |
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Schilpp 220 | 1929 | Space-time | Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica The Encyclopædia Britannica , published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia that is available in print, as a DVD, and on the Internet. It is written and continuously updated by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 expert... , 14th ed., vol. 21, pp. 105–108 |
Franklin Henry Hooper Franklin Henry Hooper Franklin Henry Hooper was a U.S. editor. His older brother Horace Everett Hooper was publisher of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and Franklin was an editor there... |
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is an American company best known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously-published encyclopedia.-History:... (Chicago) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 221 | 1929 | Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der Feldtheorie
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Festschrift Prof. Dr. A. Studola Überreicht, pp. 126ff.
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Unknown | Füssli (Zürich Zürich Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is located in central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich... ) |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Less technical and more historical than (journal) publication #235. |
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Schilpp 231 | 1929 | Begleitwort
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Grenzflächenvorgänge in der unbelebten und belebten Natur
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D. Reichinstein | Barth (Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing... ) |
History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 244 | 1931 | Foreword | Newton, the man, p. v | R. de Villamil | Knox (London) | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 245 | 1931 | Maxwell's influence on the development of the conception of physical reality | James Clerk Maxwell: A Commemoration Volume, pp. 66–73 | Unknown | Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Cambridge The city of Cambridge is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia about north of London. Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen – a play on Silicon Valley and the fens surrounding the... ) |
History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . The German text is found in Mein Weltbild (The world as I see it). |
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Schilpp 246 | 1931 | Foreword | Opticks, 4th edition (London 1730), pp. vii–viii | Isaac Newton Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton PRS was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, who has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived."... |
McGraw (New York) | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . |
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Schilpp 256 | 1932 | Prologue | Where is science going?, pp. 7–12 | Max Planck Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS, was a German physicist who actualized the quantum physics, initiating a revolution in natural science and philosophy. He is regarded as the founder of the quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.-Life and career:Planck came... |
Norton (New York) | Philosophy of physics Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics studies the fundamental philosophical questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interact. The philosophy of physics begins by reflecting on the basic metaphysical and epistemological questions posed by physics:... . |
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Schilpp 257 | 1932 | Epilogue: a socratic dialogue, interlocutors, Einstein and Murphy | Where is science going?, pp. 201–213 | Max Planck Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS, was a German physicist who actualized the quantum physics, initiating a revolution in natural science and philosophy. He is regarded as the founder of the quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.-Life and career:Planck came... |
Norton (New York) | Philosophy of physics Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics studies the fundamental philosophical questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interact. The philosophy of physics begins by reflecting on the basic metaphysical and epistemological questions posed by physics:... . |
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Schilpp 269 | 1934 | Introduction | The World in Modern Science, pp. 5–6 | Leopold Infeld Leopold Infeld Leopold Infeld was a Polish physicist who worked mainly in Poland and Canada . He was a Rockefeller fellow at Cambridge University and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.... |
V. Gollancz (London) | Philosophy of physics Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics studies the fundamental philosophical questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interact. The philosophy of physics begins by reflecting on the basic metaphysical and epistemological questions posed by physics:... . The German original is on p. 275. |
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Schilpp 288 | 1941 | Five-dimensional representation of gravitation and electricity | Theodore von Karman Anniversary Volume, pp. 212–225 | California Institute of Technology (Pasadena Pasadena, California Pasadena is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Although famous for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game and Tournament of Roses Parade, Pasadena is the home to many scientific and cultural institutions, including the California Institute of Technology , the Jet... ) |
Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Co-authored with Bargmann V and Bergmann PG Peter Bergmann Peter Gabriel Bergmann was a German-American physicist best known for his work with Albert Einstein on a unified field theory encompassing all physical interactions... . |
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Schilpp 289 | 1941 | Science and religion | 1st Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion | Unknown | Unknown | Philosophy. Reported in the New York Times (September 11, 1940, p. 30, col. 2) and also in Nature Nature Nature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical world, or material world. "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general... , 146, 605–607. |
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Schilpp 291 | 1942 | Foreword | Introduction to the theory of relativity, p. v | Peter G. Bergmann | Prentice-Hall (New York) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 294 | 1944 | Remarks on Bertrand Russell's theory of knowledge | The philosophy of Bertrand Russell, pp. 277–291 | Paul A. Schilpp | Northwestern University Evanston Evanston, Illinois Evanston is a suburban municipality in Cook County, Illinois 12 miles north of downtown Chicago, bordering Chicago to the south, Skokie to the west, and Wilmette to the north, with an estimated population of 74,360 as of 2003. It is one of the North Shore communities that adjoin Lake Michigan... ) |
Philosophy. Volume 5 of the Library of Living Philosophers. | ||
Schilpp 303 | 1947 | The problem of space, ether and the field in physics | Man and the universe, pp. 82–100 | Saxe, Commins, and RN Linscott | Random House (New York) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Reprinted from The world as I see it. |
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Schilpp 305 | 1948 | Einstein's theory of relativity | Grolier Encyclopedia, vol. 9, p. 19 | Unknown | Grolier Society (New York) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Although dated as 1947, the actual issue occurred in 1948. |
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Schilpp 306 | 1948 | Relativity: essence of the theory of relativity | American Peoples Encyclopedia, vol. 16, col. 604–608 | Unknown | Spencer Press (Chicago) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 312 | 1950 | Appendix II: Generalized theory of gravitation | The Meaning of Relativity, 3rd edition | Albert Einstein Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history... |
Princeton University (Princeton Princeton, New Jersey Princeton is a community located in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is best known as the location of Princeton University, which has been sited in the community since 1756... ) |
Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Appendix II added to the third edition of the Meaning of Relativity (publication #297). |
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Schilpp 315 | 1951 | Reply to Criticisms: Remarks Concerning the Essays Brought Together in this Co-operative Volume | Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, Volume II, pp. 665–688 | Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor | Harper and Brothers Publishers, Harper Torchbook edition (New York) | History of science History of science The history of science is the study of the historical development of human understandings of the natural world and the domains of the social sciences.... and philosophy of physics Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics studies the fundamental philosophical questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interact. The philosophy of physics begins by reflecting on the basic metaphysical and epistemological questions posed by physics:... . Biographical notes and a summary of Einstein's scientific thinking in his later years. |
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Schilpp 320 | 1955 | Appendix II: Generalized theory of gravitation | The Meaning of Relativity, 5th edition | Albert Einstein Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific intellects in human history... |
Princeton University (Princeton Princeton, New Jersey Princeton is a community located in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is best known as the location of Princeton University, which has been sited in the community since 1756... ) |
Classical unified field theories Classical unified field theories Since the 19th century, some physicists have attempted to develop a single theoretical framework that can account for the fundamental forces of nature – a unified field theory. Classical unified field theories are attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics... . Completely revised Appendix II for the fifth and final edition of the Meaning of Relativity (publications #297 and #312). |
Books
With the exception of publication #278, the following books were written by Einstein; he had no co-authors.Index | Year | Book title and English translation | Publisher (Location) | Classification and notes | |
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Schilpp 6 | 1906 | Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen
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Buchdruckerei K. J. Wyss (Bern) | Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . Inaugural-dissertation from Zürich Universität. Same as (journal) publication #11. |
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Schilpp 86 | 1916 | Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
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Barth (Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing... ) |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . |
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Schilpp 102 | 1917 | Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, gemeinverständlich
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Vieweg (Braunschweig Braunschweig Braunschweig , is a city of 247,400 people, located in the federal-state of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river, which connects to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser.... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . This is volume 38 (Heft 38) in the series Sammlung Vieweg. Other editions and translations are found in publications #110, 129, 130, 137–141, 154, 169 and 215. |
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Schilpp 110 | 1918 | Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, gemeinverständlich, 3rd edition
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Vieweg (Braunschweig Braunschweig Braunschweig , is a city of 247,400 people, located in the federal-state of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river, which connects to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser.... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Other editions and translations are found in publication #102 and 129, 130, 137–141, 154, 169 and 215. |
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Schilpp 129 | 1920 | Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, gemeinverständlich, 10th edition
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Vieweg (Braunschweig Braunschweig Braunschweig , is a city of 247,400 people, located in the federal-state of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river, which connects to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser.... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . The first edition of this book is listed as publication #102. Editions of this work were published until 1922 (the 14th edition). Editions 10–14 contained an additional section ("Rotverschiebung der Spectrallinien" (Redshift Redshift In physics , redshift happens when light seen coming from an object is proportionally increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum... of spectral line Spectral line A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from a deficiency or excess of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.- Types of line spectra :... s) in the appendix. |
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Schilpp 131 | 1920 | Äther und Relativitätstheorie: Rede gehalten am 5. Mai 1920 an der Reichs-Universität zu Leiden
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Springer Verlag (Berlin) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . The French, English, and Italian translations are listed as publications #145, 152, and 153, respectively. An undated Polish translation by L. Freundenheim, Eter a teorja wzglednosci, was published in Lviv Lviv Lviv is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically has also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center, as Poles and Jews were the two main ethnicities of the city until the outbreak of World War II and the following... . |
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Schilpp 143 | 1921 | Geometrie und Erfahrung, Erweiterte Fassung des Festvortrages gehalten an der Preussischen Akademie
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Springer Verlag (Berlin) | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . The original paper is found as (journal) publication #148. French, English and Italian translations are listed as publications #144, 152, and 153. An undated Polish translation, Geometrja a doswiadczenie, was published in Lviv Lviv Lviv is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically has also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center, as Poles and Jews were the two main ethnicities of the city until the outbreak of World War II and the following... . |
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Schilpp 156 | 1922 | Vier Vorlesungen über Relativitätstheorie, gehalten im Mai 1921, an der Universität Princeton
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Vieweg (Braunschweig Braunschweig Braunschweig , is a city of 247,400 people, located in the federal-state of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river, which connects to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser.... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . German text of publication #143. A second printing by Vieweg is dated 1923. |
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Schilpp 157 | 1922 | Untersuchungen über die Theorie der Brownschen Bewegungen
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Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft (Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing... ) |
Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . A re-issue of publications #8, 11, 12, 22, and 26 with notes and derivations from the editor, R. Fürth. Released as Nr. 199 of Oswalds Klassiker der exacten Wissenschaften. An English translation appeared as publication #198. |
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Schilpp 168 | 1923 | Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativitätstheorie
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Imprimerie royale (Stockholm Stockholm Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Nobel prize lecture, delivered before the Nordische Naturforscherversammlung in Göteborg. Reprinted in Nobelstiftelsen, Les prix Nobel en 1921–22. |
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Schilpp 264 | 1933 | On the Method of Theoretical Physics | Clarendon Press (Oxford Oxford The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through... ) |
Philosophy of physics Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics studies the fundamental philosophical questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interact. The philosophy of physics begins by reflecting on the basic metaphysical and epistemological questions posed by physics:... . The Herbert Spenser lecture at Oxford University, delivered on June 10, 1933. |
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Schilpp 265 | 1933 | Origins of the General Theory of Relativity | Jackson (Glasgow Glasgow Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands... ) |
General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Lecture at the University of Glasgow, delivered June 20, 1933. |
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Schilpp 266 | 1933 | Les fondements de la théorie de la relativité générale
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Hermann (Paris) | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . French translations of publications #89 and 251 by Maurice Solovine, together with a new essay by Einstein, "Sur la structure cosmologique de l'espace", which discusses the cosmological implications of general relativity, together with its historical antecedents. |
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Schilpp 278 | 1938 | The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta | Simon and Schuster (New York) | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . Co-authored with Infeld L Leopold Infeld Leopold Infeld was a Polish physicist who worked mainly in Poland and Canada . He was a Rockefeller fellow at Cambridge University and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.... . |
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Schilpp 279 | 1938 | Die Physik als Abenteuer der Erkenntnis
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Sijthoff (Leiden) | Philosophy of physics Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics studies the fundamental philosophical questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interact. The philosophy of physics begins by reflecting on the basic metaphysical and epistemological questions posed by physics:... . |
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Schilpp 297 | 1945 | The Meaning of Relativity | Princeton University (Princeton Princeton, New Jersey Princeton is a community located in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is best known as the location of Princeton University, which has been sited in the community since 1756... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Second edition of publication #142, with a long appendix covering various topics such as the cosmological implications of general relativity. The appendix was translated by Ernst G. Straus. A "third edition" was published in 1946 by Methuen (London), but it is identical except for a change in pagination. The true third, fourth and fifth editions appeared in 1950, 1953 and 1956, respectively. In the 3rd, Einstein added Appendix II on a generalized theory of gravitation, which was substantially revised for the fifth and final edition. |
Authorized translations
The following translations of his work were authorized by Einstein.Index | Year | Book title | Translator | Publisher (Location) | Classification and notes |
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Schilpp 128 | 1920 | The Principle of Relativity: Original Papers | MN Saha and SN Bose | University of Calcutta (Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata , formerly known as Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it was the commercial capital of East India... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Includes English translations of (journal) publications #9 and 89, with a historical introduction by PC Mahalanobis. The work of Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski Hermann Minkowski was a German mathematician of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, who created and developed the geometry of numbers and who used geometrical methods to solve difficult problems in number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity.- Life and work :Hermann Minkowski was born... is also included. |
Schilpp 130 | 1920 | Relativity, the Special and the General Theory: A Popular Exposition | Robert W Lawson | Methuen (London) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Authorized translation of the 5th German edition of Ueber die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitaetstheorie, gemeinverstaendlich (cf. publications #102, 110, 129). The text also includes Dr. Lawson's biographical sketch of Albert Einstein, a short bibliography on relativity theory and an appendix written for this edition entitled "Experimental confirmation of the general theory of relativity". Up to 10 editions were published by Methuen, the last in 1931. |
Schilpp 137 | 1921 | Relativity, the Special and the General Theory: A Popular Exposition | RW Lawson | Holt (New York) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Effectively the same as publication #130. Later imprints were Smith (New York, 1931) and Hartsdale House, Inc. (New York, 1947). |
Schilpp 138 | 1921 | Teoria de la relatividad especial y general | F. Lorente de Nó | Peláez (Toledo Toledo, Spain Toledo's Alcázar became renowned in the 19th and 20th centuries as a military academy. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 its garrison was famously besieged by Republican forces.-Economy:... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Spanish translation of publication #129. Two later editions were Ruiz de Lara (Cuenca Cuenca, Spain -History:When the Iberian peninsula was part of the Roman Empire there were several important settlements in the province, such as Segóbriga, Ercávica and Gran Valeria... , 1923) and Medina (Toledo Toledo, Spain Toledo's Alcázar became renowned in the 19th and 20th centuries as a military academy. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 its garrison was famously besieged by Republican forces.-Economy:... , 1925). |
Schilpp 139 | 1921 | Sulla teoria speciale e generale della relatività: Volgarizzazione | G. L. Calisse | Zanichelli (Bologna Bologna Bologna is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna, in the Po Valley of Northern Italy. The city lies between the Po River and the Apennine Mountains, more specifically, between the Reno River and the Savena River. Bologna is a lively and cosmopolitan Italian college city, with spectacular history,... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Italian translation of publication #129. |
Schilpp 140 | 1921 | Teoriia Otnositel'nosti: Obshchedostypnoe Izlozhenie | G. B. Itel'son | Slowo (Berlin) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Russian translation of publication #129. Re-published in 1922 with the same imprint. |
Schilpp 141 | 1921 | La théorie de la relativité restreinte et géneralisée | Mlle. J. Rouviere | Gauthier (Paris) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . French translation of publication #129. |
Schilpp 142 | 1921 | The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University | Edwin P. Adams | Princeton University Press (Princeton Princeton, New Jersey Princeton is a community located in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is best known as the location of Princeton University, which has been sited in the community since 1756... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Reprinted in 1922 and 1923. Also released in 1922 and 1924 under the imprint Methuen (London). Translations are found in publications #166, 167, and 179, whereas the German text is listed as publication #156. A second edition was also released; see publication #297. |
Schilpp 144 | 1921 | La géometrie et l'expérience | Maurice Solovine | Gauthier (Paris) | General relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . French translation of publication #143. A second edition was also published by Gauthier in 1934. |
Schilpp 145 | 1921 | L'éther et la théorie de la relativité | Maurice Solovine | Gauthier (Paris) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . French translation of publication #131. Reprinted in 1925. |
Schilpp 152 | 1922 | Sidelights on Relativity: I. Ether and Relativity. II. Geometry and Experience | GB Jeffrey and W Perrett | Methuen (London) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Translation of publications #131 and 143. Republished in 1923 by Dutton (New York) imprint. The second part, Geometry and Experience, was published separately in 1947 as chapter 8 of Methods of the sciences from the Chicago University. |
Schilpp 153 | 1922 | Prospettive Relativistiche dell'Etere e della Geometria | R. Cantù and T. Bembo | Andare (Milano) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Italian translation of publications #131 and 143. |
Schilpp 154 | 1922 | A Különleges és az Általános Relativitás, Elmélete | Unknown | Patheon irodalmi (Budapest Budapest Budapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary, it is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645 due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Hungarian translation of publication #129. |
Schilpp 155 | 1922 | O Fizicheskoi Prirodie Prostranstva | GB Itel'son | Slowo (Berlin) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Russian translation of publications #131 and #143 under the title "Physical nature of space". |
Schilpp 166 | 1923 | Cztery odczyty o teorji Wzglednosci wygloszone w 1921 na Uniwersytecie w Princeton | A Gottfryda | Renaissance-Verlag (Vienna Vienna Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Polish translation of publication #142. |
Schilpp 167 | 1923 | Matematicheskija Osnovy Teorii Otnositel'nosti | GB Itel'son | Slowo (Berlin) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Russian translation of publication #142. |
Schilpp 169 | 1923 | [A Popular Exposition of the Special and General Theories of Relativity] | Unknown | Gitlina (Warsaw Warsaw Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Yiddish translation (in Hebrew characters) of publication #129. |
Schilpp 179 | 1924 | Quatre conférences sur la théorie de la relativité, faîtes à l'université de Princeton | Maurice Solovine | Gauthier (Paris) | Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . French translation of publication #142. A second printing was dated 1925. |
Schilpp 189 | 1925 | Sur l'électrodynamique des corps en mouvement | Maurice Solovine | Gauthier (Paris) | Special relativity Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... . French translation of publications #9 and 10, part of the series Maîtres de la pensée scientifique. |
Schilpp 198 | 1926 | Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement (R. Fürth, ed.) | AD Cowper | Methuen (London) | Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably... . English translation of publication #157. Also published under the Dutton imprint in New York. |
Schilpp 215 | 1928 | Al Torath Ha-Yahasiuth Ha-Peratith Weha-Kelalith (Harzaah Popularith) | Jacob Greenberg | Dvir (Tel Aviv Tel Aviv Tel Aviv , officially Tel Aviv-Yafo , is the second most populous city in Israel, with a population of 404,400 on a land area of . The city is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline in west-central Israel. It is the largest and most populous city in the metropolitan area of Gush Dan, with... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Hebrew translation of publication #129. |
Schilpp 280 | 1938 | Drie Eeuwen Physica van Galilei tot Relativiteitstheorie en Quantumtheorie | MC Geerling | Centen (Amsterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population... ) |
History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . Dutch translation of publication #279. |
Schilpp 281 | 1938 | L'évolution des idées en physique des premiers concepts aux théories de la relativité et des quanta | Maurice Solovine | Flammarion (Paris) | History of physics History of physics As forms of science historically developed out of philosophy, physics was originally referred to as natural philosophy, a term describing a field of study concerned with "the workings of nature".-Early history:... . French translation of publication #279. |
Schilpp 304 | 1948 | El Significado de la Relatividad | Dr. Carlos E. Prelat | Espasa-Calpe (Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent... ) |
Special Special relativity Special relativity is the physical theory of measurement in an inertial frame of reference proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies".It generalizes Galileo's... and general relativity General relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics... . Spanish translation of publication #297. |
See also
- Einstein Papers ProjectEinstein Papers ProjectThe Einstein Papers Project was established in 1986 to assemble, preserve, translate, and publish papers selected from the literary estate of Albert Einstein and from other collections .Sponsored by the Princeton University Press and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem since its inception, the...
- History of special relativityHistory of special relativityThe history of special relativity consists of many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others...
- History of general relativityHistory of general relativity-Overview:General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915...
- History of the Big Bang theory
- History of quantum mechanicsHistory of quantum mechanicsThe history of quantum mechanics, as it interlaces with the history of quantum chemistry, began essentially with a number of different scientific discoveries: the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday; the 1859-1860 winter statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav...
- History of thermodynamicsHistory of thermodynamicsThe history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general...
External links
List of Scientific Publications of Albert Einstein from 1901–1922 from the Einstein website- Einstein Papers Project at the California Institute of TechnologyCalifornia Institute of TechnologyThe California Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Pasadena, California, United States. Caltech has six academic divisions with strong emphases on science and engineering...
- Einstein Archives Online at Hebrew University
- Einstein's publications on BibNetWiki