List of republics
Encyclopedia
This is a list of countries or states governed as a republic
Republic
A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of...

.

For Antiquity
Ancient history
Ancient history is the study of the written past from the beginning of recorded human history to the Early Middle Ages. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, with Cuneiform script, the oldest discovered form of coherent writing, from the protoliterate period around the 30th century BC...

 (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to a Western
Western culture
Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization or European civilization, refers to cultures of European origin and is used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, religious beliefs, political systems, and specific artifacts and...

 terminology to qualify their form of government
Form of government
A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a state is organized. Synonyms include "regime type" and "system of government".-Empirical and conceptual problems:...

) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a republic is an analysis by retrospect, left to the discretion of historians and political theorists.

For more recent systems of government worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance, like the United Nations, can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

Antiquity

  • Doric Greek city-states of Crete
    Crete
    Crete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits...

  • Carthage
    Carthage
    Carthage , implying it was a 'new Tyre') is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC...

     (c. 8th century BC- 146 BC)
  • Athens
    Athens
    Athens , is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, as its recorded history spans around 3,400 years. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state...

     under the separate reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes.
  • Various Greek City-States under Athenian Influence: These loyalties and governments changed frequently, and in some instances were even under the influence of Sparta
    Sparta
    Sparta or Lacedaemon, was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the banks of the River Eurotas in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. It emerged as a political entity around the 10th century BC, when the invading Dorians subjugated the local, non-Dorian population. From c...

     without succumbing to the adoption of the Oligarchy
    Oligarchy
    Oligarchy is a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with an elite class distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, commercial, and/or military legitimacy...

     system
  • Licchavi Republic
    Licchavi (clan)
    The Licchavis were the most famous clan amongst the ruling confederate clans of the Vajji mahajanapada of ancient India. Vaishali, the capital of the Licchavis, was the capital of the Vajji mahajanapada also. It was later occupied by Ajatashatru, who annexed the Vajji territory into his...

     (c. 600 BC - 400 AD)
  • Roman Republic
    Roman Republic
    The Roman Republic was the period of the ancient Roman civilization where the government operated as a republic. It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, traditionally dated around 508 BC, and its replacement by a government headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and...

     (c. 509 – 27 BC) and many other Italian cities.
  • Vaishali Republic
    Vaishali (ancient city)
    Vaiśālī was the capital city of the Licchavi, one of world's first republics, in the Vajjian Confederacy mahajanapada, around the 6th century BC. It was here in 599 BCE the 24th Jain Tirthankara, Bhagwan Mahavira was born and brought up in Kundalagrama in Vaiśālī republic, which make pious &...

     (c. 600 BC - 400 AD)
  • Hastinapur - and some states of Ancient India

Middle Ages and Renaissance

  • San Marino
    San Marino
    San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino , is a state situated on the Italian Peninsula on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave surrounded by Italy. Its size is just over with an estimated population of over 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino...

     (301 – present)
  • Amalfi
    Amalfi
    Amalfi is a town and comune in the province of Salerno, in the region of Campania, Italy, on the Gulf of Salerno, c. 35 km southeast of Naples. It lies at the mouth of a deep ravine, at the foot of Monte Cerreto , surrounded by dramatic cliffs and coastal scenery...

     (839 – 1131)
  • Venice
    Republic of Venice
    The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. It was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in...

     (c. 9th century - 1797)
  • Iceland
    Icelandic Commonwealth
    The Icelandic Commonwealth, Icelandic Free State, or Republic of Iceland was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in 930 and the pledge of fealty to the Norwegian king in 1262...

     (930 – 1262)
  • Pisa
    Republic of Pisa
    The Republic of Pisa was a de facto independent state centered on the Tuscan city of Pisa during the late tenth and eleventh centuries. It rose to become an economic powerhouse, a commercial center whose merchants dominated Mediterranean and Italian trade for a century before being surpassed and...

     (11th century – 1406, 1494–1509)
  • Genoa
    Republic of Genoa
    The Most Serene Republic of Genoa |Ligurian]]: Repúbrica de Zêna) was an independent state from 1005 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast, as well as Corsica from 1347 to 1768, and numerous other territories throughout the Mediterranean....

     (c. 1100 - 1797)
  • Florence
    History of Florence
    Florence is a major historical city in Italy, distinguished as one of the most outstanding economical, cultural, political and artistic centres in the peninsula from the late Middle Ages to the Renaissance.-Prehistoric evidence:...

     (1115 - 1537)
  • Novgorod
    Novgorod Republic
    The Novgorod Republic was a large medieval Russian state which stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains between the 12th and 15th centuries, centred on the city of Novgorod...

     (1136–1478)
  • Lucca
    Lucca
    Lucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plainnear the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca...

     (1160–1805)
  • Siena
    Siena
    Siena is a city in Tuscany, Italy. It is the capital of the province of Siena.The historic centre of Siena has been declared by UNESCO a World Heritage Site. It is one of the nation's most visited tourist attractions, with over 163,000 international arrivals in 2008...

     (1167–1557)
  • Old Swiss Confederacy
    Old Swiss Confederacy
    The Old Swiss Confederacy was the precursor of modern-day Switzerland....

     (1291 - 1798)
  • Ragusa
    Republic of Ragusa
    The Republic of Ragusa or Republic of Dubrovnik was a maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik in Dalmatia , that existed from 1358 to 1808...

     (14th century – 1808)
  • Pskov
    Pskov Republic
    Pskov, known at various times as the Principality of Pskov or the Pskov Republic , was a medieval state on the south shore of Lake Pskov. The capital city, also named Pskov, was located at the southern end of the Peipus–Pskov Lake system at the southeast corner of Ugandi, about southwest of...

     (1348–1510)
  • Cospaia
    Cospaia
    Cospaia was a small former republic in Italy. It unexpectedly gained independence in 1440 after Pope Eugene IV, embroiled in a struggle with the Council of Basel, made a sale of territory to the Republic of Florence. By error a small strip of land went unmentioned in the sale treaty, and its...

     (1440 - 1826)
  • Ambrosian Republic
    Ambrosian Republic
    The Golden Ambrosian Republic was a short-lived government founded in Milan by members of the University of Pavia with popular support...

     (1447–1450)
  • Netherlands
    Dutch Republic
    The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic and ultimately...

     (1581–1795)

Early Modern

  • Goust
    Goust
    Goust is a hamlet in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department of southwestern France. For centuries it was governed as an independent republic, and was never formally annexed by France. Noted for its centenarians, one pensioner was reported to have reached the age of 123.- Geography :Goust is located on...

     (1648 - )
  • Commonwealth of England
    Commonwealth of England
    The Commonwealth of England was the republic which ruled first England, and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. Between 1653–1659 it was known as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland...

     (1649–1660)
  • Corsican Republic
    Corsican Republic
    In November 1755, Pasquale Paoli proclaimed Corsica a sovereign nation, the Corsican Republic, independent from the Republic of Genoa. He created the Corsican Constitution, which was the first constitution written under Enlightenment principles, including the first implementation of female...

     (1755–1769)
  • United States of America (1776–Present)
  • Vermont Republic
    Vermont Republic
    The term Vermont Republic has been used by later historians for the government of what became modern Vermont from 1777 to 1791. In July 1777 delegates from 28 towns met and declared independence from jurisdictions and land claims of British colonies in New Hampshire and New York. They also...

     (1777–1791)
  • First French Republic (1792–1804)
  • Cisalpine Republic
    Cisalpine Republic
    The Cisalpine Republic was a French client republic in Northern Italy that lasted from 1797 to 1802.-Birth:After the Battle of Lodi in May 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte proceeded to organize two states: one to the south of the Po River, the Cispadane Republic, and one to the north, the Transpadane...

     (1797–1802)
  • Helvetic Republic
    Helvetic Republic
    In Swiss history, the Helvetic Republic represented an early attempt to impose a central authority over Switzerland, which until then consisted mainly of self-governing cantons united by a loose military alliance, and conquered territories such as Vaud...

     (1798–1802)
  • State of Muskogee
    State of Muskogee
    The State of Muskogee was a proclaimed sovereign nation located in Florida, founded in 1799 and led by William Augustus Bowles, a Loyalist veteran of the American Revolutionary War who lived among the Muscogee, and envisioned uniting the American Indians of the Southeast into a single nation that...

     (1799–1803)

19th Century

  • Italian Republic (1802–1805)
  • Swiss Confederation (1803–1815)
  • Confederation of the Rhine
    Confederation of the Rhine
    The Confederation of the Rhine was a confederation of client states of the First French Empire. It was formed initially from 16 German states by Napoleon after he defeated Austria's Francis II and Russia's Alexander I in the Battle of Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg, in effect, led to the...

     (1806–1813)
  • Haiti
    Haiti
    Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island...

     (1806–1849; restored 1859)
  • Duchy of Warsaw
    Duchy of Warsaw
    The Duchy of Warsaw was a Polish state established by Napoleon I in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit. The duchy was held in personal union by one of Napoleon's allies, King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony...

     (1807–1813)
  • Free City of Danzig
    Free City of Danzig
    The Free City of Danzig was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig and surrounding areas....

     (1807–1814)
  • West Florida
    West Florida
    West Florida was a region on the north shore of the Gulf of Mexico, which underwent several boundary and sovereignty changes during its history. West Florida was first established in 1763 by the British government; as its name suggests it largely consisted of the western portion of the region...

     (1810)
  • Paraguay
    Paraguay
    Paraguay , officially the Republic of Paraguay , is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the...

     (1811–present)
  • Free City of Krakow
    Free City of Kraków
    The Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Kraków with its Territory , more commonly known as either the Free City of Kraków or Republic of Kraków , was a city-state created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and controlled by its three neighbours until 1846, when in the aftermath of the...

     (1815–1846)
  • Argentina
    Argentina
    Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...

     (1810–present)
  • Chile
    Chile
    Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...

     (1818–present)
  • Colombia
    Colombia
    Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...

     (1819–present)
  • Federal Republic of Central America
    Federal Republic of Central America
    The Federal Republic of Central America, known as the United Provinces of Central America in its first year of creation, was a sovereign state in Central America, which consisted of the territories of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala of New Spain...

     (1823–1840)
  • Mexico
    Mexico
    The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...

     (1824–present)
  • Peru
    Peru
    Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....

     (1824–present)
  • Bolivia
    Bolivia
    Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...

     (1825–present)
  • Uruguay
    Uruguay
    Uruguay ,officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay,sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; ) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area...

     (1828–present)
  • Venezuela
    Venezuela
    Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...

     (1830–present)
  • Ecuador
    Ecuador
    Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...

     (1830–present)
  • Republic of Texas
    Republic of Texas
    The Republic of Texas was an independent nation in North America, bordering the United States and Mexico, that existed from 1836 to 1846.Formed as a break-away republic from Mexico by the Texas Revolution, the state claimed borders that encompassed an area that included all of the present U.S...

      (1836–1845)
  • Second French Republic (1848–1852)
  • California Republic
    California Republic
    The California Republic, also called the Bear Flag Republic, is the name used for a period of revolt against Mexico initially proclaimed by a handful of American settlers in Mexican California on June 14, 1846, in Sonoma. This was shortly before news of the Mexican–American War had reached the area...

     (1846)
  • Menton
    Menton
    Menton is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.Situated on the French Riviera, along the Franco-Italian border, it is nicknamed la perle de la France ....

     and Roquebrune
    Roquebrune-Cap-Martin
    Roquebrune-Cap-Martin is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France between Monaco and Menton. The name was changed from Roquebrune to differentiate the town from Roquebrune-sur-Argens in the neighboring Var Department.-History:In pre-Roman times the area was settled by the...

     (1848–1861)
  • Roman Republic (1849)
    Roman Republic (19th century)
    The Roman Republic was a state declared on February 9, 1849, when the government of Papal States was temporarily substituted by a republican government due to Pope Pius IX's flight to Gaeta. The republic was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini and Aurelio Saffi...

  • Republic of Ezo
    Republic of Ezo
    The ' was a short-lived state established by former Tokugawa retainers in what is now known as Hokkaidō, the large but sparsely populated northernmost island in modern Japan.-Background:...

     (1868–1869)
  • Third French Republic (1871–1940)
  • Independent Republic of Motril
    Motril
    Motril is a town and municipality on the Mediterranean coast in the province of Granada, Spain.Motril is the second largest town in the province, with a population of 59,163 as of 2008...

     (1873)
  • Franceville
    Franceville, New Hebrides
    The municipality of Franceville on Efate or Sandwich island was established during the period when the New Hebrides were a neutral territory under the loose jurisdiction of a joint Anglo-French naval commission...

     (1889)
  • Federative Republic of Brazil (1889–present)
  • Republic of Hawaii
    Republic of Hawaii
    The Republic of Hawaii was the formal name of the government that controlled Hawaii from 1894 to 1898 when it was run as a republic. The republic period occurred between the administration of the Provisional Government of Hawaii which ended on July 4, 1894 and the adoption of the Newlands...

     (1894–1898)
  • Republic of Formosa
    Republic of Formosa
    The Republic of Formosa was a short-lived republic that existed on the island of Taiwan in 1895 between the formal cession of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty of China to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki and its invasion and occupation by Japanese troops...

     (1895)
  • Haringbayan ng Katagalugan (1896–1897)- literally means "Sovereign people of the Tagalogs" or simply means "Republic of the Philippines." Product of the 1896 Philippine revolution with Andres Bonifacio as president. Immediately dissolved and reorganized due to the Tejeros Convention of the Filipino revolutionaries and change into a gobierno revolucionario under Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Republica de Biak-na-Bato (1897)- de facto government of the Philippine revolutionary men under Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, inaugurated on 1 November 1897 at San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan, Philippines
  • Republica Filipina (1898–1901)- not considered as pure, sovereign republic by the imperialist and newcomer superpowers but still historians believed that the Philippines was the First Asian Republic. Inaugurated on 23 January 1899 at the Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines, a. k. a. The Malolos Republic).
  • Greater Republic of Central America (1896–1898)
  • Republic of Acre
    Republic of Acre
    The Republic of Acre or the Independent State of Acre were the names of a series of separatist governments in then Bolivia's Acre region between 1899 and 1903. The region was eventually annexed by Brazil in 1903 and is now the state of Acre.-History:...

     (1st: 1899 - 1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903)
  • Republic of Yucatán
    Republic of Yucatán
    The Republic of Yucatan was a nineteenth century sovereign state during two periods of the century. The first Republic of Yucatan, founded May 29, 1823, joined the Mexican federation as the Federated Republic of Yucatán on December 23, 1823, less than seven months later...

     (1840–1843; 1848 )
  • First Spanish Republic
    First Spanish Republic
    The First Spanish Republic was the political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez-Campos's pronunciamento marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain...

     (1873–1874)

20th Century and Later

  • Panama
    Panama
    Panama , officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The...

     (est. 1903)
  • Portugal
    Portugal
    Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...

     (est. 5 October 1910)
  • Azerbaijan
    Azerbaijan
    Azerbaijan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to...

     (est. 18 May 1918, lost independence to Soviet Russia on 28 April 1920), first democratic parliamentary republic in the Muslim world
  • Turkey
    Turkey
    Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...

     (1925)
  • Commonwealth of the Philippines
    Commonwealth of the Philippines
    The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a designation of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when the country was a commonwealth of the United States. The Commonwealth was created by the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1934. When Manuel L...

     (1935–1946)
  • Second Spanish Republic
    Second Spanish Republic
    The Second Spanish Republic was the government of Spain between April 14 1931, and its destruction by a military rebellion, led by General Francisco Franco....

     (de jure: 1931–1939) (de facto: 1931-1975)
  • Fourth French Republic (1946–1958)
  • Indonesia
    Indonesia
    Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...

     (est. Aug 17th, 1945)
  • Italian Republic
    Italy
    Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

     (since referendum on June 2, 1946)
  • Republic of the Philippines (1946, fully independent from the United States of America, inaugurated on 4 July 1946)
  • Albania
    Albania
    Albania , officially known as the Republic of Albania , is a country in Southeastern Europe, in the Balkans region. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea...

     (est. 1946)
  • Ireland
    Ireland
    Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...

     (est. 1949)
  • India
    India
    India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

     (est. 1950)
  • Fifth French Republic (since 1958)
  • Algeria
    Algeria
    Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...

     (est. 1962)
  • Singapore
    Singapore
    Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...

     (est. 1965)
  • Afghanistan
    Afghanistan
    Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...

     (est. 1973)
  • Nepal
    Nepal
    Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India...

     (est. 2008)
  • Zimbabwe
    Zimbabwe
    Zimbabwe is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the African continent, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia and a tip of Namibia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three...


List of Republics by Type

In modern usage, a republican form of government is applied loosely to any state which claims this designation. So for example the Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic is a nation on the island of La Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries...

 under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003...

 and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...

. The Kingdom of Sweden (which in 2006 ranked highest in the Economist's index of democracy) is not a republic, but the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea (which ranks lowest in the same survey) is.

Unitary republics

Unitary republics are unitary state
Unitary state
A unitary state is a state governed as one single unit in which the central government is supreme and any administrative divisions exercise only powers that their central government chooses to delegate...

s which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature.
  • Republic of Acre
    Republic of Acre
    The Republic of Acre or the Independent State of Acre were the names of a series of separatist governments in then Bolivia's Acre region between 1899 and 1903. The region was eventually annexed by Brazil in 1903 and is now the state of Acre.-History:...

     (1st: 1899-1900; 2nd: 1900; 3rd: 1903)
  • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (republic since 1973)
  • Republic of Albania (since 1946)
  • People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
  • Republic of Armenia (1st: May 28, 1918; Current: December 25, 1991)
  • Republic of Azerbaijan (1st: 28 May 1918; Re-established: 18 October 1991)
  • People's Republic of Bangladesh
  • Republic of Benin
    Republic of Benin
    The short-lived Republic of Benin, in Nigeria's coastal Bight of Benin, was named after its capital Benin City. It was known as Mid-Western state in Nigeria until August 1967 when it was occupied by Biafra as its forces advanced towards Lagos...

  • Plurinational State of Bolivia
  • Republic of Botswana
  • Republic of Bulgaria (since 1946)
  • Burkina Faso
    Burkina Faso
    Burkina Faso – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.Its size is with an estimated...

  • Republic of Burundi (since 1966)
  • Republic of Cameroon (unitary republic 1960-1961 and 1972–present; federal republic 1961-1972)}
  • Republic of Cape Verde
  • Central African Republic
    Central African Republic
    The Central African Republic , is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Chad in the north, Sudan in the north east, South Sudan in the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo in the south, and Cameroon in the west. The CAR covers a land area of about ,...

     (1958–1976; restored 1979)
  • Republic of Chad
  • Republic of Chile
  • People's Republic of China
    People's Republic of China
    China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...

  • Republic of China
    Republic of China
    The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...

  • Republic of Colombia (unitary republic since 1886)
  • Republic of the Congo
    Republic of the Congo
    The Republic of the Congo , sometimes known locally as Congo-Brazzaville, is a state in Central Africa. It is bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Angolan exclave province of Cabinda, and the Gulf of Guinea.The region was dominated by...

  • Democratic Republic of the Congo
    Democratic Republic of the Congo
    The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world...

  • Corsican Republic
    Corsican Republic
    In November 1755, Pasquale Paoli proclaimed Corsica a sovereign nation, the Corsican Republic, independent from the Republic of Genoa. He created the Corsican Constitution, which was the first constitution written under Enlightenment principles, including the first implementation of female...

     (1755–1769)
  • Cospaia
    Cospaia
    Cospaia was a small former republic in Italy. It unexpectedly gained independence in 1440 after Pope Eugene IV, embroiled in a struggle with the Council of Basel, made a sale of territory to the Republic of Florence. By error a small strip of land went unmentioned in the sale treaty, and its...

     (1440-1826)
  • Republic of Costa Rica
  • Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
  • Republic of Croatia
  • Republic of Cuba
  • Republic of Cyprus
  • Czech Republic
    Czech Republic
    The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....

  • Republic of Djibouti
  • Commonwealth of Dominica
  • Dominican Republic
    Dominican Republic
    The Dominican Republic is a nation on the island of La Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries...

     (1801–1861, 1844–present)
  • Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
  • Republic of Ecuador
  • Arab Republic of Egypt (since 1953)
  • Republic of El Salvador (1821–present)
  • Republic of Equatorial Guinea
  • State of Eritrea
  • Republic of Estonia (1918–present)
  • Republic of Ezo
    Republic of Ezo
    The ' was a short-lived state established by former Tokugawa retainers in what is now known as Hokkaidō, the large but sparsely populated northernmost island in modern Japan.-Background:...

     (1868–1869)
  • Republic of the Fiji Islands (since 1987)
  • Finnish Democratic Republic
    Finnish Democratic Republic
    The Finnish Democratic Republic was a short-lived government dependent on and recognised only by the Soviet Union. It nominally operated in those parts of Finnish Karelia that were occupied by the Soviet Union during the Winter War....

     (1 December 1939 to 12 March 1940)
  • Republic of Finland (since 1919)
  • Republic of Formosa
    Republic of Formosa
    The Republic of Formosa was a short-lived republic that existed on the island of Taiwan in 1895 between the formal cession of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty of China to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki and its invasion and occupation by Japanese troops...

     (1895)
  • Independent Commune of Franceville (1889)
  • French Republic (1st
    French First Republic
    The French First Republic was founded on 22 September 1792, by the newly established National Convention. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First French Empire in 1804 under Napoleon I...

    : 1792-1804; 2nd
    French Second Republic
    The French Second Republic was the republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire. It officially adopted the motto Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité...

    : 1848-1852; 3rd
    French Third Republic
    The French Third Republic was the republican government of France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed due to the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, to 1940, when France was overrun by Nazi Germany during World War II, resulting in the German and Italian occupations of France...

    : 1870-1940; 4th
    French Fourth Republic
    The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic, which was in place before World War II, and suffered many of the same problems...

    : 1945-1958 and 5th
    French Fifth Republic
    The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, introduced on 4 October 1958. The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, replacing the prior parliamentary government with a semi-presidential system...

    , since 1958)
  • Gabonese Republic
  • Republic of The Gambia (since 1970)
  • Georgia
    Georgia (country)
    Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of...

  • Republic of Ghana (since 1960)
  • Goust
    Goust
    Goust is a hamlet in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department of southwestern France. For centuries it was governed as an independent republic, and was never formally annexed by France. Noted for its centenarians, one pensioner was reported to have reached the age of 123.- Geography :Goust is located on...

     (since 1648)
  • Hellenic Republic (1st
    First Hellenic Republic
    The First Hellenic Republic is a name used to refer to the provisional Greek state during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire...

    : 1822–1832; 2nd: 1924-1935; 3rd: since 1974)
  • Republic of Guatemala
  • Republic of Guinea
  • Republic of Guinea-Bissau
  • Co-operative Republic of Guyana (since 1970) is a "Co-operative Republic"
  • Republic of Haiti (1806–1849; restored 1859)
  • Republic of Hawaii
    Republic of Hawaii
    The Republic of Hawaii was the formal name of the government that controlled Hawaii from 1894 to 1898 when it was run as a republic. The republic period occurred between the administration of the Provisional Government of Hawaii which ended on July 4, 1894 and the adoption of the Newlands...

     (1894–1898)
  • Republic of Honduras
  • Republic of Hungary (since 1946)
  • Republic of Iceland (republic since 1944)
  • Republic of Indonesia (Unitary republic since August 1950)
  • Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
  • Republic of Iraq (since 1958)
  • Ireland
    Republic of Ireland
    Ireland , described as the Republic of Ireland , is a sovereign state in Europe occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of the same name. Its capital is Dublin. Ireland, which had a population of 4.58 million in 2011, is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy,...

     (republic since 1949)
  • Israel
    Israel
    The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...

     (since 1948)
  • Italian Social Republic
    Italian Social Republic
    The Italian Social Republic was a puppet state of Nazi Germany led by the "Duce of the Nation" and "Minister of Foreign Affairs" Benito Mussolini and his Republican Fascist Party. The RSI exercised nominal sovereignty in northern Italy but was largely dependent on the Wehrmacht to maintain control...

     (1943–1945)
  • Italian Republic (since 1946)
  • Republic of Kazakhstan
  • Republic of Kenya (since 1964)
  • Republic of Kiribati
  • Kyrgyz Republic
  • Lao People's Democratic Republic (since 1975)
  • Republic of Latvia
  • Republic of Lebanon (November 22, 1943)
  • Republic of Liberia
  • Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (since 1969)
  • Republic of Lithuania
  • Lokot Republic
    Lokot Republic
    The Lokot Autonomy was a semi-autonomous region in Nazi German-occupied Central Russia led by Bronislav Kaminski's administration from July 1942 to August 1943. The name is derived from the region's administrative center, the urban-type settlement of Lokot in Oryol Oblast...

     (1941–1943)
  • Republic of Macedonia
    Republic of Macedonia
    Macedonia , officially the Republic of Macedonia , is a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991...

     (1991-)
  • Republic of Madagascar
  • Republic of Malaŵi (since 1966)
  • Republic of Maldives (since 1968)
  • Republic of Mali (since 1960)
  • Republic of Malta (since 1974)
  • Republic of the Marshall Islands
  • Islamic Republic of Mauritania
  • Republic of Mauritius (since 1992)
  • Menton
    Menton
    Menton is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.Situated on the French Riviera, along the Franco-Italian border, it is nicknamed la perle de la France ....

     and Roquebrune
    Roquebrune-Cap-Martin
    Roquebrune-Cap-Martin is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France between Monaco and Menton. The name was changed from Roquebrune to differentiate the town from Roquebrune-sur-Argens in the neighboring Var Department.-History:In pre-Roman times the area was settled by the...

     (1848–1861)
  • Republic of Moldova
  • Mongolia
    Mongolia
    Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...

     (since 1924)
  • Republic of Montenegro (since 2006)
  • Republic of Mozambique
  • State of Muskogee
    State of Muskogee
    The State of Muskogee was a proclaimed sovereign nation located in Florida, founded in 1799 and led by William Augustus Bowles, a Loyalist veteran of the American Revolutionary War who lived among the Muscogee, and envisioned uniting the American Indians of the Southeast into a single nation that...

     (1799–1803)
  • Republic of Namibia
  • Republic of Nauru
  • Republic of Nicaragua
  • Republic of Niger
  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948)
  • Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956)
  • Republic of Palau
  • Republic of Panama
  • Republic of Paraguay
  • Republic of Peru
  • Republic of the Philippines (Thrice, two overlapping: First Philippine Republic
    First Philippine Republic
    The Philippine Republic , more commonly known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic was a short-lived insurgent revolutionary government in the Philippines...

     (1898–1901), Commonwealth of the Philippines
    Commonwealth of the Philippines
    The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a designation of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when the country was a commonwealth of the United States. The Commonwealth was created by the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1934. When Manuel L...

     to the Fifth Republic of the Philippines (1934–present), Second Philippine Republic
    Second Philippine Republic
    The Second Philippine Republic, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , was a state in the Philippines established on October 14, 1943 under Japanese occupation....

     (1943–1945))
  • Republic of Poland
  • Portuguese Republic (since 1910)
  • Romania
    Romania
    Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...

     (since 1947)
  • Republic of Rwanda (since 1961)
  • Russian Republic
    Russian Provisional Government
    The Russian Provisional Government was the short-lived administrative body which sought to govern Russia immediately following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II . On September 14, the State Duma of the Russian Empire was officially dissolved by the newly created Directorate, and the country was...

     (from September 14, 1917 up to November 7, 1917
    October Revolution
    The October Revolution , also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution , Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917...

    ; de-facto - since February Revolution
    February Revolution
    The February Revolution of 1917 was the first of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. Centered around the then capital Petrograd in March . Its immediate result was the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the end of the Romanov dynasty, and the end of the Russian Empire...

     up to October Revolution
    October Revolution
    The October Revolution , also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution , Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917...

    )
  • Independent State of Samoa (since 2007)
  • Most Serene Republic of San Marino (since 301)
  • Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
  • Republic of Senegal
  • Republic of Serbia
  • Republic of Seychelles
  • Republic of Sierra Leone (since 1971)
  • Republic of Singapore (since 1965)
  • Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
  • Republic of Slovenia
  • Republic of Somalia
  • Republic of South Africa (since 1961)
  • Republic of Korea (since 1948)
  • Spain
    Spain
    Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...

     (Twice: First Spanish Republic
    First Spanish Republic
    The First Spanish Republic was the political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez-Campos's pronunciamento marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain...

     (1873–1874), Second Spanish Republic
    Second Spanish Republic
    The Second Spanish Republic was the government of Spain between April 14 1931, and its destruction by a military rebellion, led by General Francisco Franco....

     (1931–1939))
  • Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (since 1972)
  • Republic of the Sudan
  • Republic of Suriname
  • Syrian Arab Republic
  • Republic of China (Taiwan)
    Republic of China
    The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...

     (established
    Xinhai Revolution
    The Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, also known as Revolution of 1911 or the Chinese Revolution, was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing , and established the Republic of China...

     1912, current Constitution
    Constitution of the Republic of China
    The Constitution of the Republic of China is the fundamental law of the Republic of China . Drafted by the Kuomintang as part of its third stage of national development , it established a centralized Republic with five branches of government...

     since 1947)
  • Republic of Tajikistan
  • United Republic of Tanzania
  • Republic of Texas
    Republic of Texas
    The Republic of Texas was an independent nation in North America, bordering the United States and Mexico, that existed from 1836 to 1846.Formed as a break-away republic from Mexico by the Texas Revolution, the state claimed borders that encompassed an area that included all of the present U.S...

     (1836–1845)
  • Togolese Republic
  • Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (since 1976)
  • Tunisian Republic (since 1957)
  • Republic of Turkey (republic since 1923)
  • Republic of Turkmenistan
  • Republic of Uganda (since 1963)
  • Ukraine
    Ukraine
    Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...

  • Oriental Republic of Uruguay
  • Republic of Uzbekistan
  • Republic of Vanuatu
  • Vermont Republic
    Vermont Republic
    The term Vermont Republic has been used by later historians for the government of what became modern Vermont from 1777 to 1791. In July 1777 delegates from 28 towns met and declared independence from jurisdictions and land claims of British colonies in New Hampshire and New York. They also...

     (1777–1791)
  • Socialist Republic of Vietnam
  • Republic of West Florida (1810)
  • Republic of Yemen (former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
    People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
    The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen — also referred to as South Yemen, Democratic Yemen or Yemen — was a socialist republic in the present-day southern and eastern Provinces of Yemen...

     and Yemen Arab Republic
    Yemen Arab Republic
    The Yemen Arab Republic , also known as North Yemen or Yemen , was a country from 1962 to 1990 in the western part of what is now Yemen...

    )
  • Republic of Zambia
  • Republic of Zimbabwe, formerly Republic of Rhodesia (1970–1979)

Federal republics

Federal republic
Federal republic
A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. A federation is the central government. The states in a federation also maintain the federation...

s are federal states in which the administrative division
Administrative division
An administrative division, subnational entity, or country subdivision is a portion of a country or other political division, established for the purpose of government. Administrative divisions are each granted a certain degree of autonomy, and are required to manage themselves through their own...

s (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government.
  • Republic of Argentina (since 1852)
  • Republic of Austria
  • Federative Republic of Brazil (since November 15, 1889)
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Bosnia and Herzegovina , sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply Bosnia, is a country in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the...

     (since 1995)
  • Federal Republic of Cameroon (1961–1972)
  • Commonwealth of England
    Commonwealth of England
    The Commonwealth of England was the republic which ruled first England, and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. Between 1653–1659 it was known as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland...

     (1649–1653)
  • Czechoslovakia
    Czechoslovakia
    Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992...

     (Czech and Slovak Federative Republic) (1969–1992)
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (unitary republic 1974-1994; federal republic since 1994)
  • Federal Republic of Germany
    Germany
    Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

     (since 1918)
  • Republic of Colombia
    Gran Colombia
    Gran Colombia is a name used today for the state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831. This short-lived republic included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru and northwest Brazil. The...

     (1819–1886), known as Great Colombia from 1819 to 1831, when it included present-day Ecuador
    Ecuador
    Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...

    , Venezuela
    Venezuela
    Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...

     and Panama
    Panama
    Panama , officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The...

    .
  • Republic of India (since January 26, 1950)
  • United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
  • Second Federal Republic of Mexico
    Second Federal Republic of Mexico
    The Second Federal Republic of Mexico, is the name that is known at the second attempt federalist in the history of Mexico . Officially called the United Mexican States, the Federal Republic was implemented again on August 22 of 1846, when the interim president José Mariano Salas, issued a decree...

     (1846–1864)
  • United Mexican States (since 1917)
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (since 2007)
  • Federal Republic of Nigeria (196366:1st Republic
    Nigerian First Republic
    The First Republic was the republican government of Nigeria between 1963 and 1966 governed by the first republican constitution.-Founding :...

    , 197983: 2nd Republic
    Nigerian Second Republic
    The Second Republic was the republican government of Nigeria between 1979 and 1983 governed by the second republican constitution.- Founding :...

    , 1993: 3rd Republic
    Nigerian Third Republic
    The Third Republic was the planned republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third Republican constitution.- Founding :...

    , 1999present: 4th Republic
    Nigerian Fourth Republic
    The Fourth Republic is the republican government of Nigeria. Since 1999 it has governed the country according to the fourth republican constitution. It was in many ways a revival of the Second Republic, which was in place between 1979 and 1983 and suffers many of the same problems, such as multiple...

    )
  • Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1956, Declaration of the Islamic Republic
    Islamic republic
    Islamic republic is the name given to several states in the Muslim world including the Islamic Republics of Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, and Mauritania. Pakistan adopted the title under the constitution of 1956. Mauritania adopted it on 28 November 1958. Iran adopted it after the 1979 Iranian...

    )
  • Russian Federation (since November 7, 1917
    October Revolution
    The October Revolution , also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution , Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917...

    ; up to 1991 it was named Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
    Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
    The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , commonly referred to as Soviet Russia, Bolshevik Russia, or simply Russia, was the largest, most populous and economically developed republic in the former Soviet Union....

    )
  • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
  • Swiss Confederation (since 1848)
  • Union of Myanmar
  • United Provinces of Central America (1823–1840)
  • United States of America (since 1789)
  • Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
  • Yugoslavia
    Yugoslavia
    Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....

    : Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1963), Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
    Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
    The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the abolition of the Yugoslav monarchy until it was dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,...

     (1963–1992), Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003)

Confederal republics

Confederal republics
Confederation
A confederation in modern political terms is a permanent union of political units for common action in relation to other units. Usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution, confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues such as defense, foreign...

 are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defence
National security
National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of economic, diplomacy, power projection and political power. The concept developed mostly in the United States of America after World War II...

 and foreign affairs
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Affairs is an American magazine and website on international relations and U.S. foreign policy published since 1922 by the Council on Foreign Relations six times annually...

:
  • Confederate States of America
    Confederate States of America
    The Confederate States of America was a government set up from 1861 to 1865 by 11 Southern slave states of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S...

     (1861–1865)
  • State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
  • Swiss Confederation (1848 – today
    Switzerland as a federal state
    The rise of Switzerland as a federal state began on September 12, 1848, with the creation of a federal constitution, which was created in response to a 27-day civil war in Switzerland, the Sonderbundskrieg...

    )
  • United States of America (under the Articles of Confederation
    Articles of Confederation
    The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 founding states that legally established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution...

    , 1776–1789)
  • Senegambia Confederation
    Sénégambia Confederation
    Senegambia, officially the Senegambia Confederation, was a loose confederation between the West African countries of Senegal and its neighbour the Gambia, which is almost completely surrounded by Senegal. The confederation came into existence on 1 February 1982 following an agreement between the...

     (1982–1989)

Arab Republic
Pan-Arabism
Pan-Arabism is an ideology espousing the unification--or, sometimes, close cooperation and solidarity against perceived enemies of the Arabs--of the countries of the Arab world, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts that the Arabs...

s

  • Arab Republic of Egypt
  • Syrian Arab Republic
  • United Arab Republic
    United Arab Republic
    The United Arab Republic , often abbreviated as the U.A.R., was a sovereign union between Egypt and Syria. The union began in 1958 and existed until 1961, when Syria seceded from the union. Egypt continued to be known officially as the "United Arab Republic" until 1971. The President was Gamal...

     (1958–1971)
  • Yemen Arab Republic
    Yemen Arab Republic
    The Yemen Arab Republic , also known as North Yemen or Yemen , was a country from 1962 to 1990 in the western part of what is now Yemen...

     (1962–1990)

Islamic Republic
Islamic republic
Islamic republic is the name given to several states in the Muslim world including the Islamic Republics of Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, and Mauritania. Pakistan adopted the title under the constitution of 1956. Mauritania adopted it on 28 November 1958. Iran adopted it after the 1979 Iranian...

s

Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:
  • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
  • Islamic Republic of Pakistan (since 1973)
  • Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)
  • Islamic Republic of Mauritania (since 1960)

Democratic Republic
Democratic republic
A democratic republic is a country which is both a republic and a democracy. However, in practice countries which describe themselves as democratic republics do not always hold free or fair elections. An example of this was the German Democratic Republic, a communist state commonly known as East...

s

These are republics that use the word "democratic" in their official name. Their actual political systems can vary considerably.
  • People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (1962–present)
  • Democratic Republic of Congo (1966–1971, 1997–present)
  • Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (1975–present)
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1991–present)
  • German Democratic Republic
    German Democratic Republic
    The German Democratic Republic , informally called East Germany by West Germany and other countries, was a socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, including East Berlin of the Allied-occupied capital city...

     (1949–1990)
  • Lao People's Democratic Republic (1975–present)
  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–present)
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008–present)
  • Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (1975–present)
  • Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (1978–present)
  • People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
    People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
    The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen — also referred to as South Yemen, Democratic Yemen or Yemen — was a socialist republic in the present-day southern and eastern Provinces of Yemen...

     (1967–1990)

Socialist Republics

These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.
  • Socialist People's Republic of Albania (1976–1990)
  • Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
  • Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
    Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
    The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was the official name of Czechoslovakia from 1960 until end of 1989 , a Soviet satellite state of the Eastern Bloc....

     (1960–1990)
  • Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
  • Socialist Republic of Vietnam
  • Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)
  • Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
    Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
    The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the abolition of the Yugoslav monarchy until it was dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,...

     (1963–1992)
  • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)

People's Republic
People's Republic
People's Republic is a title that has often been used by Marxist-Leninist governments to describe their state. The motivation for using this term lies in the claim that Marxist-Leninists govern in accordance with the interests of the vast majority of the people, and, as such, a Marxist-Leninist...

s

Meant to be governed by the people, this name is most often (but not always) used by communist state
Communist state
A communist state is a state with a form of government characterized by single-party rule or dominant-party rule of a communist party and a professed allegiance to a Leninist or Marxist-Leninist communist ideology as the guiding principle of the state...

s.
  • People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
  • People's Republic of Bangladesh
  • People's Republic of China
    People's Republic of China
    China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...

  • Lao People's Democratic Republic
  • Democratic People's Republic of Korea
  • Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya


Former People's Republics:
  • People's Republic of Hungary
    People's Republic of Hungary
    The People's Republic of Hungary or Hungarian People's Republic was the official state name of Hungary from 1949 to 1989 during its Communist period under the guidance of the Soviet Union. The state remained in existence until 1989 when opposition forces consolidated in forcing the regime to...

     (1949–1989)
  • Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)
  • People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976)
  • People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
  • Romanian People's Republic (1947–1965)
  • People's Republic of Poland
    People's Republic of Poland
    The People's Republic of Poland was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1990. Although the Soviet Union took control of the country immediately after the liberation from Nazi Germany in 1944, the name of the state was not changed until eight years later...

     (1952–1989)
  • People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
    People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
    The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen — also referred to as South Yemen, Democratic Yemen or Yemen — was a socialist republic in the present-day southern and eastern Provinces of Yemen...

     (1967–1970)
  • People's Republic of Benin
    People's Republic of Benin
    The People's Republic of Benin was a socialist state located in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent, which would become present-day Benin. The People's Republic was established on November 30, 1975, shortly after the 1972 coup d'état in the Republic of Dahomey...

     (1975–1990)
  • People's Republic of the Congo
    People's Republic of the Congo
    The People's Republic of the Congo was a self-declared Marxist-Leninist socialist state that was established in 1970 in the Republic of the Congo...

     (1970–1992)
  • People's Republic of Mozambique
    People's Republic of Mozambique
    The People's Republic of Mozambique , was a self-declared socialist state that lasted from June 25, 1975 through December 1, 1990, becoming the present day Republic of Mozambique.After gaining independence from Portugal in 1975, the People's Republic of Mozambique was established shortly...

     (1975–1990)
  • People's Republic of Angola
    People's Republic of Angola
    The People's Republic of Angola was a self-declared socialist state that was established in 1975 after it was granted independence from Portugal, akin to the situation in Mozambique. The newly-founded nation enjoyed friendly relations with the Soviet Union, Cuba, and the People's Republic of...

     (1975–1992)
  • People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
    People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
    The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was the official name of Ethiopia from 1987 to 1991, as established by the Communist government of Mengistu Haile Mariam and the Workers' Party of Ethiopia...

     (1987–1991)
  • Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946–1963)
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