List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
Encyclopedia
Mass production
Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines...
plug-in electric vehicle
Plug-in electric vehicle
A plug-in electric vehicle is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from any external source of electricity, such as wall sockets, and the electricity stored in the rechargeable battery packs drives or contributes to drive the wheels...
s (PEVs) and also includes those plug-ins at an advanced stage of development or being tested in demonstration programs. A PEV is any motor vehicle
Motor vehicle
A motor vehicle or road vehicle is a self-propelled wheeled vehicle that does not operate on rails, such as trains or trolleys. The vehicle propulsion is provided by an engine or motor, usually by an internal combustion engine, or an electric motor, or some combination of the two, such as hybrid...
that can be recharged from any external source of electricity, and a subcategory of electric vehicle
Electric vehicle
An electric vehicle , also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion...
s that includes all-electric or battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), and plug-in conversions of hybrid electric vehicle
Hybrid electric vehicle
A hybrid electric vehicle is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional...
s depending on battery size and their all-electric range. Conventional hybrid electric vehicle
Hybrid electric vehicle
A hybrid electric vehicle is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional...
s (HEVs) are not included.
Modern plug-in electric cars commercially produced
| List of modern PEV automobiles, pickups, vans and SUVs commercially produced (1980–2011) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| Models out of production | ||||
| Volkswagen Golf Mk2 citySTROMer | Sold in Europe from 1984 to 1985. Around 100 production units were produced. | |||
| Volkswagen Jetta citySTROMer | Lead-acid battery Lead–acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells maintain a relatively large... ) 155 mi (249.4 km) (Sodium-sulfur batteries Sodium-sulfur battery A sodium–sulfur battery or liquid metal battery is a type of molten metal battery constructed from sodium and sulfur . This type of battery has a high energy density, high efficiency of charge/discharge and long cycle life, and is fabricated from inexpensive materials... ) |
Sold in Europe in from 1984 to at least 1987. | ||
| VAZ-1111E | Built on order in the Soviet Union Soviet Union The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.... (later Russia Russia Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects... ) from 1989 to 1998. |
|||
| Fiat Panda Elettra | Euro The euro is the official currency of the eurozone: 17 of the 27 member states of the European Union. It is also the currency used by the Institutions of the European Union. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,... 16,850 (~US$25,000) |
Sold in Europe in 1990. | ||
| Fiat Cinquecento Elettra | Swiss franc The franc is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein; it is also legal tender in the Italian exclave Campione d'Italia. Although not formally legal tender in the German exclave Büsingen , it is in wide daily use there... (~US$159,000) |
Lead-acid battery Lead–acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells maintain a relatively large... ) 93 mi (149.7 km) (NiCd batteries) |
Produced from 1992 to 1996, popular in Italy Italy Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and... , France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... and Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition.... . |
|
| Škoda Favorit Eltra Škoda Favorit The Škoda Favorit 135 and Škoda Favorit 136 were a range of small family cars produced by Czech auto manufacturer Škoda Auto from 1987 to 1995. It was Škoda Auto's first car to follow the European trend of locating the engine at the front, mounted transversely, and was also their first car to use... 151 & 151L |
Produced from 1992–1993; sold in Western Europe. | |||
| Chrysler TEVan Chrysler TEVan The Chrysler TEVan was a battery electric vehicle produced from 1993 to 1995 by Chrysler and sold primarily to electric utilities throughout the United States. The first generation used either nickel-iron or nickel-cadmium batteries. Only 56 were produced and were sold for approximately $120,000 each... |
Only 56 units produced between 1993 and 1995. Sold primarily to electric utilities in the U.S. |
|||
| Citroën AX Electrique | Around 300 units produced from 1995 to 1996. | |||
| Volkswagen Golf Mk3 citySTROMer Volkswagen Golf Mk3 The third-generation Volkswagen Golf Mk3 was a car launched in Europe in November 1991 , and in North America in the spring of 1993. The delay in North America was due to Volkswagen's decision to supply U.S. and Canadian dealerships with Mk3 Golfs from the VW plant in Puebla, Mexico... |
Sold in Europe in from 1995 to 1998 with around 300 produced. | |||
| Fiat Seicento Elettra | Euro The euro is the official currency of the eurozone: 17 of the 27 member states of the European Union. It is also the currency used by the Institutions of the European Union. The eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,... 21,000 (~US$29,000) |
Produced from 1995 to 2005, sold throughout Western Europe. | ||
| Citroën Saxo Electrique/Peugeot 106 Electrique | Produced from 1996 to 2003 with approximately 2,500 units made. | |||
| General Motors EV1 General Motors EV1 The General Motors EV1 was an electric car produced and leased by the General Motors Corporation from 1996 to 1999. It was the first mass-produced and purpose-designed electric vehicle of the modern era from a major automaker, and the first GM car designed to be an electric vehicle from the... |
US$349 to 499 |
A total of 1,117 units leased in the U.S. from 1996 to 2003. | ||
| Toyota RAV4 EV Toyota RAV4 EV The RAV4 EV was an all-electric version of the popular RAV4 SUV produced by Toyota. It was leased from 1997 to 2003, and at the lessees request, many units were sold after the vehicle was discontinued. A total of 1,485 were leased and/or sold in California to meet the state’s mandate for... |
US$457 |
A total of 1,484 units in the U.S. leased from 1997 to 2003. As of 2010 800 units still in use. | ||
| Nissan Altra | US$599 |
Produced from 1998 to 2001. A total of 81 units were leased in the U.S. | ||
| Dodge Caravan EPIC Dodge EPIC The Dodge EPIC was a concept electric car created by Chrysler Corporation under its brand Dodge. The EPIC was first shown at the 1992 North American International Auto Show. EPIC stands for Electric Power Inter-urban Commuter. It was the first hybrid minivan.-Engine and Design:The EPIC uses an I4... |
US$450 |
Produced from 1999 to 2001. Only 207 vans were produced for the U.S. market. | ||
| Honda EV Plus Honda EV Plus The Honda EV Plus was the first battery electric vehicle from a major automaker with non-lead acid batteries. Roughly 340 EV Plus models were produced and released. The EV Plus was taken out of production in 1999 when Honda announced the release of its first hybrid electric vehicle, the Honda Insight... |
US$455 |
Around 276 units leased in the U.S. Production ended in 1999. | ||
| Ford TH!NK City Ford TH!NK The Ford TH!NK was a line of electric vehicles produced by the TH!NK Mobility, then an enterprise of Ford Motor Company. The short-lived line included four models: the TH!NK Neighbor and the TH!NK City, small electric automobiles, and the TH!NK Bike Traveler and the TH!NK Bike Fun, electric-powered... |
Leased 440 units in the U.S. from 1999 until 2003. | |||
| Nissan Hypermini Nissan Hypermini The Hypermini is a two-seater electric car produced by Nissan Motors. It was introduced in a limited way in Japan in 1999. It was launched for retail sale through Nissan dealers in the greater Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto metropolitan areas in February 2000, priced at 4,000,000 yen with a 200-volt... |
Japanese yen The is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the euro. It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro and the pound sterling... (~US$46,600) |
Sold and leased 219 units in Japan Japan Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south... and the U.S. from 1999 to 2001. |
||
| Th!nk City Th!nk City The Th!nk City is a small two-seater or 2+2-seater highway capable electric car produced by Think Global and production partner Valmet Automotive, with a top speed of and an all-electric range of on a full charge.... |
First launched in December 2008 but production was halted due to financial difficulties. Production restarted in Finland Finland Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside... in December 2009. Sold in several European countries and the U.S. Worldwide sales reached 1,045 units by March 2011. In June 2011 Think Global filed for bankruptcy and production was halted. The new owner has scheduled to restart production in early 2012 with a refined Think City. |
|||
| Models currently available in some markets | ||||
| REVAi/G-Wiz i REVA L-ion |
|
(L-Ion) |
75 mi (120.7 km) (L-ion) |
Originally launched in 2001 and followed in January 2009 by the REVA L-ion. The car has sold more than 4,000 vehicles worldwide as of mid March 2011 and is available in 26 countries including India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... , the UK, Norway Norway Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million... , Spain Spain Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula... , Australia Australia Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people... , Chile Chile Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far... , Costa Rica Costa Rica Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east.... , and the Philippines Philippines The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam... . |
| Buddy Buddy (electric car) Buddy is a Norwegian electric car, produced by Pure Mobility, formerly Elbil Norge AS, at Økern in Oslo. In 2007, the Buddy, and its predecessor, the Kewet, made up 20% of the electric cars in Norway.-History:... |
(~US$24,000) to 186,850 kroner (~US$30,500) |
Lead-acid battery Lead–acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells maintain a relatively large... ) 75 mi (120.7 km) (NiMH battery) |
Produced in Norway Norway Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million... since 2007 as a successor to the Kewet Kewet Kewet was the brand name of an battery electric vehicle. Since 2007, it has been manufactured under the name Buddy by ElbilNorge AS in Oslo, Norway.-History:... . Deliveries of an enhanced model began in January 2010. |
|
| Tesla Roadster Tesla Roadster The Tesla Roadster is a battery electric vehicle sports car produced by the electric car firm Tesla Motors in California. The Roadster was the first highway-capable all-electric vehicle in serial production available in the United States. Since 2008 Tesla has sold 2,024 Roadsters in 30 countries... |
Production began March 2008. Available in the US, Europe, Asia, and Australia. A total of 2,024 units sold in 30 countries through September 2011. | |||
| BYD F3DM BYD F3DM The BYD F3DM is a plug-in hybrid compact sedan manufactured by BYD Auto with an all-electric range of and a hybrid electric powertrain that can extend the range an additional . The F3DM is the world's first mass produced plug-in hybrid automobile and went on sale to government agencies and... |
Chinese yuan The yuan is the base unit of a number of modern Chinese currencies. The yuan is the primary unit of account of the Renminbi.A yuán is also known colloquially as a kuài . One yuán is divided into 10 jiǎo or colloquially máo... (~) US market: |
Launched in December 2008 for the Chinese market for fleet customers and in March 2010 to the general public in Shenzhen Shenzhen Shenzhen is a major city in the south of Southern China's Guangdong Province, situated immediately north of Hong Kong. The area became China's first—and one of the most successful—Special Economic Zones... . U.S. launch was scheduled for 2012 and but has been delayed. As of December 2010 a total of 465 F3DMs have been sold. |
||
| Mitsubishi i MiEV Mitsubishi i MiEV The Mitsubishi i-MiEV is a five-door hatchback electric car produced by Mitsubishi Motors, and is the electric version of the Mitsubishi i. According to the manufacturer, the i-MiEV all-electric range is on the Japanese test cycle... (rebadged also as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-ZERO Citroën C-ZERO The Citroën C-Zero is a electric supermini/city car produced by Citroën. It was developed in collaboration with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation. Its sister will be marketed by Peugeot as the Peugeot iOn... ) |
Japanese yen The is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the euro. It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro and the pound sterling... (~US$43,000) to (US) |
Fleet leasing began in July 2009, and sales to the public in Japan Japan Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south... in April 2010, followed by Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour... and Australia Australia Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area... in 2010, and Europe Europe Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting... , Costa Rica Costa Rica Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east.... and Chile Chile Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far... in 2011. Cumulative sales reached 16,000 i-MiEVs sold worldwide by October 2011, including 4,000 units rebadged as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-ZERO Citroën C-ZERO The Citroën C-Zero is a electric supermini/city car produced by Citroën. It was developed in collaboration with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation. Its sister will be marketed by Peugeot as the Peugeot iOn... in France as of September 2011. By July 2011 around 4,000 units had been sold in Japan. |
||
| Tazzari Zero Tazzari Zero The Tazzari Zero is an battery electric microcar produced by the Tazzari Group, in Imola, Italy, and debuted in the 2009 Bologna Motor Show. The Tazzari Zero uses a lithium-ion battery pack that delivers an all-electric range of .-Specifications:... |
(~) (~) |
Sales began in several European countries in 2010. | ||
| Nissan Leaf Nissan Leaf Nissan introduced its first battery electric vehicle, the Nissan Altra at the Los Angeles International Auto Show on 29 December 1997. The Altra EV was produced between 1998 and 2002, only about 200 vehicles were ever produced, and it was mainly used as a fleet vehicle for companies such as... |
Retail deliveries began in the U.S. and Japan, and fleet customers in Portugal in December 2010. As of August 2011, deliveries have also began in Ireland, the UK, the Netherlands, Canada, and France. Global sales reached 16,600 units by October 2011. with more than 6,000 Leafs sold in Japan by July 2011, and 8,066 units in the U.S. through October 2011. | |||
| Chevrolet Volt Chevrolet Volt The Chevrolet Volt is a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle manufactured by General Motors. The Volt has been on sale in the U.S. market since mid-December 2010, and is the most fuel-efficient compact car sold in the United States, as rated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency... |
(2011 model) (2012 model) |
Deliveries in the U.S. began on December 15, 2010 and initial availability is limited to seven markets. U.S. cumulative sales since December 2010 reached 5,329 units through October 2011. Deliveries in Canada began in September 2011. | ||
| Smart ED | /month (UK) /mo (US) |
Field testing began in London London London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its... with 100 units in 2007, Berlin Berlin Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union... in 2009. Leasing nationwide in the U.S. began in in January 2011, limited to 250 units. Mass production Mass production Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines... is scheduled for 2012. As of October 2011 a total of 105 units have been leased. In November 2011 fleets of 300 Smart EDs each were deployed in San Diego and Amsterdam Amsterdam Amsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population... as part of the Car2Go Car2Go Car2Go is a subsidiary of Daimler AG that provides carsharing services in several cities in Europe and North America. In November 2011 the world's first all-electric carsharing network was launched in San Diego, California, with a fleet of 300 Smart EDs... carsharing Carsharing Car sharing or Carsharing is a model of car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time, often by the hour. They are attractive to customers who make only occasional use of a vehicle, as well as others who would like occasional access to a vehicle of a different type than they use... service. |
||
| Wheego Whip LiFe | U.S. sales began in April 2011. | |||
| Mia electric Mia electric The Mia electric is a city electric car produced by the Franco-German company Mia Electric in Cerizay, France. The standard Mia has a electric motor with a 8 kWh lithium iron phosphate battery pack supplied by EVida that delivers a range of , and a maximum speed of .Production began in June 2011... |
Production began in June 2011 and sales are limited to fleet customers in France and Germany. Sales to the public will start in 2012. A total of 13 units were sold in France in September 2011. | |||
| Fisker Karma Fisker Karma The Fisker Karma is a plug-in hybrid luxury sports sedan produced by Fisker Automotive and manufactured at Valmet Automotive in Finland. The United States Environmental Protection Agency rated the Karma's combined city/highway fuel economy at equivalent in all-electric mode, and at in... |
(basic model) (top model) |
The first deliveries in the United States took place in late July 2011. Initial production was limited to five cars a week, and expected to rise to 300 cars a week from November 2011, when retail deliveries are expected to begin in the U.S. | ||
| BYD e6 BYD e6 BYD e6 is an all-electric crossover car manufactured by BYD Auto with a range of according to the carmaker. Field testing began in China in May 2010 with 40 units operating as taxis in the city of Shenzhen... |
~ |
Sales to the general public began in October, 2011, in Shenzhen, China. | ||
| Notes: PHEV: Plug-in hybrid vehicle, BEV: Battery electric vehicle Battery electric vehicle A battery electric vehicle, or BEV, is a type of electric vehicle that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of, or in addition to, internal combustion engines for propulsion.A battery-only electric vehicle or... or electric car Electric car An electric car is an automobile which is propelled by electric motor, using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. Electric cars were popular in the late-19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engine technology and mass... . (1) Plug-in conversions are not included. (2) Sales price does not reflect any government incentives or tax credit Tax credit A tax credit is a sum deducted from the total amount a taxpayer owes to the state. A tax credit may be granted for various types of taxes, such as an income tax, property tax, or VAT. It may be granted in recognition of taxes already paid, as a subsidy, or to encourage investment or other behaviors... s. (3) U.S. price (4) US$32,780 is U.S. price, ¥3.76 million (US$40,500) in Japan, €32,839 (US$40,800) in the Netherlands and €34,955 (US$43,400) in Portugal, all before any government incentive and exchange rate as of May 18, 2010. |
||||
Plug-in electric cars in pre-production and testing
| List of modern PEV automobiles, pickups, vans and SUVs in field testing and pre-production (2009–2013) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| PEVs currently undergoing field testing or demonstration programs | ||||
| Mini E Mini E The Mini E is a demonstration electric car developed by BMW as a conversion of its Mini Cooper car. The MINI E was developed for field trials and deployed in several countries, including the United States, Germany, UK, France, Japan and China... |
/month reduced to for 2nd year |
Field testing with 500 units began in the U.S. in June 2009. Testing in the U.K. began in December 2009, and Munich Munich Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat... in September 2010. |
||
| Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid | Field testing with 20 units began in 2009 with utility company fleets in the U.S. and Canada. Sales scheduled for 2012. | |||
| Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrid | Field testing with two demonstrators in Göteborg, Sweden since December 2009. Sales of a series production diesel-electric plug-in hybrid scheduled as early as 2012. | |||
| Suzuki Swift Plug-in | (~) |
Field testing with 60 units in Japan Japan Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south... scheduled for late 2010. Sales are slated for 2013. |
||
| Audi A1 e-tron | Field testing planned for late 2010 with 20 units in Munich Munich Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat... . |
|||
| Hyundai BlueOn Hyundai BlueOn The Hyundai BlueOn is a subcompact 5-door hatchback electric car to be produced by Hyundai Motor Company. According to the manufacturer, the Blue-on all-electric range is and has a top speed of over... |
Field testing with 30 units in South Korea South Korea The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south... by late 2010. Sales scheduled by late 2012 limited to domestic market. |
|||
| BMW ActiveE | US$499/month for 24 months + US$2,250 downpayment |
Field testing in the U.S. scheduled for December 2011, after the Mini E trial ends. Available only in Los Angeles Los Ángeles Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants... , New York New York New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east... , San Diego, San Francisco, Sacramento Sacramento Sacramento is the capital of the state of California, in the United States of America.Sacramento may also refer to:- United States :*Sacramento County, California*Sacramento, Kentucky*Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta... , Boston Boston Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had... , and select markets in Connecticut Connecticut Connecticut is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and the state of New York to the west and the south .Connecticut is named for the Connecticut River, the major U.S. river that approximately... . |
||
| Mercedes A-Class E-Cell | (pricing not available) |
Demonstration program with 500 cars is scheduled to begin in September 2011 in several European countries, including Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... , France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... , and the Netherlands Netherlands The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders... . |
||
| Saab 9-3 ePower | Field testing with 70 ePower demonstrators in Sweden scheduled for late 2011. | |||
| Volkswagen Golf blue-e-motion | Field testing with 500 units was scheduled for 2011. The first 10 units began field testing in Wolfsburg Wolfsburg Wolfsburg is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located on the River Aller northeast of Braunschweig , and is mainly notable as the headquarters of Volkswagen AG... in May 2011. A second batch of 80 test cars began testing in mid-2011 in Berlin Berlin Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union... , Hannover and Wolfsburg. Sales are scheduled for 2014. |
|||
| Volkswagen Golf Variant Twin Drive | Field testing with 20 research vehicles began in early 2011. Production is expected for 2015. | |||
| PEVs with market launch scheduled between 2011–2013 | ||||
| REVA NXR | ~ (city) |
City50 mi (80.5 km) |
Production was scheduled for late 2010. The first vehicles will be delivered in early 2011. City version uses lead acid batteries. Prices do not include batteries. | |
| DOK-ING XD DOK-ING XD The DOK-ING XD is a small Croatian three-seat electric city concept car created by DOK-ING. The name XD comes from oddly shaped rear lights and "D" beginning letter of the company's name. XD can travel over 250 km on a single charge with lithium iron phosphate batteries. The car has a low... |
Electric city car City car A city car is a small car intended for use primarily in an urban area.City cars are sold worldwide and most automotive industry manufacturers have one or two in their line-up. In North-America city cars are often referred to simply as "subcompacts" alongside the superminis. These kind of cars... was scheduled for mass production in late 2010 or early 2011. |
|||
| Tata Indica Vista EV | Field testing began in April 2011. Market launch in the UK scheduled for mid 2011. | |||
| Renault Fluence Z.E. Renault Fluence Z.E. The Renault Fluence Z.E. is an upcoming electric version of the Renault Fluence, part of the Renault Z.E. program of battery electric vehicles. It was unveiled by Renault at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. The Fluence Z.E... |
a monthly fee for the battery |
This is the first EV slated to be operational within the Better Place network. Sales scheduled for late 2011 in Israel Israel The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea... and Denmark Denmark Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark... . In Denmark there will be a one-time fee of 9,995 DKK (€1,341) for a private charging station Charging station An electric vehicle charging station, also called EV charging station, electric recharging point, charging point and EVSE , is an element in an infrastructure that supplies electric energy for the recharging of electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric-gasoline vehicles) or semi-static and mobile... and a choice of five fixed-price switchable-battery packages will be offered based on kilometers driven per year. For more than 40000 km (24,854.9 mi) a year the monthly fee is 2,995 DKK per month. |
||
| Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric | /mo (US) /mo (EU) |
Field testing with 50 units in Göteborg, Sweden began in 2010. Limited production began in June 2011 and leasing to fleet customers in Europe scheduled for the third quarter of 2011. | ||
| CODA sedan | Sales were re-scheduled to late 2011 and initial availability will be limited to California California California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area... . |
|||
| Ford Focus Electric Ford Focus Electric The Ford Focus Electric is a 5-door hatchback electric car being produced by Ford Motor Company. The Focus electric will be Ford's first full production, all-electric passenger vehicle. The initial U.S. market roll-out is scheduled to be limited to 19 regional markets, beginning with California and... |
Field testing with 15 units in the U.K. U.S. sales scheduled for late 2011. | |||
| Renault Twizy Z.E. Renault Twizy Z.E. The Renault Twizy Z.E. is an electric city car to be produced by Renault. The concept car was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. In May 2011 Renault announced to begin production soon and began taking reservations. Sales scheduled in Europe for late 2011 and the UK for the first quarter of... |
to + a monthly fee for the battery |
Sales scheduled in Europe for late 2011 and the UK for the first quarter of 2012. | ||
| Blue Car Bolloré Blue Car The Bolloré Blue Car is a small electric car designed by the battery manufacturer batScap, a joint venture between Bolloré and EDF from Quimper, France.... |
carsharing Carsharing Car sharing or Carsharing is a model of car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time, often by the hour. They are attractive to customers who make only occasional use of a vehicle, as well as others who would like occasional access to a vehicle of a different type than they use... only |
3,000 units will be available in Paris Paris Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region... by December 2011 as part of a carsharing Carsharing Car sharing or Carsharing is a model of car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time, often by the hour. They are attractive to customers who make only occasional use of a vehicle, as well as others who would like occasional access to a vehicle of a different type than they use... program called Autolib'. The first 66 cars were deployed in October 2011 for a two-month trial period. |
||
| Prius Plug-in Hybrid | (advanced) |
A total of 600 units are being demonstrated in several countries since 2010. Trials began in France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... , the U.K., Canada Canada Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean... and the U.S. in 2010. Sales are scheduled to begin in Japan, the U.S. and Europe by early 2012. |
||
| RAV4 EV second generation | Demonstration program scheduled for 2011 with 35 converted RAV4s. Sales slated for early 2012. Produced jointly by Toyota and Tesla Motors Tesla Motors Tesla Motors, Inc. is a Silicon Valley-based company that designs, manufactures and sells electric cars and electric vehicle powertrain components. It was the only automaker building and selling a zero-emission sports car, the Tesla Roadster, in serial production... . |
|||
| Tesla Model S Tesla Model S The Tesla Model S is a full-sized battery electric sedan developed by Tesla Motors. It is an electric car that was initially codenamed WhiteStar during research and preliminary development. Model S was announced in a press release on June 30, 2008... |
US$77,400 (premium) |
to 300 mi (482.8 km) |
Sales scheduled for mid 2012. Price depends on the range allowed by the battery: 160, 230 and 300 miles will be available. | |
| Honda Fit EV | /month for 3 years |
A demonstration program began in Guangzhou Guangzhou Guangzhou , known historically as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in southern China on the Pearl River, about north-northwest of Hong Kong, Guangzhou is a key national transportation hub and trading port... , China in November 2011. Production will be limited to only 1,100 units over the first three years. U.S. launch slated for mid 2012 but limited to California and Oregon. Sales scheduled for Japan in 2012. |
||
| Fiat 500 Elettra | Production for the U.S. market scheduled for 2012. | |||
| Scion iQ EV | Market launch scheduled for 2012. Initial production will be limited to 600 units, with 400 staying in Japan, 100 units destined to the U.S. and another 100 for Europe. | |||
| Ford C-Max Energi | Production for the U.S. market scheduled for 2012 and Europe for 2013. | |||
| Volkswagen e-Up! | Market launch scheduled for 2013. | |||
| BMW i3 BMW i3 The BMW i3, previously Mega City Vehicle , is an urban electric car under development by BMW. The i3 is part of BMW's "Project i" and is being planned as a new brand, BMW i. The BMW i3 is expected to go into mass production in 2013 with deliveries in several world markets by that year end... |
PHEV option |
Production is scheduled for 2013. A “REx” range extender option will be offered. | ||
| BMW i8 | Production is scheduled for 2013. | |||
| Fisker Surf | Production is scheduled for 2013. | |||
| Chevrolet Spark EV Chevrolet Spark EV The Chevrolet Spark EV is a prototype city electric car developed by the Chevrolet division of General Motors and first shown to the public at the 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show. The Spark EV is scheduled to be sold in select U.S. and global markets beginning in 2013 in low volumes... |
Sales are scheduled for 2013 in limited quantities and selected global markets, including California. | |||
| Jaguar C-X75 Jaguar C-X75 Jaguar C-X75 is a plug-in hybrid, two-seat, concept car from Jaguar which debuted at the 2010 Paris Motor Show. The C-X75 produces 778 horsepower through four electric motors, each of which drives one of the four wheels. The batteries driving these motors are recharged using two diesel-fed... |
£700,000 - £900,000 (US$1.15 - $1.48 million) |
A limited production (maximum of 250) will be built from 2013 until 2015. | ||
| Notes: PHEV: Plug-in hybrid vehicle, BEV: Battery electric vehicle Battery electric vehicle A battery electric vehicle, or BEV, is a type of electric vehicle that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of, or in addition to, internal combustion engines for propulsion.A battery-only electric vehicle or... or electric car Electric car An electric car is an automobile which is propelled by electric motor, using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. Electric cars were popular in the late-19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engine technology and mass... . (1) Plug-in conversions are not included. (2) Sales price does not reflect any government incentives or tax credit Tax credit A tax credit is a sum deducted from the total amount a taxpayer owes to the state. A tax credit may be granted for various types of taxes, such as an income tax, property tax, or VAT. It may be granted in recognition of taxes already paid, as a subsidy, or to encourage investment or other behaviors... s. |
||||
Modern plug-in electric motorcycles commercially produced
| List of modern PEV motorcycles commercially produced (1990–2011) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| Models out of production | ||||
| Peugeot Scoot'Elec Peugeot Scoot'Elec The Peugeot Scoot'Elec was an electric motor scooter produced by Peugeot in France.Launched in 1996, the Scoot'elec was based on the Zenith, with which it shares body panels and suspension parts. It is powered by a DC motor fed from three Saft nickel-cadmium monoblocs giving an 18 V,... |
Electric scooter with over 3,500 units sold from 1996 to 2006. | |||
| Yamaha EC-02 | Light electric motorcycle released in 2005 and discontinued in 2007. It glows in the dark and comes with iPod IPod iPod is a line of portable media players created and marketed by Apple Inc. The product line-up currently consists of the hard drive-based iPod Classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, the compact iPod Nano, and the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle... connectivity. |
|||
| Models currently available in some markets | ||||
| Brammo Enertia Brammo Enertia The Enertia is an electric motorcycle designed and sold by Brammo, Inc. It uses a Lithium iron phosphate battery, and is intended as a commuter vehicle. Enertia motorcycles first went on sale in late July 2009, and began selling at Best Buy in August 2009.... |
Sales began in July 2009, and sales began at selectBest Buy Best Buy Best Buy Co., Inc. is an American specialty retailer of consumer electronics in the United States, accounting for 19% of the market. It also operates in Mexico, Canada & China. The company's subsidiaries include Geek Squad, CinemaNow, Magnolia Audio Video, Pacific Sales, and, in Canada operates... stores in August 2009. |
|||
| Yamaha EC-03 | Light electric motorcycle, released in July 2010 as a 2011 model. | |||
| Zero X Zero X The Zero X is an electric motorcycle manufactured by Zero Motorcycles.-Specifications:The wheels are driven by hardened steel 420 chain and direct drive gearing.Braking is performed by six-piston calipers per axle, with front rotor.... |
Electric dirtbike, intended to be driven both on and offroad. | |||
| Zero MX | Electric dirtbike, intended to be driven both on and offroad. | |||
| Zero S Zero S The Zero S is an electric motorcycle manufactured by Zero Motorcycles.On 23 April 2009 the company announced it would establish a distribution network in the Canadian market while getting regulatory approval for selling the motorcycle in Canada... |
High speed motorcycle. Began shipping in 2009. | |||
| Zero DS | High speed motorcycle. | |||
| Vectrix VX-1 Vectrix Vectrix is an electric vehicle company based in Middletown, Rhode Island, United States, with research and development facilities in New Bedford, Massachusetts... |
American electric heavy-duty scooter. | |||
Plug-in electric motorcycles in pre-production and testing
| List of modern PEV motorcycles in field testing and pre-production (2007–2012) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| PEVs currently undergoing field testing or demonstration programs | ||||
| Suzuki e-Let's | Currently testing on Japanese roads. Based on the Suzuki Let’s4 basket. | |||
| PEVs with market launch scheduled between 2010–2012 | ||||
| Brammo Empulse | Empulse 8.0 $11,995 Empulse 10.0 $13,995 |
Empulse 8.080 mi (128.7 km) Empulse 10.0 100 mi (160.9 km) |
In pre-order stage. Shipments are expected to commence in 2011. | |
| Brammo Enertia Plus | In pre-order state. Shipments are expected to commence in 2011. | |||
| Smart eScooter | 4 kW scooter that currently exists as a concept vehicle but is likely to enter production. It features solar cells on the windscreen to trickle charge the batteries. | |||
Modern plug-in electric utility vehicles commercially produced
| List of modern PEV utility vehicles commercially produced (1980–2011) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| Models out of production | ||||
| Citroën C15 Electrique Citroën C15 The Citroën C15 was a panel van produced by the French manufacturer Citroën from 1984 until 2005. It was the successor the Citroën 2CV vans that pioneered the box van format from the 1950s to the 1980s.... |
Electric pickup truck produced in 1989, with production totaling 400 units. | |||
| Citroën C25 Electrique Citroën C25 The Citroën C25 is a 2.5 tonne capacity van produced by Sevel Sur from October 1981 until 1993. The result of a collaboration with the Italian manufacturer Fiat , the C25 was manufactured in Italy in the Sevel Val di Sangro plant in Central Italy together with the similar Fiat Ducato, and Peugeot... /Peugeot J5 Electrique Peugeot J5 The Peugeot J5 is a 2.5 tonne capacity van produced from October 1981 until 1993. The result of a collaboration with the Italian manufacturer Fiat, the J5 was manufactured in Italy by Sevel Sur in the Sevel Val di Sangro plant in Central Italy together with the similar Fiat Ducato, and Citroën C25... |
French franc The franc was a currency of France. Along with the Spanish peseta, it was also a de facto currency used in Andorra . Between 1360 and 1641, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount of money... 150,000 (~US$32,500) |
Large, heavy duty van sold mostly to government administrations. Produced from 1989 to 1991. | ||
| Chevrolet S-10 EV | US$440 |
Electric pickup truck produced between 1997 and 1998. Out of 492 units produced about 60 were sold to fleet customers in the U.S. |
||
| Ford Ranger EV Ford Ranger EV The Ford Ranger EV is a battery electric vehicle produced by Ford Motor Company. It was produced starting in the 1998 model year through 2002 and is no longer in production. It is built upon a light truck chassis used in the Ford Ranger. A few vehicles with lead-acid batteries were sold, but most... |
US$349 to 450 |
Electric pickup truck leased with 205 units to individuals and 1,500 units to fleets in the U.S. from 1998 to 2002. | ||
| Renault Kangoo Electrique Renault Kangoo The Renault Kangoo and Kangoo Express are panel van and leisure activity vehicle produced by French automaker Renault since 1997. The Kangoo is manufactured in the MCA plant in Maubeuge, France, and in Santa Isabel, Argentina. The version for the ASEAN markets was assembled by the Tan Chong Euro... |
Electric van sold in Europe from 1998 to 2004, with an optional petrol range extender. | |||
| Citroën Berlingo Electrique Citroën Berlingo Electrique The Citroën Berlingo électrique is a battery-powered version of the Berlingo range of vans. It has a 162 V Saft NiCd battery , a 28 kW Leroy Somer electric motor and has a maximum speed of 95 km/h , with a maximum range of in typical driving... /Peugeot Partner Electrique Peugeot Partner The Peugeot Partner is a van and leisure activity vehicle made by the French car manufacturer Peugeot. The van is named Partner and the leisure activity vehicle Partner Combi. In Italy it is known as the Peugeot Ranch.... |
Electric van sold in Europe from 1998 to 2005. | |||
| Mercedes-Benz Vito 108E Mercedes-Benz Vito The Mercedes-Benz Vito is a light van produced by Mercedes-Benz in the Basque town of Vitoria, Spain. From the name of the city Vitoria came the name Vito. The name was also derived from an exemplary, long-standing employee, Vito Rosenstein... |
Large van designed for use by postal services. | |||
| Models currently available in some markets | ||||
| Azure Transit Connect Electric Azure Transit Connect Electric The Azure Transit Connect Electric is an all-electric van developed as a collaboration between Azure Dynamics and Ford Motor Company, but Azure is the official manufacturer of record... |
Battery electric vehicle A battery electric vehicle, or BEV, is a type of electric vehicle that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of, or in addition to, internal combustion engines for propulsion.A battery-only electric vehicle or... |
Deliveries for fleet customers in the U.S. and Canada began in December 2010. As of October 2011 global sales reached 460 units since its introduction in December 2010. | ||
| Mercedes-Benz Vito E-Cell | Serial production began with 100 vehicles by late 2010 and 2,000 vehicles planned to be produced in 2011. Avilable for fleet rentals in Europe on a trial basis. | |||
| Notes: PHEV: Plug-in hybrid vehicle, BEV: Battery electric vehicle Battery electric vehicle A battery electric vehicle, or BEV, is a type of electric vehicle that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of, or in addition to, internal combustion engines for propulsion.A battery-only electric vehicle or... or electric car Electric car An electric car is an automobile which is propelled by electric motor, using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. Electric cars were popular in the late-19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engine technology and mass... . (1) Plug-in conversions are not included. (2) Sales price does not reflect any government incentives or tax credit Tax credit A tax credit is a sum deducted from the total amount a taxpayer owes to the state. A tax credit may be granted for various types of taxes, such as an income tax, property tax, or VAT. It may be granted in recognition of taxes already paid, as a subsidy, or to encourage investment or other behaviors... s. |
||||
Plug-in electric utility vehicles in pre-production and testing
| PEVs with market launch scheduled between 2010–2012 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Type of PEV(1) |
Original MRSP(2) /Lease per month (current $) |
Range (EV mode for PHEVs) |
Comments |
| PEVs currently undergoing field testing or demonstration programs | ||||
| Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV Mitsubishi Minicab The Mitsubishi Minicab is a kei truck and microvan built and sold in Japan by Mitsubishi Motors since 1966.-First generation:The Minicab cab-over pickup truck was launched in 1966 to replace the 360, which by this time had adopted the same model name as the Minica sedan... |
Japanese yen The is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the euro. It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro and the pound sterling... (~) (10.5 kWh model) 2,100,000 yen Japanese yen The is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the euro. It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro and the pound sterling... (~) (16.0 kWh model) |
93 mi (149.7 km) (16.0 kWh model) |
Began testing on Japanese roads in October 2010 and currently taking orders for release in December 2011. | |
See also
- Currently available electric carsCurrently available electric carsThere are electric cars available for purchase in one or more countries, or currently in mass production even if not yet delivered. There are also many electric car projects that are not yet available but are at an advanced stage of development.-Low speed:...
- Government incentives for plug-in electric vehiclesGovernment incentives for plug-in electric vehiclesGovernment incentives for plug-in electric vehicles have been established by several national and local governments around the world as a financial incentive for consumers to purchase a plug-in electric vehicle....
- List of hybrid vehicles
- List of production battery electric vehicles
External links
- Meet the Fleet by Plugincars.com
- Plug-in Vehicle Tracker: What's Coming, When by Plug In AmericaPlug In AmericaPlug In America is a 501 non-profit educational organization that promotes and advocates the use of plug-in cars, trucks and sports utlilty vehicles powered by domestic and renewable electricity which it claims will help reduce dependence on fossil fuels, improve the global environment and...