List of food additive types

Food additives can be divided into several groups, although there is some overlap between them.

Acids : Food acid

Acid

An acid is a substance which reacts with a base. Commonly, acids can be identified as tasting sour, reacting with metals such as calcium, and bases like sodium carbonate. Aqueous acids have a pH of less than 7, where an acid of lower pH is typically stronger, and turn blue litmus paper red...

s are added to make flavors "sharper", and also act as preservatives and antioxidants. Common food acids include vinegar

Vinegar

Vinegar is a liquid substance consisting mainly of acetic acid and water, the acetic acid being produced through the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria. Commercial vinegar is produced either by fast or slow fermentation processes. Slow methods generally are used with traditional...

, citric acid

Citric acid

Citric acid is a weak organic acid. It is a natural preservative/conservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks...

, tartaric acid

Tartaric acid

Tartaric acid is a white crystalline diprotic organic acid. It occurs naturally in many plants, particularly grapes, bananas, and tamarinds; is commonly combined with baking soda to function as a leavening agent in recipes, and is one of the main acids found in wine. It is added to other foods to...

, malic acid

Malic acid

Malic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH2CHOHCO2H. It is a dicarboxylic acid which is made by all living organisms, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive. Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms , though only the L-isomer exists...

, fumaric acid

Fumaric acid

Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H. This white crystalline compound is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. In fumaric acid the carboxylic acid groups are trans and in maleic acid they are cis...

, and lactic acid

Lactic acid

Lactic acid, also known as milk acid, is a chemical compound that plays a role in various biochemical processes and was first isolated in 1780 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Lactic acid is a carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C3H6O3...

.
Acidity regulators : Acidity regulator

Acidity regulator

Acidity regulators, or pH control agents, are food additives added to change or maintain pH . They can be organic or mineral acids, bases, neutralizing agents, or buffering agents....

s are used to change or otherwise control the acidity and alkalinity of foods.
Anticaking agents : Anticaking agent

Anticaking agent

An anticaking agent is an additive placed in powdered or granulated materials, such as table salt, to prevent the formation of lumps, easing packaging, transport, and consumption....

s keep powders such as milk powder from caking or sticking.
Antifoaming agents : Antifoaming agents reduce or prevent foaming in foods.
Antioxidants : Antioxidant

Antioxidant

An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions. When...

s such as vitamin C

Vitamin C

Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid or L-ascorbate is an essential nutrient for humans and certain other animal species. In living organisms ascorbate acts as an antioxidant by protecting the body against oxidative stress...

 act as preservatives by inhibiting the effects of oxygen

Oxygen

Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition...

 on food, and can be beneficial to health.
Bulking agents : Bulking agents such as starch

Starch

Starch or amylum is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by all green plants as an energy store...

 are additives that increase the bulk of a food without affecting its nutritional value.
Food coloring : Colorings

Food coloring

Food coloring is a substance, liquid or powder, that is added to food or drink to change its color. Food coloring is used both in commercial food production and in domestic cooking...

 are added to food to replace colors lost during preparation, or to make food look more attractive.
Color retention agents : In contrast to colorings, color retention agents are used to preserve a food's existing color.
Emulsifiers : Emulsifiers allow water and oils to remain mixed together in an emulsion

Emulsion

An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible . Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although the terms colloid and emulsion are sometimes used interchangeably, emulsion is used when both the dispersed and the...

, as in mayonnaise

Mayonnaise

Mayonnaise, , often abbreviated as mayo, is a sauce. It is a stable emulsion of oil, egg yolk and either vinegar or lemon juice, with many options for embellishment with other herbs and spices. Lecithin in the egg yolk is the emulsifier. Mayonnaise varies in color but is often white, cream, or pale...

, ice cream

Ice cream

Ice cream is a frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavours. Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made with other sweeteners...

, and homogenized milk

Milk

Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodies to the baby and can reduce the risk of many...

.
Flavors : Flavor

Flavor

Flavor or flavour is the sensory impression of a food or other substance, and is determined mainly by the chemical senses of taste and smell. The "trigeminal senses", which detect chemical irritants in the mouth and throat as well as temperature and texture, are also very important to the overall...

s are additives that give food a particular taste or smell, and may be derived from natural ingredients or created artificially.
Flavor enhancers : Flavor enhancers enhance a food's existing flavors. They may be extracted from natural sources (through distillation

Distillation

Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatilities of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction....

, solvent extraction, maceration, among other methods) or created artificially.
Flour treatment agents : Flour treatment agent

Flour treatment agent

Flour treatment agents are food additives combined with flour to improve baking functionality...

s are added to flour

Flour

Flour is a powder which is made by grinding cereal grains, other seeds or roots . It is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for many cultures, making the availability of adequate supplies of flour a major economic and political issue at various times throughout history...

 to improve its color or its use in baking

Baking

Baking is the technique of prolonged cooking of food by dry heat acting by convection, and not by radiation, normally in an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones. It is primarily used for the preparation of bread, cakes, pastries and pies, tarts, quiches, cookies and crackers. Such items...

.
Glazing agents: Glazing agent

Glazing agent

Glazing agents, or polishing agents, are food additives providing shiny appearance or protective coating to foods. Mostly they are based on waxes.Examples are:* Stearic acid * Beeswax * Candelilla wax...

s provide a shiny appearance or protective coating to foods.
Humectants : Humectant

Humectant

A humectant is a hygroscopic substance. It is often a molecule with several hydrophilic groups, most often hydroxyl groups, but amines and carboxyl groups, sometimes esterified, can be encountered as well; the affinity to form hydrogen bonds with molecules of water is crucial here.Since...

s prevent foods from drying out.
Tracer gas: Tracer gas

Tracer-gas leak testing method

Tracer-gas leak testing method is a nondestructive testing method.-Types:Several tracer-gas leak testing methods exist among which the methods of choice are:* Helium mass spectrometer or helium leak detection, providing the highest sensitivity...

 allow for package integrity testing to prevent foods from being exposed to atmosphere, thus guaranteeing shelf life.
Preservatives : Preservative

Preservative

A preservative is a naturally occurring or synthetically produced substance that is added to products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, paints, biological samples, wood, etc. to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes....

s prevent or inhibit spoilage of food due to fungi, bacteria and other microorganism

Microorganism

A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell , cell clusters, or no cell at all...

s.
Stabilizers : Stabilizer

Stabilizer (chemistry)

In chemistry a stabilizer is a chemical which tends to inhibit the reaction between two or more other chemicals. It can be thought of as the antonym to a catalyst...

s, thickeners and gelling agents, like agar

Agar

Agar or agar-agar is a gelatinous substance derived from a polysaccharide that accumulates in the cell walls of agarophyte red algae. Throughout history into modern times, agar has been chiefly used as an ingredient in desserts throughout Asia and also as a solid substrate to contain culture medium...

 or pectin

Pectin

Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide contained in the primary cell walls of terrestrial plants. It was first isolated and described in 1825 by Henri Braconnot...

 (used in jam for example) give foods a firmer texture. While they are not true emulsifiers, they help to stabilize emulsion

Emulsion

An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible . Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although the terms colloid and emulsion are sometimes used interchangeably, emulsion is used when both the dispersed and the...

s.
Sweeteners : Sweeteners are added to foods for flavoring. Sweeteners other than sugar

Sugar

Sugar is a class of edible crystalline carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose, characterized by a sweet flavor.Sucrose in its refined form primarily comes from sugar cane and sugar beet...

 are added to keep the food energy

Food energy

Food energy is the amount of energy obtained from food that is available through cellular respiration.Food energy is expressed in food calories or kilojoules...

 (calorie

Calorie

The calorie is a pre-SI metric unit of energy. It was first defined by Nicolas Clément in 1824 as a unit of heat, entering French and English dictionaries between 1841 and 1867. In most fields its use is archaic, having been replaced by the SI unit of energy, the joule...

s) low, or because they have beneficial effects for diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced...

 and tooth decay and diarrhea

Diarrhea

Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. It is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second most common cause of infant deaths worldwide. The loss of fluids through diarrhea can cause dehydration and...

.
Thickeners : Thickeners are substances which, when added to the mixture, increase its viscosity

Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear or tensile stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness" or "internal friction". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity...

 without substantially modifying its other properties.

Caffeine

Caffeine

Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a stimulant drug. Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruit of some plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants...

 and other GRAS

Gras

Gras is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.-Population:-References:*...

 (generally recognized as safe) additives such as sugar

Sugar

Sugar is a class of edible crystalline carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose, characterized by a sweet flavor.Sucrose in its refined form primarily comes from sugar cane and sugar beet...

 and salt

Salt

In chemistry, salts are ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. They are composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically neutral...

 are not required to go through the regulation process.

A

• Abietic acid
  Abietic acid
  Abietic acid , an organic compound that occurs widely in trees. It is the primary component of resin acid, is the primary irritant in pine wood and resin, isolated from rosin and is the most abundant of several closely related organic acids that constitute most of rosin, the solid portion of the...
  
   -
• Acacia vera -
• Acacia
  Acacia
  Acacia is a genus of shrubs and trees belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first described in Africa by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1773. Many non-Australian species tend to be thorny, whereas the majority of Australian acacias are not...
  
   -
• Acesulfame potassium
  Acesulfame potassium
  Acesulfame potassium is a calorie-free artificial sweetener, also known as Acesulfame K or Ace K , and marketed under the trade names Sunett and Sweet One. In the European Union, it is known under the E number E950...
  
   - artificial sweetener
• Acesulfame -
• Acetic acid
  Acetic acid
  Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3CO2H . It is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar , and has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell...
  
   - acidity regulator
• Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Acetylated distarch adipate
  Acetylated distarch adipate
  Acetylated distarch adipate , is a starch that is treated with acetic anhydride and adipic acid anhydride to resist high temperatures. It is used in foods as a bulking agent, stabilizer and a thickener....
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum
• Acetylated distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Acetylated oxidised starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Acetylated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Acid treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Adipic acid
  Adipic acid
  Adipic acid is the organic compound with the formula 42. From the industrial perspective, it is the most important dicarboxylic acid: About 2.5 billion kilograms of this white crystalline powder are produced annually, mainly as a precursor for the production of nylon...
  
   - food acid
• Agar
  Agar
  Agar or agar-agar is a gelatinous substance derived from a polysaccharide that accumulates in the cell walls of agarophyte red algae. Throughout history into modern times, agar has been chiefly used as an ingredient in desserts throughout Asia and also as a solid substrate to contain culture medium...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent
• Alcohol
  Alcohol
  In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxy functional group is bound to a carbon atom. In particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to three other atoms....
  
   -
• Alfalfa
  Alfalfa
  Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae cultivated as an important forage crop in the US, Canada, Argentina, France, Australia, the Middle East, South Africa, and many other countries. It is known as lucerne in the UK, France, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand, and known as...
  
   -
• Alginic acid
  Alginic acid
  Alginic acid, also called algin or alginate, is an anionic polysaccharide distributed widely in the cell walls of brown algae, where it, through binding water, forms a viscous gum. In extracted form it absorbs water quickly; it is capable of absorbing 200-300 times its own weight in water. Its...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Alitame
  Alitame
  Alitame is an artificial sweetener developed by Pfizer in the early 1980s and currently marketed in some countries under the brand name Aclame. Like aspartame, alitame is an aspartic acid-containing dipeptide. Most dipeptides are not sweet, but the unexpected discovery of aspartame in 1965 led to...
  
   - artificial sweetener
• Alkaline treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Alkanet - color (red)
• Allspice
  Allspice
  Allspice, also called Jamaica pepper, pepper, myrtle pepper, pimenta, or newspice, is a spice that is the dried unripe fruit of Pimenta dioica , a mid-canopy tree native to the Greater Antilles, southern Mexico, and Central America, now cultivated in many warm parts of the world...
  
   -
• Allura red AC
  Allura Red AC
  Allura Red AC is a red azo dye that goes by several names including: Allura Red, Food Red 17, C.I. 16035, FD&C Red 40, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-hydroxy-5--, disodium salt, and disodium 6-hydroxy-5--2-naphthalenesulfonate. It is used as a food dye and has the E number E129...
  
   - color (FDA: FD&C Red #40)
• Almond oil - used as a substitute for olive oil
  Olive oil
  Olive oil is an oil obtained from the olive , a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. It is commonly used in cooking, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps...
  
  . Also used as an emollient.
• Aluminium
  Aluminium
  Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances....
  
   - color (silver)
• Aluminium ammonium sulfate - mineral salt
• Aluminium potassium sulfate - mineral salt
• Aluminium silicate
  Aluminium silicate
  Aluminium silicate has the chemical formula 2SiO3. It has a density of 2.8 to 2.9 g/cm³, a vitreous lustre, a refractive index of 1.56, a Mohs hardness of 4.5-7.5 , and can have orthorhombic crystallography...
  
   - anti-caking agent
• Aluminium sodium sulfate - mineral salt
• Aluminium sulfate
  Aluminium sulfate
  Aluminium sulfate, alternatively spelt aluminum sulfate, aluminium sulphate, or aluminum sulphate; is a chemical compound with the formula Al23...
  
   - mineral salt
• Amaranth
  Amaranth (dye)
  Amaranth, FD&C Red No. 2, E123, C.I. Food Red 9, Acid Red 27, Azorubin S, or C.I. 16185, is a dark red to purple azo dye once used as a food dye and to color cosmetics, but since 1976 it has been banned in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration as it is a suspected carcinogen. It...
  
   - color (red) (FDA: [DELISTED] Red #2) Note that amaranth dye is unrelated to the amaranth plant
• Amaranth oil
  Amaranth oil
  Amaranth oil is extracted from the seeds of two species of the genus Amaranthus — A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus — that are called, collectively, grain amaranth. A manufacturer of this unique oil writes:...
  
   - high in squalene
  Squalene
  Squalene is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though plant sources are used as well, including amaranth seed, rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All plants and animals produce squalene, including humans...
  
   and unsaturated
  Unsaturated fat
  An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fat molecule is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond. Where double bonds are formed, hydrogen atoms are...
  
   fatty acids - used in food and cosmetic industries.
• Amchur (mango powder)
• Ammonium acetate
  Ammonium acetate
  Ammonium acetate is a chemical compound with the formula CH3COONH4 . It is a white solid, which can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid...
  
   - preservative, acidity regulator
• Ammonium adipate
  Ammonium adipate
  Ammonium adipate is a compound with formula 2 or NH4OOC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COONH4. It is the ammonium salt of adipic acid.It has E number "E359"....
  
  s - acidity regulator
• Ammonium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Ammonium bicarbonate
  Ammonium bicarbonate
  Ammonium bicarbonate, a compound with formulaNH4, also called bicarbonate of ammonia, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, hartshorn, AmBic or powdered baking ammonia, is the bicarbonate salt of ammonia....
  
   - mineral salt
• Ammonium carbonate
  Ammonium carbonate
  Ammonium carbonate is a commercial salt with the chemical formula 2CO3. It is used when crushed as a smelling salt. It can be crushed when needed in order to revive someone who has fainted...
  
   - mineral salt
• Ammonium chloride
  Ammonium chloride
  Ammonium chloride NH4Cl is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4Cl. It is a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water. Solutions of ammonium chloride are mildly acidic. Sal ammoniac is a name of natural, mineralogical form of ammonium chloride...
  
   - mineral salt
• Ammonium ferric citrate
  Ammonium ferric citrate
  Ammonium ferric citrate is a food additive with E number E381 used as an acidity regulator. It is a green or reddish-brown powder which is very soluble in water....
  
   - food acid
• Ammonium fumarate
  Ammonium fumarate
  Ammonium fumarate is a compound with formula 2 or NH4OOC-CH=CH-COONH4. It is the ammonium salt of fumaric acid.It has E number "E368"....
  
   - food acid
• Ammonium hydroxide
  Ammonium hydroxide
  Ammonia solution, also known as ammonium hydroxide, ammonia water, ammonical liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or simply ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH3...
  
   - mineral salt
• Ammonium lactate
  Ammonium lactate
  Ammonium lactate is a compound with formula NH4. It is the ammonium salt of lactic acid.It has E number "E328"....
  
   - food acid
• Ammonium malate
  Ammonium malate
  Ammonium malate is a compound with formula NH4. It is the ammonium salt of malic acid.It has E number "E349"....
  
   - food acid
• Ammonium phosphate
  Ammonium phosphate
  Ammonium phosphate is the salt of ammonia and phosphoric acid. It has the formula 3PO4 and consists of ammonium cations and phosphate anion. It is obtained as a crystalline powder upon mixing concentrated solutions of ammonia and phosphoric acid, or on the addition of excess of ammonia to the...
  
  s - mineral salt
• Ammonium phosphatides - emulsifier
• Ammonium polyphosphate
  Ammonium polyphosphate
  Ammonium polyphosphate is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching. Its chemical formula is [NH4 PO3]n showing that each monomer consists of an orthophosphate radical of a phosphorus atom with three oxygens and one negative charge...
  
  s - anti-caking agent
• Ammonium sulfate
  Ammonium sulfate
  Ammonium sulfate , 2SO4, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen as ammonium cations, and 24% sulfur as sulfate anions...
  
   - mineral salt, improving agent
• Amylase
  Amylase
  Amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Food that contains much starch but little sugar, such as rice and potato, taste slightly sweet as they are chewed because amylase turns...
  
  s - flour treatment agent
• Angelica
  Angelica
  Angelica is a genus of about 60 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far North as Iceland and Lapland...
  
   (Angelica archangelica)
• Anise
  Anise
  Anise , Pimpinella anisum, also called aniseed, is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia. Its flavor resembles that of liquorice, fennel, and tarragon.- Biology :...
  
   -
• Annatto
  Annatto
  Annatto, sometimes called roucou or achiote, is a derivative of the achiote trees of tropical regions of the Americas, used to produce a yellow to orange food coloring and also as a flavoring...
  
   - color
• Anthocyanins - color
• Apricot oil
  Apricot oil
  Apricot oil is pressed from the kernels of the Prunus armeniaca . The kernels have an oil content of 40-50%. The oil is similar to almond oil and peach oil, both of which are also extracted from the kernels of the respective fruit. Apricot oil and almond oil, are used similarly in cosmetics to...
  
   - a cooking oil from certain cultivars.
• Arabinogalactan
  Arabinogalactan
  Arabinogalactan is a biopolymer consisting of arabinose and galactose monosaccharides. Two classes of arabinogalactans are found in nature: plant arabinogalactan and microbial arabinogalactan. In plants, it is a major constituent of many gums, including gum arabic, gum gutti and so on...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum
• Argan oil
  Argan oil
  Argan oil is an oil produced from the kernels of the argan tree, endemic to Morocco, that is valued for its nutritive, cosmetic and numerous medicinal properties. The tree, a relict species from the Tertiary age, is extremely well adapted to drought and other environmentally difficult conditions of...
  
   - a food oil from Morocco
  Morocco
  Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
  
   that has also attracted recent attention in Europe
  Europe
  Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
  
  .
• Argon
  Argon
  Argon is a chemical element represented by the symbol Ar. Argon has atomic number 18 and is the third element in group 18 of the periodic table . Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.93%, making it more common than carbon dioxide...
  
   - propellant
• Rocket (Arugula)
• Asafoetida
  Asafoetida
  Asafoetida , alternative spelling asafetida, is the dried latex exuded from the living underground rhizome or tap root of several species of Ferula, which is a perennial herb...
  
   -
• Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
  Ascorbic acid
  Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C. The name is derived from a- and scorbutus , the...
  
   - antioxidant (water soluble)
• Ascorbyl palmitate
  Ascorbyl palmitate
  Ascorbyl palmitate is an ester formed from ascorbic acid and palmitic acid creating a fat-soluble form of vitamin C. In addition to its use as a source of vitamin C, it is also used as an antioxidant food additive...
  
   - antioxidant (fat soluble)
• Ascorbyl stearate
  Ascorbyl stearate
  Ascorbyl stearate is an ester formed from ascorbic acid and stearic acid. In addition to its use as a source of vitamin C, it is used as an antioxidant food additive in margarine . The USDA limits its use to 0.02% individually or in conjunction with other antioxidants....
  
   - antioxidant (fat soluble)
• Aspartame
  Aspartame
  Aspartame is an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages. In the European Union, it is codified as E951. Aspartame is a methyl ester of the aspartic acid/phenylalanine dipeptide. It was first sold under the brand name NutraSweet; since 2009 it...
  
   - artificial sweetener
• Astaxanthin
  Astaxanthin
  Astaxanthin is a carotenoid. It belongs to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenes. It is classified as a xanthophyll, which means "yellow leaves". Like many carotenoids, it is a colorful, lipid-soluble pigment. Astaxanthin is found in microalgae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp,...
  
   - color
• Avocado
  Avocado
  The avocado is a tree native to Central Mexico, classified in the flowering plant family Lauraceae along with cinnamon, camphor and bay laurel...
  
   oil
  Avocado oil
  Avocado oil is an edible oil pressed from the fruit of the Persea americana . As a food oil, it is used as an ingredient in other dishes, and as a cooking oil. It is also used for lubrication and in cosmetics where it is valued for its regenerative and moisturizing properties.It has an unusually...
  
   - used a substitute for olive oil
  Olive oil
  Olive oil is an oil obtained from the olive , a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. It is commonly used in cooking, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps...
  
  . Also used in cosmetics
  Cosmetics
  Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, towelettes, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and...
  
   and skin care products.
• Azodicarbonamide
  Azodicarbonamide
  Azodicarbonamide, or azobisformamide, is a synthetic chemical with the molecular formula C2H4O2N4. It is a yellow to orange red, odorless, crystalline powder. As a food additive, it is known by the E number E927.-Use as a food additive:...
  
   - flour bleaching agent. Also used in the production of foamed plastics and the manufacture of gaskets. Banned as a food additive in Australia and Europe.
• Azorubine
  Azorubine
  Azorubine, carmoisine, Food Red 3, Azorubin S, Brillantcarmoisin O, Acid Red 14, or C.I. 14720 is a synthetic red food dye from the azo dye group. It usually comes as a disodium salt. It is a red to maroon powder. It is used for the purposes where the food is heat-treated after fermentation. It has...
  
   - color (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10)

B

• Babassu oil
  Babassu oil
  Babassu oil or cusi oil is a clear light yellow vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the babassu palm , which grows in the Amazon region of South America. It is a non-drying oil used in food, cleaners and skin products. This oil has properties similar to coconut oil and is used in much the...
  
   - similar to, and used as a substitute for coconut oil
  Coconut oil
  Coconut oil is an edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of matured coconuts harvested from the coconut palm . Throughout the tropical world, it has provided the primary source of fat in the diets of millions of people for generations. It has various applications in food, medicine, and industry...
  
  .
• Baking powder
  Baking powder
  Baking powder is a dry chemical leavening agent used to increase the volume and lighten the texture of baked goods such as muffins, cakes, scones and American-style biscuits. Baking powder works by releasing carbon dioxide gas into a batter or dough through an acid-base reaction, causing bubbles in...
  
   - leavening agent; includes acid and base
• Baking soda - food base
• Balm, lemon
  Lemon balm
  Lemon balm , not to be confused with bee balm, Monarda species, is a perennial herb in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region....
  
   -
• Balm oil -
• Balsam Peru -
• Barberry -
• Barley flour -
• Basil (Ocimum basilicum) -
• Basil extract -
• Bay leaves -
• Beeswax
  Beeswax
  Beeswax is a natural wax produced in the bee hive of honey bees of the genus Apis. It is mainly esters of fatty acids and various long chain alcohols...
  
   - glazing agent
• Beet red - color (red)
• Beetroot
  Beetroot
  The beetroot, also known as the table beet, garden beet, red beet or informally simply as beet, is one of the many cultivated varieties of beets and arguably the most commonly encountered variety in North America, Central America and Britain.-Consumption:The usually deep-red roots of beetroot are...
  
   red - color (red)
• Ben oil
  Ben oil
  Ben oil is pressed from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera, known variously as the horseradish tree, ben oil tree, or drumstick tree. The oil is characterized by an unusually long shelf life and a mild, but pleasant taste. The name of the oil is derived from the high quantity of behenic acid. The...
  
   - extracted from the seeds of the moringa oleifera
  Moringa oleifera
  Moringa oleifera, the word Moringa probably came from dravidian language Tamil and commonly referred to as "Shojne" in Bengali, "Munagakaya" in Telugu,"Shenano" in Rajasthani,...
  
  . High in behenic acid
  Behenic acid
  Behenic acid is a normal carboxylic acid, the saturated fatty acid with formula C21H43COOH. In appearance, it consists of white to cream color crystals or powder with a melting point of 80°C and boiling point of 306°C.-Sources:...
  
  . Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for biofuel
  Biofuel
  Biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases...
  
  .
• Bentonite
  Bentonite
  Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after the respective dominant element, such as potassium , sodium , calcium , and aluminum . Experts debate a number of nomenclatorial...
  
   - anti-caking agent
• Benzoic acid
  Benzoic acid
  Benzoic acid , C7H6O2 , is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. The name derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time the only source for benzoic acid. Its salts are used as a food preservative and benzoic acid is an important precursor for the synthesis...
  
   - preservative
• Benzoyl peroxide
  Benzoyl peroxide
  Benzoyl peroxide is an organic compound in the peroxide family. It consists of two benzoyl groups bridged by a peroxide link. Its structural formula is [C6H5C]2O2. It is one of the most important organic peroxides in terms of applications and the scale of its production...
  
   - flour treatment agent
• Berebere -
• Bergamot
  Bergamot orange
  Citrus bergamia, the Bergamot orange, is a fragrant fruit the size of an orange, with a yellow colour similar to a lemon. Genetic research into the ancestral origins of extant citrus cultivars recently matched the bergamot as a likely hybrid of Citrus limetta and Citrus aurantium...
  
   - in Earl Grey tea
• Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30) - color
• Beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid ethyl ester - color
• Betanin
  Betanin
  Betanin, or Beetroot Red, is a red glycosidic food dye obtained from beets; its aglycone, obtained by hydrolyzing away the glucose molecule, is betanidin. As a food additive, its E number is E162. Betanin degrades when subjected to light, heat, and oxygen; therefore, it is used in frozen products,...
  
   - color (red)
• Biphenyl
  Biphenyl
  Biphenyl is an organic compound that forms colorless crystals. It has a distinctively pleasant smell. Biphenyl is an aromatic hydrocarbon with a molecular formula 2...
  
   - preservative
• Bison grass (Hierochloe odorata)
• Bixin
  Bixin
  Bixin is an apocarotenoid found in annatto, a natural food coloring obtained from the seeds of the achiote tree . Annatto seeds contain about 5% pigments, which consist of 70-80% bixin....
  
   - color
• Black 7984
  Black 7984
  Black 7984, Food Black 2, or C.I. 27755, is a brown-to-black synthetic diazo dye. It is often used as the tetrasodium salt.When used as a food dye, it has E number E152. Its use in food is discontinued in USA and EU since 1984...
  
   - color (brown and black)
• Black cardamom
  Black cardamom
  Black cardamom, also known as hill cardamom, Bengal cardamom, greater cardamom, Indian cardamom, Nepal cardamom, or winged cardamom, brown cardamom, thảo quả and tsao-ko) comes from either of two species in the family Zingiberaceae...
  
   -
• Black cumin
  Black cumin
  Black cumin can refer to the seeds of either of two quite different plants, both of which are used as spices:* Bunium persicum, similar to caraway in shape* Nigella sativa, also called kalonji or nigella. More common in the West...
  
   -
• Blackcurrant seed oil
  Blackcurrant seed oil
  Blackcurrant seed oil is derived from the seeds of Ribes nigrum . It contains an unusually high amount of omega-6 as well as a high amount of omega-3 fatty acids . It also contains linoleic acid as well as 2-4 percent stearidonic acid...
  
   - used as a food supplement, because of high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Also used in cosmetics.
• Black lime
  Black lime
  Black Lime is a spice used in Middle Eastern dishes. It is made by boiling fresh lime in salt water and sun drying until the insides turn black. The outside color varies from tan to black. It is sold whole or ground.-Uses:Black limes are usually used in legume, seafood or meat dishes...
  
  s -
• Pepper
  Black pepper
  Black pepper is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The fruit, known as a peppercorn when dried, is approximately in diameter, dark red when fully mature, and, like all drupes, contains a single seed...
  
   (black, white, and green) -
• Black PN - color (brown and black)
• Bleached starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Bolivian Coriander
  Bolivian Coriander
  Bolivian coriander is a herbaceous annual plant whose leaves can be used for seasoning food. The taste has been described as "somewhere between arugula, cilantro and rue." The plant is commonly grown in Mexico and South America for use in salsas...
  
   (Porophyllum ruderale) -
• Bone phosphate - anti-caking agent
• Borage
  Borage
  Borage, , also known as a starflower, is an annual herb originating in Syria, but naturalized throughout the Mediterranean region, as well as Asia Minor, Europe, North Africa, and South America. It grows to a height of , and is bristly or hairy all over the stems and leaves; the leaves are...
  
   (Borago officinalis) -
• Borage seed oil
  Borage seed oil
  Borage seed oil is derived from the seeds of the Borago officinalis . It is used medicinally as an anti-inflammatory, for treating arthritis, as well as certain skin conditions and respiratory inflammation....
  
   - similar to blackcurrant seed oil
  Blackcurrant seed oil
  Blackcurrant seed oil is derived from the seeds of Ribes nigrum . It contains an unusually high amount of omega-6 as well as a high amount of omega-3 fatty acids . It also contains linoleic acid as well as 2-4 percent stearidonic acid...
  
   - used primarily medicinally.
• Borax
  Borax
  Borax, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid. It is usually a white powder consisting of soft colorless crystals that dissolve easily in water.Borax has a wide variety of uses...
  
   - preservative
• Boric acid
  Boric acid
  Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate or boracic acid or orthoboric acid or acidum boricum, is a weak acid of boron often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, as a neutron absorber, and as a precursor of other chemical compounds. It exists in the form of colorless crystals or a...
  
   - preservative
• Brilliant Black BN
  Brilliant Black BN
  Brilliant Black BN, Brilliant Black PN, Brilliant Black A, Black PN, Food Black 1, Naphthol Black, C.I. Food Brown 1, or C.I. 28440, is a synthetic black diazo dye. It is soluble in water. It usually comes as tetrasodium salt. It has the appearance of solid, fine powder or granules...
  
  - color (brown and black)
• Brilliant blue FCF
  Brilliant Blue FCF
  Brilliant Blue FCF , also known under commercial names, is a colorant for foods and other substances to induce a color change. It is denoted by E number E133 and has a color index of 42090. It has the appearance of a reddish-blue powder...
  
   - color (FDA: FD&C Blue #1)
• Brilliant Scarlet 4R - color (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8)
• Brominated vegetable oil
  Brominated vegetable oil
  Brominated vegetable oil is vegetable oil that has had atoms of the element bromine bonded to it. Brominated vegetable oil is used as an emulsifier in citrus-flavored soft drinks to help natural fat-soluble citrus flavors stay suspended in the drink and to produce a cloudy appearance...
  
   - emulsifier, stabiliser
• Brown FK
  Brown FK
  Brown FK, also called Kipper Brown, Chocolate Brown FK, and C.I. Food Brown 1, is a brown mixture of six synthetic azo dyes, with addition of sodium chloride, and/or sodium sulfate. It is very soluble in water. Its CAS number is...
  
   - color (brown and black)
• Bush tomato
  Bush tomato
  The term bush tomato refers to the fruit or entire plants of certain nightshade species native to the more arid parts of Australia. While they are quite closely related to tomatoes , they might be even closer relatives of the eggplant , which they resemble in many details...
  
   -
• Butane
  Butane
  Butane is a gas with the formula C4H10 that is an alkane with four carbon atoms. The term may refer to any of two structural isomers, or to a mixture of them: in the IUPAC nomenclature, however, butane refers only to the unbranched n-butane isomer; the other one being called "methylpropane" or...
  
   - propellant
• Butylated hydroxyanisole
  Butylated hydroxyanisole
  Butylated hydroxyanisole is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. It is prepared from 4-methoxyphenol and isobutylene. It is a waxy solid used as a food additive with the E number E320...
  
   (BHA) - antioxidant (fat soluble)
• Butylated hydroxytoluene
  Butylated hydroxytoluene
  Butylated hydroxytoluene , also known as butylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound that is primarily used as an antioxidant food additive as well as an antioxidant additive in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, jet fuels, rubber, petroleum products, electrical transformer oil, and embalming...
  
   (BHT) - antioxidant (fat soluble)

C

• Cacao shell -
• Cachou extract -
• Cactus root extract -
• Cadinene
  Cadinene
  Cadinene is the trivial chemical name of a number of isomeric hydrocarbons that occur in a wide variety of essential oil-producing plants. The name is derived from that of the Cade juniper , the wood of which yields an oil from which cadinene isomers were first isolated.Chemically, the cadinenes...
  
   -
• Caffeine
  Caffeine
  Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a stimulant drug. Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruit of some plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants...
  
   - stimulant
• Cajeput oil -
• Calamus
  Sweet Flag
  Acorus calamus, commonly known as Sweet Flag or Calamus and erroneously as "rush" or "sedges", is a plant from the Acoraceae family, in the genus Acorus. It is a tall perennial wetland monocot with scented leaves and more strongly scented rhizomes...
  
   -
• Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides - flavor enhancer
• Calcium acetate
  Calcium acetate
  The chemical compound calcium acetate is the calcium salt of acetic acid. It has the formula Ca2. Its standard name is calcium acetate, while calcium ethanoate is the systematic IUPAC name. An older name is acetate of lime...
  
   - preservative, acidity regulator
• Calcium alginate
  Calcium alginate
  Calcium alginate is a water-insoluble, gelatinous, cream coloured substance that can be created through the addition of aqueous calcium chloride to aqueous sodium alginate. Adding artificial flavours and colours creates a more tasty edible slime...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Calcium ascorbate
  Ascorbic acid
  Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C. The name is derived from a- and scorbutus , the...
  
   - antioxidant (water soluble)
• Calcium aluminosilicate
  Calcium aluminosilicate
  Calcium aluminosilicate, an aluminosilicate compound with calcium cations, most typically has formula CaAl2Si2O8.As a food additive, it is sometimes designated "E556"....
  
   (calcium aluminium silicate) - anti-caking agent
• Calcium ascorbate (Vitamin C)
  Calcium ascorbate
  Calcium ascorbate is a compound with the molecular formula CaC12H14O12. It is the calcium salt of ascorbic acid, one of the mineral ascorbates....
  
  
• Calcium benzoate
  Calcium benzoate
  Calcium benzoate refers to the calcium salt of benzoic acid. When used in the food industry as a preservative, its E number is E213 ; it is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand....
  
   - preservative
• Calcium bisulfite
  Calcium bisulfite
  Calcium bisulfite is an inorganic compound which is the salt of a calcium cation and a bisulfite anion. It may be prepared by reacting lime with an excess of sulfurous acid, essentially a mixture of sulfur dioxide and water. It is a weak reducing agent, as is sulfur dioxide, sulfites, and any...
  
   - preservative, antioxidant
• Calcium carbonate
  Calcium carbonate
  Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks in all parts of the world, and is the main component of shells of marine organisms, snails, coal balls, pearls, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime,...
  
  s - color (white), anticaking agent, stabiliser
• Calcium chloride
  Calcium chloride
  Calcium chloride, CaCl2, is a salt of calcium and chlorine. It behaves as a typical ionic halide, and is solid at room temperature. Common applications include brine for refrigeration plants, ice and dust control on roads, and desiccation...
  
   - mineral salt
• Calcium citrate
  Calcium citrate
  Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid. It is commonly used as a food additive , usually as a preservative, but sometimes for flavor. In this sense, it is similar to sodium citrate. Calcium citrate is also used as a water softener because the citrate ions can chelate unwanted metal...
  
  s - food acid, firming agent
• Calcium diglutamate
  Calcium diglutamate
  Calcium diglutamate, sometimes abbreviated CDG and also called calcium glutamate, is a compound with formula Ca2. It is a calcium acid salt of glutamic acid. CDG is a flavor enhancer — it is the calcium analog of monosodium glutamate...
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Calcium disodium EDTA - preservative
• Calcium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
• Calcium formate
  Calcium formate
  Calcium formate, Ca2, is the calcium salt of formic acid, HCOOH. It is also known as food additive E238 in food industry. The mineral form is very rare and called formicaite. It is known from a few boron deposits. It may be produced synthetically by reacting calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide with...
  
   - preservative
• Calcium fumarate
  Calcium fumarate
  Calcium fumarate is a compound with formula Ca or Ca. It is a calcium salt of fumaric acid.It has E number "E367"....
  
   - food acid
• Calcium gluconate
  Calcium gluconate
  Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement.-Hypocalcemia:10% calcium gluconate solution is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. This form of calcium is superior to calcium lactate, but it only contains 0.93% calcium ion. Calcium gluconate is a salt of calcium and...
  
   - acidity regulator
• Calcium guanylate
  Calcium guanylate
  Calcium guanylate is a compound with formula Ca. It is the calcium salt of guanylic acid.As a food additive, it is used as a flavor enhancer and has the E number E629....
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Calcium hydrogen sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
• Calcium hydroxide
  Calcium hydroxide
  Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca2. It is a colourless crystal or white powder and is obtained when calcium oxide is mixed, or "slaked" with water. It has many names including hydrated lime, builders lime, slack lime, cal, or...
  
   - mineral salt
• Calcium inosinate
  Calcium inosinate
  Calcium inosinate is a calcium salt of the nucleoside inosine. Under the E number E633, it is a food additive used as a flavor enhancer....
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Calcium lactate
  Calcium lactate
  Calcium lactate is a white crystalline salt made by the action of lactic acid on calcium carbonate. It is used in foods and given medicinally. Its E number is E327.Calcium lactate is often found in aged cheeses...
  
   - food acid
• Calcium lactobionate - stabilizer
• Calcium malate
  Calcium malate
  Calcium malate is a compound with formula Ca. It is the calcium salt of malic acid. As a food additive, it has the E number E352.It is related to, but different from, calcium citrate malate....
  
  s - food acid
• Calcium oxide
  Calcium oxide
  Calcium oxide , commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkaline crystalline solid at room temperature....
  
   - mineral salt
• Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B₅)
• Calcium peroxide
  Calcium peroxide
  Calcium peroxide is a solid peroxide with a white or yellowish color. For all practical purposes calcium peroxide is insoluble in water but will dissolve in acid to form hydrogen peroxide...
  
   -
• Calcium phosphate
  Calcium phosphate
  Calcium phosphate is the name given to a family of minerals containing calcium ions together with orthophosphates , metaphosphates or pyrophosphates and occasionally hydrogen or hydroxide ions ....
  
  s - mineral salt, anti-caking agent, firming agent
• Calcium polyphosphates - anti-caking agent
• Calcium propionate
  Calcium propionate
  Calcium propanoate or calcium propionate has the formula Ca2. It is the calcium salt of propanoic acid.-Uses:As a food additive, it is listed as E number 282 in the Codex Alimentarius. Calcium propanoate is used as a preservative in a wide variety of products, including but not limited to bread,...
  
   - preservative
• Calcium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
• Calcium silicate
  Calcium silicate
  Calcium silicate is the chemical compound Ca2SiO4, also known as calcium orthosilicate and sometimes formulated 2CaO.SiO2. It is one of group of compounds obtained by reacting calcium oxide and silica in various ratios e.g. 3CaO.SiO2, Ca3SiO5; 2CaO.SiO2, Ca2SiO4; 3CaO.2SiO2, Ca3Si2O7 and...
  
   - anti-caking agent
• Calcium sorbate
  Calcium sorbate
  Calcium sorbate is the calcium salt of sorbic acid. Calcium sorbate is a polyunsaturated fatty acid salt.It is a commonly-used food preservative; its E number is E203....
  
   - preservative
• Calcium stearoyl lactylate - emulsifier
• Calcium sulfate
  Calcium sulfate
  Calcium sulfate is a common laboratory and industrial chemical. In the form of γ-anhydrite , it is used as a desiccant. It is also used as a coagulant in products like tofu. In the natural state, unrefined calcium sulfate is a translucent, crystalline white rock...
  
   - flour treatment agent, mineral salt, sequestrant, improving agent, firming agent
• Calcium sulfite
  Calcium sulfite
  Calcium sulfite, or calcium sulphite, is a chemical compound which is the calcium salt of sulfurous acid with the molecular formula CaSO3. As a food additive it is used as a preservative under the E number E226...
  
   - preservative, antioxidant
• Calcium tartrate
  Calcium tartrate
  Calcium tartrate is a byproduct of the wine industry, prepared from wine fermentation dregs. It is the calcium salt of tartaric acid, an acid most commonly found in ripe grapes. Its solubility decreases with colder temperature, which results in the forming of whitish crystalline clusters as it...
  
   - food acid, emulsifier
• False flax
  Camelina sativa
  Camelina sativa, usually known in English as camelina, gold-of-pleasure, or false flax, also occasionally wild flax, linseed dodder, German sesame, and Siberian oilseed, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae which includes mustard, cabbage, rapeseed, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, brussels...
  
   oil
  False flax oil
  False flax oil is a pressed seed oil, derived from the Camelina sativa or false flax, also called gold of pleasure. False flax has long been grown in Europe, and its oil used as a lamp oil until the 18th century. In recent times, its has been explored for use in cosmetic and skin care products...
  
   made of the seeds of Camelina sativa
  Camelina sativa
  Camelina sativa, usually known in English as camelina, gold-of-pleasure, or false flax, also occasionally wild flax, linseed dodder, German sesame, and Siberian oilseed, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae which includes mustard, cabbage, rapeseed, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, brussels...
  
   - available in Russia
  Russia
  Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
  
   as ????????? ?????. Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.
• Camomile -
• Candelilla wax
  Candelilla wax
  Candelilla wax is a wax derived from the leaves of the small Candelilla shrub native to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, Euphorbia cerifera and Euphorbia antisyphilitica, from the family Euphorbiaceae...
  
   - glazing agent
• Candle nut -
• Canola oil
  Canola
  Canola refers to a cultivar of either Rapeseed or Field Mustard . Its seeds are used to produce edible oil suitable for consumption by humans and livestock. The oil is also suitable for use as biodiesel.Originally, Canola was bred naturally from rapeseed in Canada by Keith Downey and Baldur R...
  
  /Rapeseed oil, one of the most widely used cooking oils, from a (trademarked) cultivar
  Cultivar
  A cultivar'Cultivar has two meanings as explained under Formal definition. When used in reference to a taxon, the word does not apply to an individual plant but to all those plants sharing the unique characteristics that define the cultivar. is a plant or group of plants selected for desirable...
  
   of rapeseed
  Rapeseed
  Rapeseed , also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rappi, rapaseed is a bright yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae...
  
  .
• Canthaxanthin
  Canthaxanthin
  Canthaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenoids. The chemical formula of canthaxanthin is C40H52O2. It has E number E161g and is approved for use in the EU and USA however it is not approved for usage in...
  
   - color
• Caper
  Caper
  Capparis spinosa, the caper bush, is a perennial winter-deciduous species that bears rounded, fleshy leaves and large white to pinkish-white flowers. A caper is also the pickled bud of this plant...
  
   (Capparis spinosa)
• Capsanthin - color
• Capsorubin - color
• Carrageenan
  Carrageenan
  Carrageenans or carrageenins are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red seaweeds. There are several varieties of carrageen used in cooking and baking. Kappa-carrageenan is used mostly in breading and batter due to its gelling nature...
  
   - A family of linear sulphated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds.
• Caramel
  Caramel
  Caramel is a beige to dark-brown confection made by heating any of a variety of sugars. It is used as a flavoring in puddings and desserts, as a filling in bonbons, and as a topping for ice cream, custard and coffee....
  
   I (plain) - color (brown and black)
• Caramel
  Caramel
  Caramel is a beige to dark-brown confection made by heating any of a variety of sugars. It is used as a flavoring in puddings and desserts, as a filling in bonbons, and as a topping for ice cream, custard and coffee....
  
   II (Caustic Sulfite
  Sulfite
  Sulfites are compounds that contain the sulfite ion SO. The sulfite ion is the conjugate base of bisulfite. Although the acid itself is elusive, its salts are widely used.-Structure:...
  
   process) - color (brown and black)
• Caramel
  Caramel
  Caramel is a beige to dark-brown confection made by heating any of a variety of sugars. It is used as a flavoring in puddings and desserts, as a filling in bonbons, and as a topping for ice cream, custard and coffee....
  
   III (Ammonia
  Ammonia
  Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . It is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent odour. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or...
  
   process) - color (brown and black)
• Caramel
  Caramel
  Caramel is a beige to dark-brown confection made by heating any of a variety of sugars. It is used as a flavoring in puddings and desserts, as a filling in bonbons, and as a topping for ice cream, custard and coffee....
  
   IV (Ammonia sulfite process) - color (brown and black)
• Caraway
  Caraway
  Caraway also known as meridian fennel, or Persian cumin is a biennial plant in the family Apiaceae, native to western Asia, Europe and Northern Africa....
  
   -
• Carbamide - flour treatment agent
• Carbon black
  Carbon black
  Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, and a small amount from vegetable oil. Carbon black is a form of amorphous carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, although its...
  
   - color (brown and black)
• Carbon dioxide
  Carbon dioxide
  Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom...
  
   - acidity regulator, propellant
• Cardamom
  Cardamom
  Cardamom refers to several plants of the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the ginger family Zingiberaceae. Both genera are native to India and Bhutan; they are recognised by their small seed pod, triangular in cross-section and spindle-shaped, with a thin papery outer shell and small black seeds...
  
   -
• carmines
  Crimson
  Crimson is a strong, bright, deep red color. It is originally the color of the dye produced from a scale insect, Kermes vermilio, but the name is now also used as a generic term for those slightly bluish-red colors that are between red and rose; besides crimson itself, these colors include...
  
   - color (red)
• Carmoisine - color (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10)
• Carnauba wax
  Carnauba wax
  Carnauba , also called Brazil wax and palm wax, is a wax of the leaves of the palm Copernicia prunifera, a plant native to and grown only in the northeastern Brazilian states of Piauí, Ceará, and Rio Grande do Norte. It is known as "queen of waxes" and usually comes in the form of hard yellow-brown...
  
   - glazing agent
• Carob Pod -
• Carob pod oil
  Carob Pod Oil
  Carob pod oil is an edible oil pressed from carob seed pods, used medicinally.The fatty acid composition of carob pod oil is:Carob pod oil is an edible oil pressed from carob seed pods, used medicinally....
  
  /Algaroba oil, used medicinally.
• Carotene
  Carotene
  The term carotene is used for several related unsaturated hydrocarbon substances having the formula C40Hx, which are synthesized by plants but cannot be made by animals. Carotene is an orange photosynthetic pigment important for photosynthesis. Carotenes are all coloured to the human eye...
  
  s - color
  • Alpha-carotene
    Alpha-carotene
    α-Carotene is a form of carotene with a β-ring at one end and an ε-ring at the other. It is the second most common form of carotene.-Human physiology:...
    
     - color
  • Beta-carotene
    Beta-carotene
    β-Carotene is a strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits. It is an organic compound and chemically is classified as a hydrocarbon and specifically as a terpenoid , reflecting its derivation from isoprene units...
    
     - color
  • Gamma-carotene - color
• Carrageenan
  Carrageenan
  Carrageenans or carrageenins are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red seaweeds. There are several varieties of carrageen used in cooking and baking. Kappa-carrageenan is used mostly in breading and batter due to its gelling nature...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Carrot Oil -
• Cashew oil
  Cashew oil
  Cashew oil refers to oil extracted from the fruit of the cashew. The cashew nut has a shell with an oily outer layer, and a hard inner layer, within which the familiar cashew nut is contained.- Cashew shell oil :...
  
   - somewhat comparable to olive oil
  Olive oil
  Olive oil is an oil obtained from the olive , a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. It is commonly used in cooking, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps...
  
  . May have value for fighting dental cavities. http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:10597226&ctrlInfo=Round19%3AMode19a%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=
• Cassia -
• Catechu extract -
• Celery salt
  Celery
  Apium graveolens is a plant species in the family Apiaceae commonly known as celery or celeriac , depending on whether the petioles or roots are eaten: celery refers to the former and celeriac to the latter. Apium graveolens grows to 1 m tall...
  
   -
• Celery seed
  Celery
  Apium graveolens is a plant species in the family Apiaceae commonly known as celery or celeriac , depending on whether the petioles or roots are eaten: celery refers to the former and celeriac to the latter. Apium graveolens grows to 1 m tall...
  
   -
• Wheat germ
  Cereal germ
  The germ of a cereal is the reproductive part that germinates to grow into a plant; it is the embryo of the seed. Along with bran, germ is often a by-product of the milling that produces refined grain products. Cereal grains and their components, such as wheat germ, rice bran, and maize may be used...
  
   oil
  Wheat germ oil
  Wheat germ oil is extracted from the germ of the wheat kernel, which makes up only 2½% by weight of the kernel Wheat germ oil is particularly high in octacosanol - a 28 carbon long-chain saturated primary alcohol found in a number of different vegetable waxes. Octacosanol has been studied as an...
  
   - used as a food supplement, and for its "grainy" flavor. Also used medicinally. Highly unstable.
• Chalk
  Chalk
  Chalk is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is calcium carbonate or CaCO3. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite plates shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores....
  
   - color (white), anticaking agent, stabiliser
• Chervil
  Chervil
  Chervil is a delicate annual herb related to parsley. Sometimes called garden chervil, it is used to season mild-flavoured dishes and is a constituent of the French herb mixture fines herbes.-Biology:...
  
   (Anthriscus cerefolium) -
• Chicory
  Chicory
  Common chicory, Cichorium intybus, is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Various varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons , or for roots , which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and additive. It is also...
  
   -
• Chicory Root Extract - High in Inulin
  Inulin
  Inulins are a group of naturally occurring polysaccharides produced by many types of plants. They belong to a class of fibers known as fructans. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing energy and is typically found in roots or rhizomes...
  
  
• Chile pepper -
• Chili powder -
• Chives
  Chives
  Chives are the smallest species of the edible onions. A perennial plant, they are native to Europe, Asia and North America.. Allium schoenoprasum is the only species of Allium native to both the New and the Old World....
  
   (Allium schoenoprasum) -
• Chlorine dioxide
  Chlorine dioxide
  Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2. This yellowish-green gas crystallizes as bright orange crystals at −59 °C. As one of several oxides of chlorine, it is a potent and useful oxidizing agent used in water treatment and in bleaching....
  
   - flour treatment agent
• Chlorine
  Chlorine
  Chlorine is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is the second lightest halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17. The element forms diatomic molecules under standard conditions, called dichlorine...
  
   - flour treatment agent
• Chlorophyll
  Chlorophyll
  Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in almost all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρος, chloros and φύλλον, phyllon . Chlorophyll is an extremely important biomolecule, critical in photosynthesis, which allows plants to obtain energy from light...
  
  s and Chlorophyllin
  Chlorophyllin
  Chlorophyllin refers to any one of a group of closely related water-soluble salts that are semi-synthetic derivatives of chlorophyll, differing in the identity of the cations associated with the anion. Its most common form is a sodium/copper derivative used as a food additive and in alternative...
  
  s - color (green)
• Chocolate Brown HT - color
• Choline
  Choline
  Choline is a water-soluble essential nutrient. It is usually grouped within the B-complex vitamins. Choline generally refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation....
  
   salts and esters - emulsifier
• Chrysoine resorcinol
  Chrysoine resorcinol
  Chrysoine resorcinol is a synthetic azo dye which was formerly used as a food additive. In Europe, it was banned as a food additive in 1984. In the US, it was banned in 1988....
  
   - color (red)
• Cicely
  Cicely
  Cicely or Sweet Cicely is a plant belonging to the family Apiaceae, native to Central Europe; it is the sole species in the genus Myrrhis. It is a tall herbaceous perennial plant, depending on circumstances growing to 2 m [6 ft 6 in] tall. The leaves are finely divided, feathery, up to 50 cm...
  
   (Myrrhis odorata)
• Sweet cicely
  Cicely
  Cicely or Sweet Cicely is a plant belonging to the family Apiaceae, native to Central Europe; it is the sole species in the genus Myrrhis. It is a tall herbaceous perennial plant, depending on circumstances growing to 2 m [6 ft 6 in] tall. The leaves are finely divided, feathery, up to 50 cm...
  
   (Myrrhis odorata)
• Cilantro (see Coriander
  Coriander
  Coriander is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae. Coriander is native to southern Europe and North Africa to southwestern Asia. It is a soft, hairless plant growing to tall. The leaves are variable in shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant, and slender and feathery higher on the...
  
  ) (Coriandrum sativum)
• Cinnamon
  Cinnamon
  Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several trees from the genus Cinnamomum that is used in both sweet and savoury foods...
  
   -
• Cinnamon
  Cinnamon
  Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several trees from the genus Cinnamomum that is used in both sweet and savoury foods...
  
   oil - used for flavoring.
• Citranaxanthin
  Citranaxanthin
  Citranaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment used as a food additive under the E number E161i as a food coloring. There are natural sources of citranaxanthin, but it is generally prepared synthetically. It is used as an animal feed additive to impart a yellow color to chicken fat and egg yolks....
  
   - color
• Citric acid
  Citric acid
  Citric acid is a weak organic acid. It is a natural preservative/conservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks...
  
   - food acid
• Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Citrus red 2
  Citrus Red 2
  Citrus Red 2, Citrus Red No. 2, C.I. Solvent Red 80, or C.I. 12156 is an artificial dye. As a food dye, it is permitted by Food and Drug Administration since 1956 only for use in the United States to color the skin of oranges. Citrus Red 2 is listed as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen, meaning that it...
  
   - color (red)
• Cloves -
• Cochineal
  Cochineal
  The cochineal is a scale insect in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, from which the crimson-colour dye carmine is derived. A primarily sessile parasite native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico, this insect lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia, feeding on plant moisture and...
  
   - color (red)
• Coconut oil
  Coconut oil
  Coconut oil is an edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of matured coconuts harvested from the coconut palm . Throughout the tropical world, it has provided the primary source of fat in the diets of millions of people for generations. It has various applications in food, medicine, and industry...
  
   - a cooking oil, high in saturated fat
  Saturated fat
  Saturated fat is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms...
  
   - particularly used in baking
  Baking
  Baking is the technique of prolonged cooking of food by dry heat acting by convection, and not by radiation, normally in an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones. It is primarily used for the preparation of bread, cakes, pastries and pies, tarts, quiches, cookies and crackers. Such items...
  
   and cosmetics
  Cosmetics
  Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, towelettes, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and...
  
  .
• Sage
  Common sage
  Salvia officinalis is a small, perennial, evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It is a member of the family Lamiaceae and is native to the Mediterranean region, though it has naturalized in many places throughout the world...
  
   (Salvia officinalis) -
• Copper
  Copper
  Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish...
  
   complexes of chlorophylls - color (green)
• Coriander -
• Coriander
  Coriander
  Coriander is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae. Coriander is native to southern Europe and North Africa to southwestern Asia. It is a soft, hairless plant growing to tall. The leaves are variable in shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant, and slender and feathery higher on the...
  
   seed oil - used medicinally. Also used as a flavoring agent in pharmaceutical and food industries.
• Corn oil
  Corn oil
  Corn oil is oil extracted from the germ of corn . Its main use is in cooking, where its high smoke point makes refined corn oil a valuable frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarines. Corn oil is generally less expensive than most other types of vegetable oils. One bushel of corn...
  
   - one of the most common, and inexpensive cooking oils.
• Corn syrup
  Corn syrup
  Corn syrup is a food syrup, which is made from the starch of maize and contains varying amounts of maltose and higher oligosaccharides, depending on the grade. Corn syrup is used in foods to soften texture, add volume, prevent crystallization of sugar, and enhance flavor...
  
   -
• Cottonseed oil
  Cottonseed oil
  Cottonseed oil is a cooking oil extracted from the seeds of cotton plant of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum...
  
   - a major food oil, often used in industrial food processing.
• Cress
  Cress
  -Plants:* Alpine Rock Cress* Bulbous Cress* Cedar Glade Cress* Garden cress, a leafy vegetable* Hoary Bitter Cress* Hoary Cress* Indian Cress* Land cress, a biennial herb* Marsh Cress* Peppercress, a mustard* Rockcress, several brassicales...
  
   -
• Crocetin
  Crocetin
  Crocetin is a natural carotenoid dicarboxylic acid that is found in the crocus flower and Gardenia jasminoides . It forms brick red crystals with a melting point of 285 °C....
  
   - color
• Crocin
  Crocin
  Crocin is a natural carotenoid chemical compound that is found in the flowers crocus and gardenia. It is the diester formed from the disaccharide gentiobiose and the dicarboxylic acid crocetin. It has a deep red color and forms crystals with a melting point of 186 °C...
  
   - color
• Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose - emulsifier
• Cryptoxanthin
  Cryptoxanthin
  Cryptoxanthin is a natural carotenoid pigment. It has been isolated from a variety of sources including the petals and flowers of plants in the genus Physalis, orange rind, papaya, egg yolk, butter, apples, and bovine blood serum.-Chemistry:...
  
   - color
• Cumin
  Cumin
  Cumin is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native from the east Mediterranean to India. Its seeds are used in the cuisines of many different cultures, in both whole and ground form.-Etymology:...
  
   -
• Cumin
  Cumin
  Cumin is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native from the east Mediterranean to India. Its seeds are used in the cuisines of many different cultures, in both whole and ground form.-Etymology:...
  
   oil/Black seed oil - used as a flavor, particularly in meat products. Also used in veterinary medicine.
• Cupric sulfate - mineral salt
• Curcumin
  Curcumin
  Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice turmeric, which is a member of the ginger family . The other two curcuminoids are desmethoxycurcumin and bis-desmethoxycurcumin. The curcuminoids are natural phenols and are responsible for the yellow color of turmeric...
  
   - color (yellow and orange)
• Curry powder
  Curry powder
  Curry powder is a mixture of spices of widely varying composition based on South Asian cuisine. Curry powder, and the contemporary English use of the word curry are Western inventions and do not reflect any specific Indian food, though a similar mixture of spices used in north India is called...
  
   -
• Curry leaf
  Curry Tree
  The curry tree is a tropical to sub-tropical tree in the family Rutaceae, which is native to India...
  
   (Murraya koenigii) -
• Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
  Cyanocobalamin
  Cyanocobalamin is an especially common vitamer of the vitamin B12 family. It is the most famous vitamer of the family, because it is, in chemical terms, the most air-stable...
  
   -
• Cyclamate
  Cyclamate
  Sodium cyclamate is an artificial sweetener. It is 30–50 times sweeter than sugar , making it the least potent of the commercially used artificial sweeteners. Some people find it to have an unpleasant aftertaste, but, in general, less so than saccharin or acesulfame potassium...
  
  s - artificial sweetener
• Cyclamic acid
  Cyclamic acid
  Cyclamic acid is a compound with formula C6H11NHSO2OH.It is included in E number "E952".Cyclamic Acid is mainly used as catalyst in the production of paints and plastics, and furthermore as reagent for laboratories....
  
   - artificial sweetener
• beta-cyclodextrin
  Cyclodextrin
  Cyclodextrins are a family of compounds made up of sugar molecules bound together in a ring ....
  
   - emulsifier
• Lemongrass
  Cymbopogon
  Cymbopogon is a genus of about 55 species of grasses, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Old World and Oceania. It is a tall perennial grass...
  
   (Cymbopogon citratus, C. flexuosus, and other species) -

D

• Damiana
  Damiana
  Turnera diffusa, known as damiana, is a shrub native to southwestern Texas in the United States, Central America, Mexico, South America, and the Caribbean. It belongs to the family Passifloraceae....
  
   (Turnera aphrodisiaca, T. diffusa) -
• Dandelion leaf -
• Dandelion Root -
• Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) -
• Decanal dimethyl acetal -
• Decanal
  Decanal
  Decanal is an organic compound with the chemical formula C9H19CHO. It is the simplest ten-carbon aldehyde. Decanal occurs naturally and is used in fragrances and flavoring. Decanal occurs in nature and is an important component in citrus along with octanal, citral, and sinensal...
  
   -
• Decanoic acid
  Decanoic acid
  Decanoic acid, or capric acid, is a saturated fatty acid.Its formula is CH38COOH. Salts and esters of decanoic acid are called decanoates...
  
   -
• Dehydroacetic acid
  Dehydroacetic acid
  Dehydroacetic acid is a pyrone derivative used mostly as a fungicide and bactericide. It is used to reduce pickle bloating as a preservative for squash and strawberries.Also used in antienzyme toothpastes....
  
   - preservative
• Delta-tocopherol
  Delta-tocopherol
  δ-Tocopherol is one of the chemical compounds that is considered vitamin E. As a food additive, it has E number E309.See the main article tocopherol for more information.-See also:* alpha-Tocopherol* beta-Tocopherol* gamma-Tocopherol...
  
  (synthetic) - antioxidant
• Devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) medicinal
• Dextrin roasted starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Dicalcium diphosphate - anti-caking agent
• Dilauryl thiodipropionate - antioxidant
• Dill seed -
• Dill
  Dill
  Dill is a perennial herb. It is the sole species of the genus Anethum, though classified by some botanists in a related genus as Peucedanum graveolens C.B.Clarke.-Growth:...
  
   (Anethum graveolens) -
• Dimethyl dicarbonate
  Dimethyl dicarbonate
  Dimethyl dicarbonate or DMDC is a colourless liquid with a sharp odour. Its primary use is as a beverage preservative and or processing aid or sterilant , and acts by inhibiting the enzymes acetate kinase and L-glutamic acid decarboxylase...
  
   - preservative
• Dimethylpolysiloxane - emulsifier, anti-caking agent
• Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
  Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
  Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate or docusate sodium – often referred to as DSS, Aerosol OT or AOT – is a common ingredient in consumer products, especially laxatives of the stool softener type...
  
   - emulsifier
• Diphenyl - preservative
• Diphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
• Dipotassium guanylate
  Dipotassium guanylate
  Dipotassium guanylate is a compound with formula K2. It is a potassium salt of guanylic acid.As a food additive, it is used as a flavor enhancer and has the E number E628....
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Dipotassium inosinate - flavor enhancer
• Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides - flavor enhancer
• Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate - antioxidant, preservative
• Disodium guanylate
  Disodium guanylate
  Disodium guanylate, also known as sodium 5'-guanylate and disodium 5'-guanylate, is a natural disodium salt of the flavor enhancer guanosine monophosphate . Disodium guanylate is a food additive with the E number E627...
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Disodium inosinate
  Disodium inosinate
  Disodium inosinate is the disodium salt of inosinic acid with the chemical formula C10H11N4Na2O8P. It is used as a food additive and often found in instant noodles, potato chips, and a variety of other snacks.-Use as a food additive:...
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Distearyl thiodipropionate - antioxidant
• Dl-alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) - antioxidant
• Dodecyl gallate
  Dodecyl gallate
  Dodecyl gallate, or lauryl gallate, is the ester of dodecanol and gallic acid. As a food additive it is used under the E number E312 as an antioxidant and preservative....
  
   - antioxidant

E

• Echinacea
  Echinacea
  Echinacea is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae. The nine species it contains are commonly called purple coneflowers. They are endemic to eastern and central North America, where they are found growing in moist to dry prairies and open wooded areas. They have...
  
   -
• EDTA
  EDTA
  Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, widely abbreviated as EDTA , is a polyamino carboxylic acid and a colourless, water-soluble solid. Its conjugate base is named ethylenediaminetetraacetate. It is widely used to dissolve limescale. Its usefulness arises because of its role as a hexadentate ligand...
  
   - Antioxidant, Chelating Agent
• Egg
  Egg (food)
  Eggs are laid by females of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, and have probably been eaten by mankind for millennia. Bird and reptile eggs consist of a protective eggshell, albumen , and vitellus , contained within various thin membranes...
  
   -
• Egg yolk
  Egg yolk
  An egg yolk is a part of an egg which feeds the developing embryo. The egg yolk is suspended in the egg white by one or two spiral bands of tissue called the chalazae...
  
   -
• Egg white
  Egg white
  Egg white is the common name for the clear liquid contained within an egg. In chickens it is formed from the layers of secretions of the anterior section of the hen's oviduct during the passage of the egg. It forms around either fertilized or unfertilized egg yolks...
  
   -
• Elderberry
  Elderberry
  Sambucus is a genus of between 5 and 30 species of shrubs or small trees in the moschatel family, Adoxaceae. It was formerly placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, but was reclassified due to genetic evidence...
  
   -
• Eleutherococcus senticosus
  Eleutherococcus senticosus
  Eleutherococcus senticosus is a species of small, woody shrub in the family Araliaceae native to Northeastern Asia. It is often colloquially referred to as Siberian Ginseng or eleuthero, and is sometimes shortened to E. senticosus in medical literature. E...
  
   -
• Enzymatically hydrolyzed Carboxymethyl cellulose
  Carboxymethyl cellulose
  Carboxymethyl cellulose or cellulose gum is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone...
  
   - emulsifier
• Enzyme treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Epazote
  Epazote
  Epazote, wormseed, Jesuit's tea, Mexican tea, Paico or Herba Sancti Mariæ is an herb native to Central America, South America, and southern Mexico....
  
   (Chenopodium ambrosioides)
• Epsom salts - mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
• Erythorbin acid - antioxidant
• Erythrosine
  Erythrosine
  Erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, is an organoiodine compound, specifically a derivative of fluorone. It is cherry-pink synthetic, primarily used for food coloring. It is the disodium salt of 2,4,5,7-tetraiodofluorescein...
  
   - color (red) (FDA: FD&C Red #3)
• Erythritol
  Erythritol
  Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that has been approved for use as a food additive in the United States and throughout much of the world. It was discovered in 1848 by British chemist John Stenhouse. It occurs naturally in some fruits and fermented foods...
  
   - artificial sweetener
• Ethanol
  Ethanol
  Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a...
  
   (alcohol) -
• Ethyl maltol
  Ethyl maltol
  Ethyl maltol is an organic compound that is common flavourant in some confectioneries. It is related to the more common flavorant maltol by replacement of the methyl group by an ethyl group...
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Ethyl methyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
• Ethylparaben
  Ethylparaben
  Ethylparaben is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Its formula is HO-C6H4-CO-O-CH2CH3. It is a member of the class of compounds known as parabens.It is used as an antifungal preservative...
  
   (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) - preservative
• Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid -
• Evening primrose oil - used as a food supplement for its purported medicinal properties.

F

• Fantesk -
• Farnesol
  Farnesol
  Farnesol is a natural organic compound which is an acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol found as a colorless liquid. It is insoluble in water, but miscible with oils...
  
   -
• Fast green FCF
  Fast Green FCF
  Fast Green FCF, also called Food green 3, FD&C Green No. 3, Green 1724, Solid Green FCF, and C.I. 42053, is a sea green triarylmethane food dye. Its E number is E143....
  
   - color (FDA: FD&C Green #3)
• Fat
  Fat
  Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and generally insoluble in water. Chemically, fats are triglycerides, triesters of glycerol and any of several fatty acids. Fats may be either solid or liquid at room temperature, depending on their structure...
  
   -
• Favoxanthin - color
• Fennel
  Fennel
  Fennel is a plant species in the genus Foeniculum . It is a member of the family Apiaceae . It is a hardy, perennial, umbelliferous herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaves...
  
   (Foeniculum vulgare)
• Fenugreek
  Fenugreek
  Fenugreek is a plant in the family Fabaceae. Fenugreek is used both as a herb and as a spice . The leaves and sprouts are also eaten as vegetables...
  
   -
• Ferric ammonium citrate - food acid
• Ferrous gluconate - color retention agent
• Ferrous lactate
  Ferrous lactate
  Ferrous lactate, or iron lactate, is a chemical compound consisting of one atom of iron and two lactate anions. It has the chemical formula Fe2. It is used as a food additive with E number E585. It is an acidity regulator and colour retention agent, and is also used to fortify foods with iron....
  
   -
• Filé powder
  Filé powder
  Filé powder, also called gumbo filé, is a spicy herb made from the dried and ground leaves of the sassafras tree , native to eastern North America. It is used in the making of some types of gumbo, a Creole and Cajun soup/stew often served over rice; other versions of gumbo use okra or roux as a...
  
   -
• Five-spice powder
  Five-spice powder
  Five-spice powder is a mixture of five spices endemic to Chinese cuisine, but also used in other Asian cookery as well.-Formulae:The formulae are based on the Chinese philosophy of balancing the yin and yang in food. There are many variants. The most common is bajiao , cloves, cinnamon, huajiao ...
  
   (Chinese) -
• Fo-ti-tieng -
• Formaldehyde
  Formaldehyde
  Formaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2O. It is the simplest aldehyde, hence its systematic name methanal.Formaldehyde is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor. It is an important precursor to many other chemical compounds, especially for polymers...
  
   - preservative
• Formic acid
  Formic acid
  Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its chemical formula is HCOOH or HCO2H. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in the venom of bee and ant stings. In fact, its name comes from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to its early...
  
   - preservative
• Fructose
  Fructose
  Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple monosaccharide found in many plants. It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion. Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847...
  
   -
• Fumaric acid
  Fumaric acid
  Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H. This white crystalline compound is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid. In fumaric acid the carboxylic acid groups are trans and in maleic acid they are cis...
  
   - acidity regulator

G

• Galangal
  Galangal
  Galangal is a rhizome of plants of the genus Alpinia or Kaempferia in the ginger family Zingiberaceae, with culinary and medicinal uses originated from Indonesia...
  
   -
• Galangal root -
• Galbanum oil -
• Gallic acid
  Gallic acid
  Gallic acid is a trihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, a type of organic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plants. The chemical formula is C6H23COOH. Gallic acid is found both free and as part of...
  
   -
• Gamma-tocopherol
  Gamma-tocopherol
  γ-Tocopherol is one of the chemical compounds that is considered vitamin E. As a food additive, it has E number E308.See the main article tocopherol for more information.-See also:* alpha-Tocopherol* beta-Tocopherol* delta-Tocopherol...
  
  (synthetic) - antioxidant
• Garam masala
  Garam masala
  Garam masala is a blend of ground spices common in North Indian and other South Asian cuisines. It is used alone or with other seasonings. The word garam refers to intensity of the spices rather than capsaicin content...
  
   -
• Garlic extract -
• Garlic
  Garlic
  Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and rakkyo. Dating back over 6,000 years, garlic is native to central Asia, and has long been a staple in the Mediterranean region, as well as a frequent...
  
   -
• Garlic oil -
• Gelatin
  Gelatin
  Gelatin is a translucent, colorless, brittle , flavorless solid substance, derived from the collagen inside animals' skin and bones. It is commonly used as a gelling agent in food, pharmaceuticals, photography, and cosmetic manufacturing. Substances containing gelatin or functioning in a similar...
  
  /gelatine - Gelling agent, emulsifier
• Gellan gum
  Gellan gum
  Gellan gum is a water-soluble polysaccharide produced by Pseudomonas elodea, a bacterium.-Chemical structure:The repeating unit of the polymer is a tetrasaccharide, which consists of two residues of D-glucose and one of each residues of L-rhamnose and D-glucuronic acid...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Ginger
  Ginger
  Ginger is the rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale, consumed as a delicacy, medicine, or spice. It lends its name to its genus and family . Other notable members of this plant family are turmeric, cardamom, and galangal....
  
   -
• Ginger oil -
• Ginger root -
• Ginseng
  Ginseng
  Ginseng is any one of eleven species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, belonging to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae....
  
   -
• Glacial Acetic acid
  Acetic acid
  Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3CO2H . It is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar , and has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell...
  
   - preservative, acidity regulator
• Glucitol -
• Gluconate -
• Glucono delta-lactone
  Glucono delta-lactone
  Glucono delta-lactone is a naturally-occurring food additive with the E number E575 used as a sequestrant, an acidifier, or a curing, pickling, or leavening agent. It is a lactone of D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL is a white odorless crystalline powder.GDL is commonly found in honey, fruit juices,...
  
   - acidity regulator
• Glucose oxidase
  Glucose oxidase
  The glucose oxidase enzyme is an oxido-reductase that catalyses the oxidation of glucose to hydrogen peroxide and D-glucono-δ-lactone. In cells, it aids in breaking the sugar down into its metabolites....
  
   - antioxidant
• Glucose syrup
  Glucose syrup
  Glucose syrup is a food syrup, made from the hydrolysis of starch. Maize is commonly used as the source of the starch in the USA, in which case the syrup is called "corn syrup", but glucose syrup is also made from other starch crops, including potatoes, wheat, barley, rice and cassavap.21...
  
   - sweetener
• Glutamate -
• Glutamic acid
  Glutamic acid
  Glutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG. It is a non-essential amino acid. The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates...
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Gluten
  Gluten
  Gluten is a protein composite found in foods processed from wheat and related grain species, including barley and rye...
  
   -
• Glycerin - humectant, sweetener
• Glycerol
  Glycerol
  Glycerol is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. The glycerol backbone is central to all lipids...
  
   -
• Glycerol ester of wood rosin
  Glycerol ester of wood rosin
  Glycerol ester of wood rosin, glyceryl abietate, or Ester gum is a food additive used as an emulsifier and stabiliser, to keep oils in suspension in water....
  
   - emulsifier
• Glyceryl distearate - emulsifier
• Glyceryl monostearate - emulsifier
• Glycine
  Glycine
  Glycine is an organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH. Having a hydrogen substituent as its 'side chain', glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG cf. the genetic code.Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid...
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Glyoxylic acid
  Glyoxylic acid
  Glyoxylic acid or oxoacetic acid is an organic compound. Together with acetic acid, glycolic acid, and oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid is one of the C2 carboxylic acids. It is a colourless solid that occurs naturally and is useful industrially....
  
   -
• Gold
  Gold
  Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a...
  
   - color (gold)
• Grains of paradise -
• Grape color extract -
• Grape seed oil
  Grape seed oil
  Not to be confused with Rapeseed oil.Grape seed oil is a vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of various varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes, an abundant by-product of winemaking.- Cooking :...
  
   - suitable for cooking at high temperatures. Also used as a salad
  Salad
  Salad is any of a wide variety of dishes, including vegetable salads; salads of pasta, legumes, eggs, or grains; mixed salads incorporating meat, poultry, or seafood; and fruit salads. They may include a mixture of cold and hot, often including raw vegetables or fruits.Green salads include leaf...
  
   oil, and in cosmetics
  Cosmetics
  Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, towelettes, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and...
  
  .
• Green S
  Green S
  Green S is a green synthetic coal tar triarylmethane dye with the molecular formula C27H25N2O7S2Na.As a food dye, it has E number E142. It can be used in mint sauce, desserts, gravy granules, sweets, ice creams, and tinned peas. Green S is prohibited as a food additive in Canada, United States,...
  
   - color (green)
• Green tea
  Green tea
  Green tea is made solely from the leaves of Camellia sinensis that have undergone minimal oxidation during processing. Green tea originates from China and has become associated with many cultures throughout Asia. It has recently become more widespread in the West, where black tea is traditionally...
  
   -
• Guanylic acid - flavor enhancer
• Guar gum
  Guar gum
  Guar gum, also called guaran, is a galactomannan. It is primarily the ground endosperm of guar beans. The guar seeds are dehusked, milled and screened to obtain the guar gum. It is typically produced as a free-flowing, pale, off-white-colored, coarse to fine ground powder.-Production:Guar gum is an...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
• Guaranine -
• Gum acacia - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Gum arabic
  Gum arabic
  220px|thumb|right|Acacia gumGum arabic, also known as acacia gum, chaar gund, char goond, or meska, is a natural gum made of hardened sap taken from two species of the acacia tree; Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Gum guaicum
  Gum guaicum
  Gum guaicum is a substance produced from the tree species Guaiacum officinale. It is allowed to be used as food additive in some countries and is registered under the E number E314....
  
   - preservative

H

• Haw bark -
• Hazelnut oil - used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight astringent
  Astringent
  An astringent substance is a chemical compound that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues, usually locally after topical medicinal application. The word "astringent" derives from Latin adstringere, meaning "to bind fast"...
  
   nature.
• Heliotropin -
• Helium
  Helium
  Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4.002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table...
  
   - propellant
• Hemlock oil -
• Hemp oil
  Hemp oil
  Hempseed oil is pressed from the seed of the hemp plant irrespective of the strain of cannabis. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a pleasant nutty flavor. The darker the color, the grassier the flavour....
  
   - a high quality food oil.
• Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate
  Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate
  Heptylparaben is a compound with formula C7H15. It is a paraben which is the heptyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.As a food additive it has E number E209, and is used as a preservative....
  
   - preservative
• Hesperidin
  Hesperidin
  Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside found abundantly in citrus fruits. Its aglycone form is called hesperetin. Its name is derived from the Hesperides nymphs of Greek mythology. Hesperidin is believed to play a role in plant defense. It acts as an antioxidant according to in vitro studies...
  
   -
• Hexamine
  Hexamine
  Hexamethylenetetramine is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula 6N4. This white crystalline compound is highly soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It has a cage-like structure similar to adamantane. It is useful in the synthesis of other chemical compounds, e.g. plastics,...
  
   (hexamethylene tetramine) - preservative
• Hexyl acetate
  Hexyl acetate
  Hexyl acetate is an ester with the molecular formula C8H16O2. It is mainly used as a solvent for resins, polymers, fats and oils. It is also used as a paint additive to improve its dispersion on a surface....
  
   -
• High fructose corn syrup
  High fructose corn syrup
  High-fructose corn syrup  — also called glucose-fructose syrup in the UK, glucose/fructose in Canada, and high-fructose maize syrup in other countries — comprises any of a group of corn syrups that has undergone enzymatic processing to convert some of its glucose into fructose to produce...
  
   -
• Horseradish
  Horseradish
  Horseradish is a perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family, which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, and cabbages. The plant is probably native to south eastern Europe and the Arab World , but is popular around the world today...
  
   -
• Hydrochloric acid
  Hydrochloric acid
  Hydrochloric acid is a solution of hydrogen chloride in water, that is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid with many industrial uses. It is found naturally in gastric acid....
  
   - acidity regulator
• Hydroxypropyl cellulose
  Hydroxypropyl cellulose
  Hydroxypropyl cellulose is a derivative of cellulose with both water solubility and organic solubility. It is used as a topical ophthalmic protectant and lubricant.-Chemistry:...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
• Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate
  Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate
  Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate is a modified resistant starch. It is currently used as a food additive . It is approved for use in the European Union , the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.- External links :...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum
• Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
• Hydroxypropyl starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Hyssop
  Hyssop
  Hyssop is a genus of about 10-12 species of herbaceous or semi-woody plants in the family Lamiaceae, native from the east Mediterranean to central Asia. They are aromatic, with erect branched stems up to 60 cm long covered with fine hairs at the tips. The leaves are narrow oblong, 2–5 cm...
  
   (Hyssopus officinalis) -

I

• Indanthrene blue RS
  Indanthrene blue RS
  Indanthrene blue RS is a synthetic anthraquinone dye. It has the appearance of blue needles with metallic lustre and melting point of 470-500 °C...
  
   - color (blue)
• Indigo carmine
  Indigo dye
  Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color . Historically, indigo was a natural dye extracted from plants, and this process was important economically because blue dyes were once rare. Nearly all indigo dye produced today — several thousand tons each year — is synthetic...
  
   - color (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2)
• Indigotine
  Indigo dye
  Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color . Historically, indigo was a natural dye extracted from plants, and this process was important economically because blue dyes were once rare. Nearly all indigo dye produced today — several thousand tons each year — is synthetic...
  
   - color (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2)
• Indole
  Indole
  Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring. Indole is a popular component of fragrances and the precursor to many pharmaceuticals. Compounds that contain an...
  
   -
• Inosinate -
• Inosinic acid
  Inosinic acid
  Inosinic acid or inosine monophosphate is a nucleotide monophosphate. Inosinic acid is important in metabolism. It is the ribonucleotide of hypoxanthine and the first nucleotide formed during the synthesis of purine. It is formed by the deamination of adenosine monophosphate, and is hydrolysed...
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Inositol
  Inositol
  Inositol or cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol is a chemical compound with formula 6126 or 6, a sixfold alcohol of cyclohexane. It exists in nine possible stereoisomers, of which the most prominent form, widely occurring in nature, is cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol, or myo-inositol...
  
   -
• Insoluble fiber -
• Intense sweeteners -
• Inulin
  Inulin
  Inulins are a group of naturally occurring polysaccharides produced by many types of plants. They belong to a class of fibers known as fructans. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing energy and is typically found in roots or rhizomes...
  
  
• Invert sugar -
• Invertase
  Invertase
  Invertase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose . The resulting mixture of fructose and glucose is called inverted sugar syrup. Related to invertases are sucrases. Invertases and sucrases hydrolyze sucrose to give the same mixture of glucose and fructose...
  
   -
• Iron ammonium citrate -
• Iron
  Iron
  Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust...
  
   -
• Iron oxide
  Iron oxide
  Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen. All together, there are sixteen known iron oxides and oxyhydroxides.Iron oxides and oxide-hydroxides are widespread in nature, play an important role in many geological and biological processes, and are widely utilized by humans, e.g.,...
  
  s and hydroxides - color
• Isobutane
  Isobutane
  Isobutane, also known as methylpropane, is an isomer of butane. It is the simplest alkane with a tertiary carbon. Concerns with depletion of the ozone layer by freon gases have led to increased use of isobutane as a gas for refrigeration systems, especially in domestic refrigerators and freezers,...
  
   - propellant
• Isomalt
  Isomalt
  Isomalt is a sugar substitute, a type of sugar alcohol, used primarily for its sugar-like physical properties. It has only a small impact on blood sugar levels and does not promote tooth decay. It has 2 kilocalories/g, half the calories of sugars...
  
   - humectant
• Isopropyl citrates - antioxidant, preservative

J

• Jasmine
  Jasmine
  Jasminum , commonly known as jasmines, is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family . It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the Old World...
  
   -
• Jamaican jerk spice
  Jamaican jerk spice
  Jerk is a style of cooking native to Jamaica in which meat is dry-rubbed or wet marinated with a very hot spice mixture called Jamaican jerk spice. Jerk seasoning is traditionally applied to pork and chicken. Modern recipes also apply jerk spice mixes to fish, shrimp, shellfish, beef, sausage,...
  
   -
• Jasmine absolute -
• Jiaogulan
  Jiaogulan
  Gynostemma pentaphyllum, also called jiaogulan is an herbaceous vine of the family Cucurbitaceae indigenous to the southern reaches of China, northern Vietnam, southern Korea, and Japan. Jiaogulan is best known as an herbal medicine reputed to have powerful antioxidant and adaptogenic effects...
  
   (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) -
• Juniper
  Juniper
  Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, there are between 50-67 species of juniper, widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, from the Arctic, south to tropical Africa in the Old World, and to the...
  
   -
• Juniper berry
  Juniper berry
  A juniper berry is the female seed cone produced by the various species of junipers. It is not a true berry but a cone with unusually fleshy and merged scales, which give it a berry-like appearance. The cones from a handful of species, especially Juniperus communis, are used as a spice,...
  
   -
• Juniper
  Juniper
  Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, there are between 50-67 species of juniper, widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, from the Arctic, south to tropical Africa in the Old World, and to the...
  
   berry oil - used as a flavor. Also used medicinally, including traditional medicine.
• Juniper extract -

K

• Kaffir Lime Leaves (Citrus hystrix, C. papedia) -
• Kaolin - anti-caking agent
• Kapok
  Kapok
  Ceiba pentandra is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae , native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and to tropical west Africa...
  
   seed oil - used as an edible oil, and in soap production.http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/kapok/kapok.htm
• Karaya gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Kelp
  Kelp
  Kelps are large seaweeds belonging to the brown algae in the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genera....
  
   -
• Kokam -
• Kola nut extract -
• Konjac
  Konjac
  Konjac , also known as konjak, konjaku, konnyaku potato, devil's tongue, voodoo lily, snake palm, or elephant yam , is a plant of the genus Amorphophallus...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum
• Konjac glucomannate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Konjac gum - thickener, vegetable gum

L

• L-cysteine - flour treatment agent
• Lactic acid
  Lactic acid
  Lactic acid, also known as milk acid, is a chemical compound that plays a role in various biochemical processes and was first isolated in 1780 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Lactic acid is a carboxylic acid with the chemical formula C3H6O3...
  
   - acidity regulator, preservative, antioxidant
• Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Lactitol
  Lactitol
  Lactitol is a sugar alcohol used as a replacement bulk sweetener for low calorie foods with approximately 40% of the sweetness of sugar. Lactitol is produced by two manufacturers, Danisco and Purac Biochem.-Applications:...
  
   - humectant
• Lactose
  Lactose
  Lactose is a disaccharide sugar that is found most notably in milk and is formed from galactose and glucose. Lactose makes up around 2~8% of milk , although the amount varies among species and individuals. It is extracted from sweet or sour whey. The name comes from or , the Latin word for milk,...
  
   -
• Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propylene glycol - emulsifier
• Larch gum -
• Lard
  Lard
  Lard is pig fat in both its rendered and unrendered forms. Lard was commonly used in many cuisines as a cooking fat or shortening, or as a spread similar to butter. Its use in contemporary cuisine has diminished because of health concerns posed by its saturated-fat content and its often negative...
  
   -
• Latolrubine - color
• Laurel berry -
• Laurel leaf oil -
• Lavender
  Lavender
  The lavenders are a genus of 39 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. An Old World genus, distributed from Macaronesia across Africa, the Mediterranean, South-West Asia, Arabia, Western Iran and South-East India...
  
   (Lavandula spp.)
• Lavender oil
  Lavender oil
  Lavender oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from the flower spikes of certain species of lavender. Two forms are distinguished, lavender flower oil, a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL; and lavender spike oil, a distillate from the herb Lavandula...
  
   -
• Lecithin
  Lecithin
  Lecithin is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues, and in egg yolk, composed of phosphoric acid, choline, fatty acids, glycerol, glycolipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids .The word lecithin was originally coined in 1847 by...
  
  s - antioxidant, Emulsifier
• Lecithin citrate - preservative
• Legume -
• Lemon
  Lemon
  The lemon is both a small evergreen tree native to Asia, and the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit. The fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world – primarily for its juice, though the pulp and rind are also used, mainly in cooking and baking...
  
   -
• Lemon balm
  Lemon balm
  Lemon balm , not to be confused with bee balm, Monarda species, is a perennial herb in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region....
  
   (Melissa officinalis) -
• Lemon extract -
• Lemon juice
  Lemon
  The lemon is both a small evergreen tree native to Asia, and the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit. The fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world – primarily for its juice, though the pulp and rind are also used, mainly in cooking and baking...
  
   -
• Lemon Myrtle
  Lemon myrtle
  Backhousia citriodora is a flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae, genus Backhousia. It is endemic to subtropical rainforests of central and south-eastern Queensland, Australia, with a natural distribution from Mackay to Brisbane...
  
   (Backhousia citriodora) -
• Lemon oil -
• Lemon verbena
  Lemon verbena
  Aloysia citrodora is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family, Verbenaceae, that is native to Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. Common names include Lemon Verbena and Lemon Beebrush. It was brought to Europe by the Spanish in the 17th...
  
   (Lippia citriodora) -
• Lemongrass Oil -
• Leucine
  Leucine
  Leucine is a branched-chain α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin and other 'buffer' proteins...
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Licorice -
• Lipase
  Lipase
  A lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation or cleavage of fats . Lipases are a subclass of the esterases.Lipases perform essential roles in the digestion, transport and processing of dietary lipids in most, if not all, living organisms...
  
  s - flavor enhancer
• Lithol Rubine BK
  Lithol Rubine BK
  Lithol Rubine BK is a reddish synthetic azo dye. It has the appearance of a red powder. It is slightly soluble in hot water, insoluble in cold water, and insoluble in ethanol. When dissolved in dimethylformamide, its absorption maximum lies at about 442 nm. It usually comes as a calcium salt.It is...
  
   - color
• Litholrubine - color
• Locust bean gum
  Locust bean gum
  Locust bean gum is a galactomannan vegetable gum extracted from the seeds of the carob tree, mostly found in the Mediterranean region. The long pods that grow on the tree are used to make this gum. The pods are kibbled to separate the seed from the pulp...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Long pepper
  Long pepper
  Long pepper , , sometimes called Indian long pepper, is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. Long pepper has a similar, but hotter, taste to its close relative Piper nigrum - from which black, green and white...
  
   -
• Lovage
  Lovage
  Lovage is a tall perennial plant, the sole species in the genus Levisticum, in the family Apiaceae, subfamily Apioideae, tribe Apieae.-Distribution:...
  
   (Levisticum officinale) -
• L(+)-Tartaric acid
  Tartaric acid
  Tartaric acid is a white crystalline diprotic organic acid. It occurs naturally in many plants, particularly grapes, bananas, and tamarinds; is commonly combined with baking soda to function as a leavening agent in recipes, and is one of the main acids found in wine. It is added to other foods to...
  
   - food acid
• Lutein
  Lutein
  Lutein is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids. Lutein is synthesized only by plants and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale...
  
   - color
• Lycopene
  Lycopene
  Lycopene is a bright red carotene and carotenoid pigment and phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, watermelons and papayas...
  
   - color
• Lysine
  Lysine
  Lysine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH4NH2. It is an essential amino acid, which means that the human body cannot synthesize it. Its codons are AAA and AAG....
  
   -
• Lysozyme
  Lysozyme
  Lysozyme, also known as muramidase or N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase, are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that damage bacterial cell walls by catalyzing hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan and between...
  
   - preservative

M

• Macadamia oil
  Macadamia oil
  Macadamia oil is the non-volatile oil expressed from the nut meat of the macadamia tree, a native Australian nut...
  
   - used as an edible oil. Also used as a massage oil.
• Mace -
• Magnesium
  Magnesium
  Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and common oxidation number +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole...
  
   -
• Magnesium carbonate
  Magnesium carbonate
  Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, is a white solid that occurs in nature as a mineral. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exist as minerals...
  
   - anti-caking agent, mineral salt
• Magnesium chloride
  Magnesium chloride
  Magnesium chloride is the name for the chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2x. These salts are typical ionic halides, being highly soluble in water. The hydrated magnesium chloride can be extracted from brine or sea water...
  
   - mineral salt
• Magnesium citrate
  Magnesium citrate
  Magnesium citrate, a magnesium salt of citric acid, is a chemical agent used medicinally as a saline laxative and to completely empty the bowel prior to a major surgery or colonoscopy. It is available without a prescription, both as a generic brand or under the brand name Citromag or Citroma. It is...
  
   - acidity regulator
• Magnesium diglutamate
  Magnesium diglutamate
  Magnesium diglutamate is a compound with formula Mg2. It is a magnesium acid salt of glutamic acid.It has the E number E625 and is used in foods as a flavor enhancer....
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Magnesium hydroxide
  Magnesium hydroxide
  Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg2. As a suspension in water, it is often called milk of magnesia because of its milk-like appearance. The solid mineral form of magnesium hydroxide is known as brucite....
  
   - mineral salt
• Magnesium lactate
  Magnesium lactate
  Magnesium lactate, the magnesium salt of lactic acid, is a mineral supplement.Added to some food and beverages as an acidity regulator and labeled as E329....
  
   - food acid
• Magnesium oxide
  Magnesium oxide
  Magnesium oxide , or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium . It has an empirical formula of and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2– ions held together by ionic bonds...
  
   - anti-caking agent
• Magnesium phosphate
  Magnesium phosphate
  Magnesium phosphate is a general term for salts of magnesium and phosphate appearing in three forms:* Magnesium phosphate monobasic * Magnesium phosphate dibasic * Magnesium phosphate tribasic...
  
  s - mineral salt, anti-caking agent
• Magnesium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
• Magnesium silicate - anti-caking agent
• Magnesium stearate
  Magnesium stearate
  Magnesium stearate, also called octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt, is a white substance which is solid at room temperature. It has the chemical formula . It is a salt containing two equivalents of stearate and one magnesium cation...
  
   - emulsifier, stabiliser
• Magnesium sulfate
  Magnesium sulfate
  Magnesium sulfate is a chemical compound containing magnesium, sulfur and oxygen, with the formula MgSO4. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate epsomite , commonly called Epsom salt, from the town of Epsom in Surrey, England, where the salt was distilled from the springs that arise where the...
  
   - mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
• Mahlab
  Mahlab
  Mahlab or mahlepi is an aromatic spice made from the seeds of the St Lucie Cherry . The cherry stones are cracked to extract the seed kernel, which is about 5 mm diameter, soft and chewy on extraction, but ground to a powder before use...
  
   -
• Malabathrum
  Malabathrum
  Malabathrum, also known as Malobathrum or Malabar leaf, is the name used in classical and medieval texts for the leaf of the plant Cinnamomum tamala . In ancient Greece and Rome, the leaves were used to prepare a fragrant oil, called Oleum Malabathri, and were therefore valuable...
  
   -
• Malic acid
  Malic acid
  Malic acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH2CHOHCO2H. It is a dicarboxylic acid which is made by all living organisms, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive. Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms , though only the L-isomer exists...
  
   - acidity regulator
• Malt extract - flavor enhacer
• Maltitol
  Maltitol
  Maltitol is a sugar alcohol used as a sugar substitute. It has 75-90% of the sweetness of sucrose and nearly identical properties, except for browning. It is used to replace table sugar because it has fewer calories, does not promote tooth decay, and has a somewhat lesser effect on blood glucose...
  
   - humectant, stabiliser
• Maltodextrin
  Maltodextrin
  Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide that is used as a food additive. It is produced from starch by partial hydrolysis and is usually found as a creamy-white hygroscopic spraydried powder. Maltodextrin is easily digestible, being absorbed as rapidly as glucose, and might be either moderately sweet or...
  
   - carbohydrate sweetener
• Maltol
  Maltol
  Maltol is a naturally occurring organic compound that is used primarily as a flavor enhancer. It is found in the bark of larch tree, in pine needles, and in roasted malt . It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in hot water, chloroform, and other polar solvents...
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Maltose
  Maltose
  Maltose , or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an αbond, formed from a condensation reaction. The isomer "isomaltose" has two glucose molecules linked through an α bond. Maltose is the second member of an important biochemical series of glucose chains....
  
   -
• Mandarin oil-leavening agent
• Manganese
  Manganese
  Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature , and in many minerals...
  
   -
• Mannitol
  Mannitol
  Mannitol is a white, crystalline organic compound with the formula . This polyol is used as an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator...
  
   - humectant, anti-caking agent, sweetener
• Margarine
  Margarine
  Margarine , as a generic term, can indicate any of a wide range of butter substitutes, typically composed of vegetable oils. In many parts of the world, the market share of margarine and spreads has overtaken that of butter...
  
   -
• Marjoram
  Marjoram
  Marjoram is a somewhat cold-sensitive perennial herb or undershrub with sweet pine and citrus flavours...
  
   (Origanum majorana)
• Mastic
  Mastic (plant resin)
  Mastic is a resin obtained from the mastic tree . In pharmacies and Nature shops it is called "arabic gum" and "Yemen gum". In Greece it is known as the "tears of Chios," being traditionally produced on that Greek island, and, like other natural resins is produced in "tears" or droplets...
  
   -
• Meadowfoam seed oil
  Meadowfoam seed oil
  Meadowfoam seed oil is an edible seed oil, extracted from the seeds of Limnanthes alba . The seeds contain 20-30% oil. Meadowfoam seed oil is extraordinarily stable, primarily because it contains over 98% long chain fatty acids. Meadowfoam oil is most similar to rapeseed oil, with which it competes...
  
   - highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain fatty acids. Competes with rapeseed oil for industrial applications. http://www.agmrc.org/agmrc/commodity/grainsoilseeds/meadowfoam/
• Mega-purple
  Mega-purple
  Mega Purple is a brand name for a food additive produced from grapes by Canandaigua West of Merced, California, a division of Constellation Brands. The process used for producing the additive is proprietary. Based on the descriptions of effects to wines by winemakers it is likely produced by a...
  
   - a Kosher food additive made from grapes
• Mentha arvensis
  Mentha arvensis
  Mentha arvensis is a species of mint with a circumboreal distribution. It is native to the temperate regions of Europe and western and central Asia, east to the Himalaya and eastern Siberia, and North America.It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 10–60 cm tall...
  
   oil/Mint oil, used in flavoring toothpastes, mouthwashes and pharmaceuticals, as well as in aromatherapy and other medicinal applications. http://www.msinp.com/herbs/menthaar.htm
• Metatartaric acid - food acid, emulsifier
• Methionine
  Methionine
  Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2SCH3. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. This amino-acid is coded by the codon AUG, also known as the initiation codon, since it indicates mRNA's coding region where translation into protein...
  
   -
• Methyl butyrate
  Methyl butyrate
  Methyl butyrate, also known under the systematic name methyl butanoate, is the methyl ester of butyric acid. Like most esters, it has a fruity odour, in this case resembling apples or pineapples. At room temperature, it is a colourless liquid with low solubility in water, upon which it floats to...
  
   -
• Methyl disulfide -
• Methyl ethyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
• Methyl hexenoate -
• Methyl isobutyrate -
• Methylcellulose
  Methylcellulose
  Methyl cellulose is a chemical compound derived from cellulose. It is a hydrophilic white powder in pure form and dissolves in cold water, forming a clear viscous solution or gel. It is sold under a variety of trade names and is used as a thickener and emulsifier in various food and cosmetic...
  
   - thickener, emulsifier, vegetable gum
• Methylparaben
  Methylparaben
  Methylparaben, also methyl paraben, one of the parabens, is a preservative with the chemical formula CH3. It is the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.-Occurrence:...
  
   (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) - preservative
• Methyltheobromine -
• Microcrystalline cellulose - anti-caking agent
• Milk thistle
  Milk thistle
  The milk thistle is a thistle of the genus Silybum Adans., a flowering plant of the daisy family . They are native to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East...
  
   (Silybum) -
• Milk
  Milk
  Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodies to the baby and can reduce the risk of many...
  
   -
• Mint
  Mentha
  Mentha is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae . The species are not clearly distinct and estimates of the number of species varies from 13 to 18. Hybridization between some of the species occurs naturally...
  
   (Mentha spp.) -
• Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Modified starch
  Modified starch
  Modified starch, also called starch derivatives, are prepared by physically, enzymatically, or chemically treating native starch, thereby changing the properties of the starch. Modified starches are used in practically all starch applications, such as in food products as a thickening agent,...
  
   -
• Molasses extract -
• Molybdenum
  Molybdenum
  Molybdenum , is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek , meaning lead, itself proposed as a loanword from Anatolian Luvian and Lydian languages, since its ores were confused with lead ores...
  
   -
• Bergamot
  Monarda didyma
  Monarda didyma is an aromatic herb in the family Lamiaceae, native to eastern North America from Maine west to Ohio and south to northern Georgia. Its name is derived from its odor, which is considered similar to that of the bergamot orange...
  
   (Monarda didyma) -
• Mono- and diglycerides of Fatty acid
  Fatty acid
  In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail , which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are usually derived from...
  
  s - emulsifier
• Monoammonium glutamate
  Monoammonium glutamate
  Monoammonium glutamate is a compound with formula NH4C5H8NO4. It is an ammonium acid salt of glutamic acid.It has the E number E624 and is used as a flavor enhancer....
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Monopotassium glutamate
  Monopotassium glutamate
  Monopotassium glutamate is a compound with formula KC5H8NO4. It is a potassium acid salt of glutamic acid.It has the E number E622 and is used in foods as a flavor enhancer. It is a non-sodium MSG alternative....
  
   - flavor enhancer
• Monosodium glutamate
  Monosodium glutamate
  Monosodium glutamate, also known as sodium glutamate or MSG, is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, one of the most abundant naturally occurring non-essential amino acids....
  
   (MSG) - flavor enhancer
• Monostarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Montanic acid esters - humectant
• Mullein
  Mullein
  The Mulleins are a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the figwort family . They are native to Europe and Asia, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region.They are biennial or perennial plants, rarely annuals or subshrubs, growing to 0.5–3 m tall...
  
   (Verbascum thapsus)
• Mustard
  Mustard (condiment)
  Mustard is a condiment made from the seeds of a mustard plant...
  
   -
• Mustard oil (essential oil), containing a high percentage of allyl isothiocyanate
  Allyl isothiocyanate
  Allyl isothiocyanate is the organosulfur compound with the formula CH2CHCH2NCS. This colorless oil is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi. This pungency and the lachrymatory effect of AITC is mediated through the TRPA1 and TRPV1 ion channels...
  
   or other isothiocyanate
  Isothiocyanate
  Isothiocyanate is the chemical group –N=C=S, formed by substituting sulfur for oxygen in the isocyanate group. Many natural isothiocyanates from plants are produced by enzymatic conversion of metabolites called glucosinolates. These natural isothiocyanates, such as allyl isothiocyanate, are also...
  
  s, depending on the species of mustard
• Mustard oil
  Mustard oil
  The term mustard oil is used for three different oils that are made from mustard seeds:*A fatty vegetable oil resulting from pressing the seeds,...
  
   (pressed) - used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a massage
  Massage
  Massage is the manipulation of superficial and deeper layers of muscle and connective tissue to enhance function, aid in the healing process, and promote relaxation and well-being. The word comes from the French massage "friction of kneading", or from Arabic massa meaning "to touch, feel or handle"...
  
   oil.
• Mustard plant
  Mustard plant
  Mustards are several plant species in the genera Brassica and Sinapis whose small mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into the condiment known as mustard or prepared mustard...
  
   -
• Mustard seed
  Mustard seed
  Mustard seeds are the small round seeds of various mustard plants. The seeds are usually about 1 or 2 mm in diameter. Mustard seeds may be colored from yellowish white to black. They are important spices in many regional foods. The seeds can come from three different plants: black mustard , brown...
  
   -

N

• Natamycin
  Natamycin
  Natamycin , also known as pimaricin, is a naturally occurring antifungal agent produced during fermentation by the bacterium Streptomyces natalensis, commonly found in soil. Natamycin has a very low solubility in water, however, natamycin is effective at very low levels. Most molds have an MIC of...
  
   - preservative
• Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
  Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
  Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, sometimes abbreviated to neohesperidin DC or simply NHDC, is an artificial sweetener derived from citrus....
  
   - artificial sweetener
• Niacin
  Niacin
  "Niacin" redirects here. For the neo-fusion band, see Niacin .Niacin is an organic compound with the formula and, depending on the definition used, one of the forty to eighty essential human nutrients.Niacin is one of five vitamins associated with a pandemic deficiency disease: niacin deficiency...
  
   (vitamin B₃) - color retention agent
  • nicotinic acid
    Niacin
    "Niacin" redirects here. For the neo-fusion band, see Niacin .Niacin is an organic compound with the formula and, depending on the definition used, one of the forty to eighty essential human nutrients.Niacin is one of five vitamins associated with a pandemic deficiency disease: niacin deficiency...
    
     (vitamin B₃) - color retention agent
  • Nicotinamide
    Nicotinamide
    Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide and nicotinic acid amide, is the amide of nicotinic acid . Nicotinamide is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the vitamin B group...
    
     (vitamin B₃) - color retention agent
• Nigella
  Nigella
  Nigella is a genus of about 14 species of annual plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to southern Europe, north Africa, south and southwest Asia. Common names applied to members of this genus are devil-in-a-bush or love in a mist....
  
   (Kolanji, Black caraway) -
• Nisin
  Nisin
  Nisin is a polycyclic antibacterial peptide with 34 amino acid residues used as a food preservative. It contains the uncommon amino acids lanthionine , methyllanthionine , didehydroalanine and didehydroaminobutyric acid . These unusual amino acids are introduced by posttranslational modification...
  
   - preservative
• Nitrogen
  Nitrogen
  Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere...
  
   - propellant
• Nitrous oxide
  Nitrous oxide
  Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or sweet air, is a chemical compound with the formula . It is an oxide of nitrogen. At room temperature, it is a colorless non-flammable gas, with a slightly sweet odor and taste. It is used in surgery and dentistry for its anesthetic and analgesic...
  
   - propellant
• Norbixin - color
• Nutmeg
  Nutmeg
  The nutmeg tree is any of several species of trees in genus Myristica. The most important commercial species is Myristica fragrans, an evergreen tree indigenous to the Banda Islands in the Moluccas of Indonesia...
  
   -

O

• Octyl gallate
  Octyl gallate
  Octyl gallate is the ester of octanol and gallic acid. As a food additive it is used under the E number E311 as an antioxidant and preservative....
  
   - antioxidant
• Evening primrose
  Oenothera
  Oenothera is a Genus of about 125 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous flowering plants, native to North and South America. It is the type genus of the family Onagraceae, the Evening Primrose Family. Common names include evening-primrose, suncups, and sundrops.The species vary in...
  
   (Oenothera biennis et al.) -
• Okra
  Okra
  Okra is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It is valued for its edible green seed pods. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of South Asian, Ethiopian and West African origins...
  
   oil (Hibiscus
  Hibiscus
  Hibiscus is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is quite large, containing several hundred species that are native to warm-temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world...
  
   seed oil) - from the seed of the Hibiscus esculentus. Composed predominantly of oleic
  Oleic acid
  Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable fats. It has the formula CH37CH=CH7COOH. It is an odorless, colourless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. The trans isomer of oleic acid is called elaidic acid...
  
   and lanoleic acids.
• Oleomargarine -
• Olive oil
  Olive oil
  Olive oil is an oil obtained from the olive , a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin. It is commonly used in cooking, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps...
  
   - used in cooking
  Cooking
  Cooking is the process of preparing food by use of heat. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the world, reflecting unique environmental, economic, and cultural traditions. Cooks themselves also vary widely in skill and training...
  
   - cosmetics
  Cosmetics
  Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, towelettes, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and...
  
   - soaps and as a fuel
  Fuel
  Fuel is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner. Most fuels used by humans undergo combustion, a redox reaction in which a combustible substance releases energy after it ignites and reacts with the oxygen in the air...
  
   for traditional oil lamps
• Orange GGN
  Orange GGN
  Orange GGN, also known as alpha-naphthol orange, is a food dye. In Europe it is denoted by the E Number E111. It is the disodium salt of 1--2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid...
  
   - color (orange)
• Orange oil
  Orange oil
  Orange oil is an essential oil produced by cells inside the rind of an orange fruit. In contrast to most essential oils, it is extracted as a by-product of orange juice production by centrifugation, producing a cold-pressed oil...
  
   - like lemon oil - cold pressed rather than distilled. Consists of 90% d-Limonene
  Limonene
  Limonene is a colourless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic terpene. The more common D isomer possesses a strong smell of oranges. It is used in chemical synthesis as a precursor to carvone and as a renewably-based solvent in cleaning products....
  
  . Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods. http://www.floridachemical.com/dlimoneneorangeoilcoldpressedorangeoilfoldedorangeoilapplications.htm
• Orcein
  Orcein
  Orcein, also archil, orchil, lacmus, Citrus Red 2, and C.I. Natural Red 28, are names for dyes extracted from several species of lichen, commonly known as "orchella weeds", found in various parts of the world. A major source is the archil lichen, Roccella tinctoria. Orcinol is extracted from such...
  
   - color (red)
• Orchil - color (red)
• Oregano
  Oregano
  Oregano – scientifically named Origanum vulgare by Carolus Linnaeus – is a common species of Origanum, a genus of the mint family . It is native to warm-temperate western and southwestern Eurasia and the Mediterranean region.Oregano is a perennial herb, growing from 20–80 cm tall,...
  
   (Origanum vulgare, O. heracleoticum, and other species) -
• Oregano
  Oregano
  Oregano – scientifically named Origanum vulgare by Carolus Linnaeus – is a common species of Origanum, a genus of the mint family . It is native to warm-temperate western and southwestern Eurasia and the Mediterranean region.Oregano is a perennial herb, growing from 20–80 cm tall,...
  
   oil - contains thymol
  Thymol
  Thymol is a natural monoterpene phenol derivative of cymene, C10H14O, isomeric with carvacrol, found in oil of thyme, and extracted from Thymus vulgaris and various other kinds of plants as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties...
  
   and carvacrol
  Carvacrol
  Carvacrol, or cymophenol, C6H3CH3, is a monoterpenoid phenol. It has a characteristic pungent, warm odor of oregano and a pizza-like taste.- Natural occurrence :...
  
   - making it a useful fungicide
  Fungicide
  Fungicides are chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores. Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of yield, quality and profit. Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals...
  
  . Also used to treat digestive problems. http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10116,00.html
• Orris root
  Orris root
  Orris root is a term used for the roots Iris germanica, Iris florentina, and Iris pallida. Once important in western herbal medicine, it is now used mainly as a fixative and base note in perfumery, as well as an ingredient in many brands of gin....
  
   -
• Orthophenyl phenol - preservative
• Oxidised polyethylene wax - humectant
• Oxidised starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Oxystearin - antioxidant, sequestrant

P

• Palm oil
  Palm oil
  Palm oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil are edible plant oils derived from the fruits of palm trees. Palm oil is extracted from the pulp of the fruit of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis; palm kernel oil is derived from the kernel of the oil palm and coconut oil is derived from the kernel of the...
  
   - the most widely produced tropical oil. Also used to make biofuel
  Biofuel
  Biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation. Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases...
  
  .
• Panax ginseng -
• Panax quinquefolia -
• Ponch phoran -
• Pandan leaf -
• Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B₅)
  Pantothenic acid
  Pantothenic acid, also called pantothenate or vitamin B5 , is a water-soluble vitamin. For many animals, pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient. Animals require pantothenic acid to synthesize coenzyme-A , as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.Pantothenic acid...
  
   -
• Papain
  Papain
  Papain, also known as papaya proteinase I, is a cysteine protease enzyme present in papaya and mountain papaya .-Papain family:...
  
   - A cysteine protease hydrolase enzyme present in papaya (Carica papaya) and mountain papaya (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis).
• Paprika red
• Paprika
  Paprika
  Paprika is a spice made from the grinding of dried fruits of Capsicum annuum . In many European languages, the word paprika refers to bell peppers themselves. The seasoning is used in many cuisines to add color and flavor to dishes. Paprika can range from mild to hot...
  
   -
• Paprika
  Paprika
  Paprika is a spice made from the grinding of dried fruits of Capsicum annuum . In many European languages, the word paprika refers to bell peppers themselves. The seasoning is used in many cuisines to add color and flavor to dishes. Paprika can range from mild to hot...
  
   extract -
• Paraffin
  Paraffin
  In chemistry, paraffin is a term that can be used synonymously with "alkane", indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. Paraffin wax refers to a mixture of alkanes that falls within the 20 ≤ n ≤ 40 range; they are found in the solid state at room temperature and begin to enter the...
  
  s - glazing agent
• Parsley
  Parsley
  Parsley is a species of Petroselinum in the family Apiaceae, native to the central Mediterranean region , naturalized elsewhere in Europe, and widely cultivated as an herb, a spice and a vegetable.- Description :Garden parsley is a bright green hairless biennial herbaceous plant in temperate...
  
   (Petroselinum crispum) -
• Patent blue V
  Patent Blue V
  Patent Blue V, also called Food Blue 5 or Sulphan Blue, is a dark bluish synthetic dye used as a food coloring. As a food additive, it has E number E131. It is a sodium or calcium salt of [4--2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethylammonium hydroxide inner salt...
  
   - color (blue)
• Peanut oil
  Peanut oil
  Peanut oil is an organic material oil derived from peanuts, noted to have the aroma and taste of its parent legume....
  
  /Ground nut oil - mild-flavored cooking oil.
• Pecan oil
  Pecan oil
  Pecan oil is an edible pressed oil extracted from the pecan nut. Like most nut oils, it tastes like the nut from which it was extracted. Pecan oil contains approximately 7% saturated fat, which is less than half the amount contained by olive oil, peanut oil or corn oil...
  
   - valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil. http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/fruit/pecanhealth/pecanhealth.html
• Pectin
  Pectin
  Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide contained in the primary cell walls of terrestrial plants. It was first isolated and described in 1825 by Henri Braconnot...
  
   - vegetable gum, emulsifier
• Perilla seed oil
  Perilla oil
  Perilla oil is obtained from the seeds of herbs of the genus Perilla, usually from the species Perilla frutescens. The seeds contain 35 to 45 percent oil which is obtained by pressing. Perilla oil is used along with synthetic resins in the production of varnishes...
  
   - high in omega-3 fatty acids. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes, in skin care products and as a drying oil.
• Phosphated distarch phosphate
  Phosphated distarch phosphate
  Phosphated distarch phosphate, is a modified resistant starch. It is derived from high amylose maize starch and contains a minimum of 70% dietary fibre...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum
• Phosphoric acid
  Phosphoric acid
  Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric acid, is a mineral acid having the chemical formula H3PO4. Orthophosphoric acid molecules can combine with themselves to form a variety of compounds which are also referred to as phosphoric acids, but in a more general way...
  
   - food acid
• Phytic acid
  Phytic acid
  Phytic acid is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds. Phytate is not digestible to humans or nonruminant animals, however, so it is not a source of either inositol or phosphate if eaten directly...
  
   - preservative
• Pigment Rubine - color
• Pimaricin - preservative
• Pine needle oil
• Pine seed
  Pine nut
  Pine nuts are the edible seeds of pines . About 20 species of pine produce seeds large enough to be worth harvesting; in other pines the seeds are also edible, but are too small to be of great value as a human food....
  
   oil - an expensive food oil, used in salads and as a condiment. http://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--36309/pine-seed.asp
• Pistachio
  Pistachio
  The pistachio, Pistacia vera in the Anacardiaceae family, is a small tree originally from Persia , which now can also be found in regions of Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Greece, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Egypt, Sicily and possibly Afghanistan , as well as in the United States,...
  
   oil
  Pistachio oil
  Pistachio oil is a pressed oil, extracted from the fruit of Pistacia vera, the pistachio nut.-Culinary uses:Compared to other nut oils, pistachio oil has a particularly strong flavor. Like other nut oils, it tastes similar to the nut from which it is extracted. Pistachio oil is high in Vitamin E,...
  
   - strongly flavored oil, particularly for use in salads. http://www.1001huiles.fr/en/catalog/pistachio_oil.php
• Prune
  Plum
  A plum or gage is a stone fruit tree in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. The subgenus is distinguished from other subgenera in the shoots having a terminal bud and solitary side buds , the flowers in groups of one to five together on short stems, and the fruit having a groove running down one...
  
   kernel oil
  Prune kernel oil
  Virgin prune kernel oil is a recently developed vegetable oil, pressed from the seeds, or stones, of the d'Agen prune plum. The seeds were found to have an oil content of 35% by weight, consisting of 70% oleic acid and 20% linoleic acid. The oil has a flavor reminiscent of bitter almond, and has...
  
   - marketed as a gourmet cooking oil http://www.iterg.com/article.php3?id_article=370
• Poly vinyl pyrrolidone
  Poly vinyl pyrrolidone
  Polyvinylpyrrolidone , also commonly called Polyvidone or Povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone:- Properties :...
  
   -
• Polydextrose
  Polydextrose
  Polydextrose is an indigestable synthetic polymer of glucose. It is a food ingredient classified as soluble fiber by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration , but not Health Canada. It is frequently used to increase the non-dietary fiber content of food, replace sugar, reduce calories and reduce fat...
  
   - humectant
• Polyethylene glycol 8000 - antifoaming agent
• Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Polyglycerol polyricinoleate
  Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate
  Polyglycerol polyricinoleate , E476, an emulsifier made from castor bean oils, reduces the viscosity of chocolate and similar coatings and compounds. It works by decreasing the friction between the particles of cacao, sugar, milk, etc. present so they can flow more easily when melted. It is used at...
  
   - emulsifier
• Polymethylsiloxane - antifoaming agent
• Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate - emulsifier
• Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate - emulsifier, stabilizer
• Polyphosphate
  Polyphosphate
  Triphosphates are salts or esters of polymeric oxyanions formed from tetrahedral PO4 structural units linked together by sharing oxygen atoms. When two corners are shared the polyphosphate may have a linear chain structure or a cyclic ring structure. In biology the polyphosphate esters AMP, ADP...
  
  s - mineral salt, emulsifier
• Polysorbate 20 - emulsifier
• Polysorbate 40 - emulsifier
• Polysorbate 60 - emulsifier
• Polysorbate 65 - emulsifier
• Polysorbate 80
  Polysorbate 80
  Polysorbate 80 is a nonionic surfactant and emulsifier derived from polyethoxylated sorbitan and oleic acid, and is often used in foods. Polysorbate 80 is a viscous, water-soluble yellow liquid...
  
   - emulsifier
• Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone
  Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone
  Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone is a highly cross-linked modification of polyvinylpyrrolidone ....
  
   - color stabiliser
• Pomegranate
  Pomegranate
  The pomegranate , Punica granatum, is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing between five and eight meters tall.Native to the area of modern day Iran, the pomegranate has been cultivated in the Caucasus since ancient times. From there it spread to Asian areas such as the Caucasus as...
  
   seeds (though some consider these a fruit, not a spice)
• Ponceau 4R
  Ponceau 4R
  Ponceau 4R , SX purple) is a synthetic colourant that may be used as a food colouring. It is denoted by E Number E124...
  
   - color (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8)
• Ponceau 6R
  Ponceau 6R
  Ponceau 6R, or Crystal ponceau 6R, Crystal scarlet, Brilliant crystal scarlet 6R, Acid Red 44, or C.I. 16250, is a red azo dye. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. It is used as a food dye, with E number E126. It is also used in histology, for staining fibrin with the MSB...
  
   - color
• Ponceau SX - color
• Poppy
  Poppy
  A poppy is one of a group of a flowering plants in the poppy family, many of which are grown in gardens for their colorful flowers. Poppies are sometimes used for symbolic reasons, such as in remembrance of soldiers who have died during wartime....
  
   seed -
• Poppyseed oil
  Poppyseed oil
  Poppyseed oil is an edible oil from poppy seeds . The oil has culinary and pharmaceutical uses, as well as long established uses in the making of paints, varnishes, and soaps.Poppy seeds yield 45–50% oil...
  
   - used for cooking, moisturizing skin, and in paints, varnishes and soaps.
• Potassium acetate
  Potassium acetate
  Potassium acetate is the potassium salt of acetic acid.-Preparation:It can be prepared by reacting a potassium-containing base such as potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate with acetic acid:...
  
  s - preservative, acidity regulator
• Potassium adipate
  Potassium adipate
  Potassium adipate is a compound with formula K2C6H8O4. It is the potassium salt of adipic acid.It has E number "E357"....
  
   - food acid
• Potassium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Potassium aluminium silicate - anti-caking agent
• Potassium ascorbate
  Ascorbic acid
  Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C. The name is derived from a- and scorbutus , the...
  
   - antioxidant (water soluble)
• Potassium benzoate
  Potassium benzoate
  Potassium benzoate , the potassium salt of benzoic acid, is a food preservative that inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria...
  
   - preservative
• Potassium bicarbonate
  Potassium bicarbonate
  Potassium bicarbonate , is a colorless, odorless, slightly basic, salty substance...
  
   - mineral salt
• Potassium bisulfite
  Potassium bisulfite
  Potassium hydrogen sulfite or potassium bisulfite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula KHSO3. It is used during the production of alcoholic beverages as a sterilising agent. This additive is classified as E number E228 under the current EU approved food additive....
  
   - preservative, antioxidant
• Potassium bromate
  Potassium bromate
  Potassium bromate , is a bromate of potassium and takes the form of white crystals or powder.-Uses in baking:Potassium bromate is typically used as a flour improver , strengthening the dough and allowing higher rising. It is an oxidizing agent, and under the right conditions, will be completely...
  
   - flour treatment agent
• Potassium carbonate
  Potassium carbonate
  Potassium carbonate is a white salt, soluble in water , which forms a strongly alkaline solution. It can be made as the product of potassium hydroxide's absorbent reaction with carbon dioxide. It is deliquescent, often appearing a damp or wet solid...
  
   - mineral salt
• Potassium chloride
  Potassium chloride
  The chemical compound potassium chloride is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. In its pure state, it is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance, with a crystal structure that cleaves easily in three directions. Potassium chloride crystals are...
  
   - mineral salt
• Potassium citrate
  Potassium citrate
  Potassium citrate is a potassium salt of citric acid with the molecular formula C6H5K3O7. It is a white, slightly hygroscopic crystalline powder. It is odorless with a saline taste....
  
  s - food acid
• Potassium ferrocyanide
  Potassium ferrocyanide
  Potassium ferrocyanide is the inorganic compound with formula K4[Fe6]•3H2O. It is the potassium salt of the coordination complex [Fe6]4-. This salt forms lemon-yellow monoclinic crystals.-Synthesis:...
  
   - anti-caking agent
• Potassium fumarate
  Potassium fumarate
  Potassium fumarate is a compound with formula K2C4H2O4. It is the potassium salt of fumaric acid.It has E number "E366"....
  
   - food acid
• Potassium gluconate
  Potassium gluconate
  Potassium gluconate is a mineral supplement and sequestrant.Potassium gluconate is a loosely bound salt of potassium and gluconic acid. Potassium is essential to life. It is involved with sodium in maintaining the body's acid-base balance and promoting physiological and metabolic processes. It...
  
   - stabiliser
• Potassium hydrogen sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
• Potassium hydroxide
  Potassium hydroxide
  Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KOH, commonly called caustic potash.Along with sodium hydroxide , this colorless solid is a prototypical strong base. It has many industrial and niche applications. Most applications exploit its reactivity toward acids and its corrosive...
  
   - mineral salt
• Potassium lactate
  Potassium lactate
  Potassium lactate is a compound with formula KC3H5O3, or H3C-CHOH-COOK. It is the potassium salt of lactic acid. It is produced by neutralizing lactic acid which is fermented from a sugar source. It has E number "E326"...
  
   - food acid
• Potassium malate
  Potassium malate
  Potassium malate is a compound with formula K2. It is the potassium salt of malic acid.As a food additive, it has the E number E351. It is used as acidity regulator or acidifier for use in, for example, canned vegetables, soups, sauces, fruit products and soft drinks. It also acts as an...
  
   - food acid
• Potassium metabisulfite
  Potassium metabisulfite
  Potassium metabisulfite, K2S2O5, also known as potassium pyrosulfite, is a white crystalline powder with a pungent sulfur odour. The main use for the chemical is as an antioxidant or chemical sterilant. It is a disulfite and is chemically very similar to sodium metabisulfite, with which it is...
  
   - preservative, antioxidant
• Potassium nitrate
  Potassium nitrate
  Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with the formula KNO3. It is an ionic salt of potassium ions K+ and nitrate ions NO3−.It occurs as a mineral niter and is a natural solid source of nitrogen. Its common names include saltpetre , from medieval Latin sal petræ: "stone salt" or possibly "Salt...
  
   - preservative, color fixative
• Potassium nitrite
  Potassium nitrite
  Potassium nitrite is a salt with chemical formula 2.It is a strong oxidizer and may accelerate the combustion of other materials. Like other nitrite salts such as sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite is toxic if swallowed, and laboratory tests suggest that it may be mutagenic or teratogenic...
  
   - preservative, color fixative
• Potassium phosphate
  Potassium phosphate
  Potassium phosphate is a generic term for the salts of potassium and phosphate ions including:* Monopotassium phosphate * Dipotassium phosphate * Tripotassium phosphate...
  
  s - mineral salt
• Potassium propionate
  Potassium propionate
  Potassium propanoate or potassium propionate has formula K. Its melting point is 410 °C. It is the potassium salt of propanoic acid.-Use:...
  
   - preservative
• Potassium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
• Potassium sodium tartrate
  Potassium sodium tartrate
  Potassium sodium tartrate is a double salt first prepared by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France. As a result the salt was known as Seignette's salt or Rochelle salt....
  
   - food acid
• Potassium sorbate
  Potassium sorbate
  Potassium sorbate is the potassium salt of sorbic acid, chemical formula C6H7KO2. Its primary use is as a food preservative . Potassium sorbate is effective in a variety of applications including food, wine, and personal care products....
  
   - preservative
• Potassium sulfate
  Potassium sulfate
  Potassium sulfate is a non-flammable white crystalline salt which is soluble in water...
  
   - mineral salt, seasoning
• Potassium sulfite
  Potassium sulfite
  Potassium sulfite is a chemical compound which is the salt of potassium cation and sulfite anion. As a food additive it is used as a preservative under the E number E225 . It is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand and is not approved in the EU....
  
   - preservative, antioxidant
• Potassium tartrate
  Potassium tartrate
  Potassium tartrate, dipotassium tartrate or argol has formula K2C4H4O6. It is the potassium salt of tartaric acid. It is often confused with potassium bitartrate, also known as cream of tartar...
  
  s - food acid
• Powdered Cellulose
  Cellulose
  Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β linked D-glucose units....
  
   - anti-caking agent
• Primrose
  Primula
  Primula is a genus of 400–500 species of low-growing herbs in the family Primulaceae. They include primrose, auricula, cowslip and oxlip. Many species are grown for their ornamental flowers...
  
   (Primula) — candied flowers, tea
• Processed Eucheuma
  Eucheuma
  Eucheuma is a general term used to describe a group of red seaweeds/seaplants representing the Tribe Eucheumatoideae, used in the production of Carrageenan, an important product used in cosmetics, food processing and industrial uses, as well as a food source for those living in Indonesia and the...
  
   seaweed - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Propane-1,2-diol alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Propionic acid
  Propionic acid
  Propanoic acid is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. It is a clear liquid with a pungent odor...
  
   - preservative
• Propyl gallate
  Propyl gallate
  Propyl gallate, or propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol. Since 1948, this antioxidant has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation. As a food additive, it is used under the E number E310.-Description:Propyl...
  
   - antioxidant
• Propylene glycol
  Propylene glycol
  Propylene glycol, also called 1,2-propanediol or propane-1,2-diol, is an organic compound with formula C3H8O2 or HO-CH2-CHOH-CH3...
  
   - humectant
• Propylene glycol alginate
  Propylene glycol alginate
  Propylene glycol alginate is an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickener used in food products. It is a food additive with E number E405. Chemically, propylene glycol alginate is an ester of alginic acid, which is derived from kelp...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Propylparaben (propyl para-hydroxybenzoate) - preservative
• Pumpkin seed oil
  Pumpkin seed oil
  Pumpkin seed oil , a culinary specialty of south eastern Austria , eastern Slovenia , north western Croatia Pumpkin seed oil (Kernöl or Kürbiskernöl in German, bučno olje in Slovenian, bučino ulje or bundevino ulje in Croatian, and tökmag-olaj in Hungarian), a culinary specialty of south eastern...
  
   - a specialty cooking oil, produced in Austria
  Austria
  Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
  
   and Slovenia
  Slovenia
  Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of...
  
  . Doesn't tolerate high temperatures.
• Pulegone
  Pulegone
  Pulegone is a naturally occurring organic compound obtained from the essential oils of a variety of plants such as Nepeta cataria , Mentha piperita, and pennyroyal. It is classified as a monoterpene....
  
  
• Purslane
  Purslane
  Purslane may refer to:* Portulacaceae, a family of succulent flowering plants, and especially:** Portulaca oleracea, a species of Portulaca eaten as a vegetable and considered a weed, known as summer purslane...
  
   -
• Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B₆)
  Pyridoxine
  Pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin B6, along with pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. It differs from pyridoxamine by the substituent at the '4' position. It is often used as 'pyridoxine hydrochloride'.-Chemistry:...
  
   -

Q

• Quatre épices
  Quatre épices
  Quatre épices is a spice used mainly in France, but also found in Middle Eastern kitchens. The name literally means "four spices"; the spice mix contains ground pepper , cloves, nutmeg and ginger...
  
   -
• Quillaia
  Quillaia
  Quillaia is the milled inner bark or small stems and branches of the soapbark . Other names include China bark extract, Murillo bark extract, Panama bark extract, Quillai extract, Quillaia extract, Quillay bark extract, and Soapbark extract...
  
   extract - humectant
• Quinoa
  Quinoa
  Quinoa , a species of goosefoot , is a grain-like crop grown primarily for its edible seeds. It is a pseudocereal rather than a true cereal, or grain, as it is not a member of the grass family...
  
   oil
  Quinoa oil
  Quinoa oil is a vegetable oil extracted from germ of the Chenopodium quinoa, an Andean cereal and has been cultivated since at least 3000 B.C. Quinoa itself has attracted considerable interest as a source of protein, but the oil derived from quinoa is of interest in its own right...
  
   - similar in composition and use to corn oil
  Corn oil
  Corn oil is oil extracted from the germ of corn . Its main use is in cooking, where its high smoke point makes refined corn oil a valuable frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarines. Corn oil is generally less expensive than most other types of vegetable oils. One bushel of corn...
  
  
• Quinoline Yellow WS
  Quinoline Yellow WS
  Quinoline yellow, Quinoline Yellow WS, C.I. 47005, or Food Yellow 13, is a yellow food dye. Chemically it is a mixture of disulfonates , monosulfonates and trisulfonates of 2- indan-1,3-dione....
  
   - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: D&C Yellow #10)

R

• Ramtil oil
  Ramtil oil
  Ramtil oil is used mainly in cooking but also for lighting. In India it is pressed from the seed of Guizotia oleifera of the family Asteraceae. A very similar oil is made in Africa from G. abyssinica. The oil is used as an extender for sesame oil, which is resembles, as well as for making soap,...
  
   - pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus Guizotia abyssinica
  Guizotia abyssinica
  Guizotia abyssinica is an erect, stout, branched annual herb, grown for its edible oil and seed. Its cultivation originated in the Ethiopian highlands, and has spread to other parts of Ethiopia...
  
   (Niger pea) in India
  India
  India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
  
   and Ethiopia
  Ethiopia
  Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
  
  . Used for both cooking and lighting.
• Ras-el hanout
  Ras el hanout
  Ras el hanout or Rass el hanout is a popular Moroccan blend of spices that is used across North Africa. The name means "top of the shop" in Arabic and refers to a mixture of the best spices a seller has to offer...
  
  
• Raspberry
  Raspberry
  The raspberry or hindberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus Rubus, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus; the name also applies to these plants themselves...
  
   (leaves)
• Red 2G
  Red 2G
  Red 2G is a synthetic red azo dye. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. It usually comes as a disodium salt of 8-acetamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazonaphthalene-3,6 disulphonate.-Food dye:...
  
   - color
• Refined microcrystalline wax - glazing agent
• Rhodoxanthin
  Rhodoxanthin
  Rhodoxanthin is a xanthophyll pigment with a purple color that is found in small quantities in a variety plants including Taxus baccata. It is also found in the feathers of some birds...
  
   - color
• Riboflavin
  Riboflavin
  Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2 or additive E101, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals. It is the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, and is therefore required by all flavoproteins. As such, vitamin B2 is required for a...
  
   (vitamin B₂) - color (yellow and orange)
• Rice bran oil
  Rice bran oil
  Rice bran oil is the oil extracted from the germ and inner husk of rice. It is notable for its very high smoke point of and its mild flavor, making it suitable for high-temperature cooking methods such as stir frying and deep frying...
  
   - suitable for high temperature cooking. Widely used in Asia
  Asia
  Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
  
  .
• Rosemary
  Rosemary
  Rosemary, , is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple or blue flowers, native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which includes many other herbs, and is one of two species in the genus Rosmarinus...
  
   (Rosmarinus officinalis) -
• Rubixanthin
  Rubixanthin
  Rubixanthin, or natural yellow 27, is a natural xanthophyll pigment with a red-orange color found in rose hips. As a food additive it used under the E number E161d as a food coloring; it is not approved for use in the USA or EU but is approved in Australia and New Zealand where it is listed as...
  
   - color

S

• Saccharin
  Saccharin
  Saccharin is an artificial sweetener. The basic substance, benzoic sulfilimine, has effectively no food energy and is much sweeter than sucrose, but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations...
  
   - artificial sweetener
• Safflower oil - a flavorless and colorless cooking oil.
• Safflower
  Safflower
  Safflower is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds. Plants are 30 to 150 cm tall with globular flower heads having yellow, orange or red flowers. Each branch will usually have from one to five flower heads...
  
   -
• Saffron
  Saffron
  Saffron is a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, commonly known as the saffron crocus. Crocus is a genus in the family Iridaceae. Each saffron crocus grows to and bears up to four flowers, each with three vivid crimson stigmas, which are each the distal end of a carpel...
  
   - color
• Saigon Cinnamon
  Saigon Cinnamon
  Saigon Cinnamon is an evergreen tree in the genus Cinnamomum, indigenous to mainland Southeast Asia. Despite its name, it is more closely related to cassia than to cinnamon , though in the same genus as both...
  
   -
• Salad Burnet
  Salad Burnet
  Sanguisorba minor is a plant in the family Rosaceae that is native to western, central and southern Europe; northwest Africa and southwest Western Asia; and which has naturalized in most of North America...
  
   (Sanguisorba minor or Poterium sanguisorba)
• Salt
  Salt
  In chemistry, salts are ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. They are composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically neutral...
  
   -
• Sandalwood
  Sandalwood
  Sandalwood is the name of a class of fragrant woods from trees in the genus Santalum. The woods are heavy, yellow, and fine-grained, and unlike many other aromatic woods they retain their fragrance for decades. As well as using the harvested and cut wood in-situ, essential oils are also extracted...
  
   - color
• Savory
  Savory (herb)
  Satureja is a genus of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, related to rosemary and thyme. There are about 30 species called savories, of which Summer savory and Winter savory are the most important in cultivation.-Description:...
  
   (Satureja hortensis, S. montana)
• Scarlet GN
  Scarlet GN
  Scarlet GN, or C.I. Food Red 1, Ponceau SX, FD&C Red No. 4, or C.I. 14700 is a red azo dye used as a food dye. When used as a food additive, it has the E number E125. It usually comes as a disodium salt....
  
   - color
• Sesame oil
  Sesame oil
  Sesame oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from sesame seeds. Besides being used as a cooking oil in South India, it is often used as a flavor enhancer in Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and to a lesser extent Southeast Asian cuisine.The oil from the nutrient rich seed is popular in alternative...
  
   - used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India
  India
  India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
  
  .
• Sesame seed -
• Shellac
  Shellac
  Shellac is a resin secreted by the female lac bug, on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. It is processed and sold as dry flakes , which are dissolved in ethyl alcohol to make liquid shellac, which is used as a brush-on colorant, food glaze and wood finish...
  
   - glazing agent
• Silicon dioxide
  Silicon dioxide
  The chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica , is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula '. It has been known for its hardness since antiquity...
  
   - anti-caking agent
• Silver
  Silver
  Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal...
  
   - color (silver)
• Luohanguo
  Siraitia grosvenorii
  Siraitia grosvenorii is an herbaceous perennial vine native to southern China and Northern Thailand. The plant is best known for its fruit, commonly called luo han guo or luo han kuo , la han qua , arhat fruit, Buddha...
  
  
• Sodium acetate
  Sodium acetate
  Sodium acetate, CH3COONa, also abbreviated NaOAc, also sodium ethanoate, is the sodium salt of acetic acid. This colourless salt has a wide range of uses.-Industrial:...
  
   - preservative, acidity regulator
• Sodium adipate
  Sodium adipate
  Sodium adipate is a compound with formula Na2C6H8O4. It is the sodium salt of adipic acid.It has E number "E356"....
  
   - food acid
• Sodium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Sodium aluminium phosphate
  Sodium aluminium phosphate
  Sodium aluminium phosphate is a chemical used in food processing. It is synthetically produced from aluminium, phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide. As a food additive is has the E number E541....
  
   - acidity regulator, emulsifier
• Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate) - anti-caking agent
• Sodium ascorbate
  Ascorbic acid
  Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C. The name is derived from a- and scorbutus , the...
  
   - antioxidant (water soluble)
• Sodium benzoate
  Sodium benzoate
  Sodium benzoate has the chemical formula NaC6H5CO2; it is a widely used food preservative, with E number E211. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and exists in this form when dissolved in water. It can be produced by reacting sodium hydroxide with benzoic acid.-Uses:Sodium benzoate is a...
  
   - preservative
• Sodium bicarbonate
  Sodium bicarbonate
  Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula Na HCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda . The natural mineral form is...
  
   - mineral salt
• Sodium bisulfite
  Sodium bisulfite
  Sodium bisulfite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaHSO3. Sodium bisulfite is a food additive with E number E222. This salt of bisulfite can be prepared by bubbling sulfur dioxide in a solution of sodium carbonate in water...
  
   (sodium hydrogen sulfite) - preservative, antioxidant
• Sodium carbonate
  Sodium carbonate
  Sodium carbonate , Na2CO3 is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. It most commonly occurs as a crystalline heptahydrate, which readily effloresces to form a white powder, the monohydrate. Sodium carbonate is domestically well-known for its everyday use as a water softener. It can be extracted from the...
  
   - mineral salt
• Sodium carboxymethylcellulose - emulsifier
• Sodium citrate
  Sodium citrate
  Trisodium citrate has the chemical formula of Na3C6H5O7. It is sometimes referred to simply as sodium citrate, though sodium citrate can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid. It possesses a saline, mildly tart flavor. For this reason, citrates of certain alkaline and alkaline earth...
  
  s - food acid
• Sodium dehydroacetate - preservative
• Sodium erythorbate
  Sodium erythorbate
  Sodium erythorbate is a food additive used predominantly in meats, poultry, and soft drinks. Chemically, it is the sodium salt of erythorbic acid. Sodium Erythorbate is structurally related to Vitamin C and is a antioxidant...
  
   - antioxidant
• Sodium erythorbin - antioxidant
• Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
• Sodium ferrocyanide
  Sodium ferrocyanide
  Sodium ferrocyanide is the sodium salt of the coordination compound of formula [Fe6]4-. It is a yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Despite the presence of the cyanide ligands, sodium ferrocyanide is not especially toxic because the cyanides are tightly...
  
   - anti-caking agent
• Sodium formate
  Sodium formate
  Sodium formate, HCOONa, is the sodium salt of formic acid, HCOOH. It usually appears as a white deliquescent powder.-Uses:Sodium formate is used in several fabric dyeing and printing processes...
  
   - preservative
• Sodium fumarate
  Sodium fumarate
  Sodium fumarate, also called disodium fumarate, is a compound with the molecular formula Na2C4H2O4. It is the sodium salt of fumaric acid, used as an acidity regulator in processed foods. Sodium fumarate and fumaric acid are sometimes used as terminal electron acceptors in the cultivation of...
  
   - food acid
• Sodium gluconate
  Sodium gluconate
  Sodium gluconate is a compound with formula NaC6H11O7. It is the sodium salt of gluconic acid.It has E number E576....
  
   - stabiliser
• Sodium hydrogen acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
• Sodium hydroxide - mineral salt
• Sodium lactate
  Sodium lactate
  Sodium lactate is the sodium salt of lactic acid produced by fermentation of a sugar source, such as corn or beets, and then neutralizing the resulting lactic acid to create a compound having the formula NaC3H5O3. As a food additive, sodium lactate has the E number E325 and naturally is a liquid...
  
   - food acid
• Sodium malate
  Sodium malate
  Sodium malate is a compound with formula Na2. It is the sodium salt of malic acid. As a food additive, it has the E number E350....
  
  s - food acid
• Sodium metabisulfite
  Sodium metabisulfite
  Sodium metabisulfite or sodium pyrosulfite is an inorganic compound of chemical formula Na2S2O5. The substance is sometimes referred to as disodium...
  
   - preservative, antioxidant, bleaching agent
• Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate
  Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate
  Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate is a compound with formula Na. It is the sodium salt of methylparaben.It is a food additive with the E number E219 which is used as a preservative....
  
   - preservative
• Sodium nitrate
  Sodium nitrate
  Sodium nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula NaNO3. This salt, also known as Chile saltpeter or Peru saltpeter to distinguish it from ordinary saltpeter, potassium nitrate, is a white solid which is very soluble in water...
  
   - preservative, color fixative
• Sodium nitrite
  Sodium nitrite
  Sodium nitrite is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaNO2. It is a white to slight yellowish crystalline powder that is very soluble in water and is hygroscopic...
  
   - preservative, color fixative
• Sodium orthophenyl phenol
  Sodium orthophenyl phenol
  Sodium orthophenyl phenol is a compound used as a disinfectant. It is the sodium salt of 2-phenylphenol.As a food additive, it has E number E232....
  
   - preservative
• Sodium propionate
  Sodium propionate
  Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na.-Uses:It is used as a food preservative and is represented by the food labeling E number E281 in Europe; it is used primarily as a mold inhibitor in bakery products...
  
   - preservative
• Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
• Sodium sorbate
  Sodium sorbate
  Sodium sorbate is the sodium salt of sorbic acid.Formula is NaC6H7O2; systematic name is "sodium -hexa-2,4-dienoate".It is a food additive with E-number E201....
  
   - preservative
• Sodium stearoyl lactylate
  Sodium stearoyl lactylate
  Sodium stearoyl lactate and calcium stearoyl lactate are organic compounds used as a food additives in the List of food additives, Codex Alimentarius....
  
   - emulsifier
• Sodium succinates - acidity regulator, flavor enhancer
• Sodium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
• Sodium sulfite
  Sodium sulfite
  Sodium sulfite is a soluble sodium salt of sulfurous acid. It is a product of sulfur dioxide scrubbing, a part of the flue gas desulfurization process...
  
   - mineral salt, preservative, antioxidant
• Sodium sulfite
  Sodium sulfite
  Sodium sulfite is a soluble sodium salt of sulfurous acid. It is a product of sulfur dioxide scrubbing, a part of the flue gas desulfurization process...
  
   - preservative, antioxidant
• Sodium tartrate
  Sodium tartrate
  Sodium tartrate is used as an emulsifier and a binding agent in food products such as jellies, margarine, and sausage casings. As a food additive, it is known by the E number E335....
  
  s - food acid
• Sodium tetraborate - preservative
• Sorbic acid
  Sorbic acid
  Sorbic acid, or 2,4-hexadienoic acid, is a natural organic compound used as a food preservative. It has the chemical formula C6H8O2. It is a colourless solid that is slightly soluble in water and sublimes readily...
  
   - preservative
• Sorbitan monolaurate - emulsifier
• Sorbitan monooleate - emulsifier
• Sorbitan monopalmitate - emulsifier
• Sorbitan monostearate
  Sorbitan monostearate
  Sorbitan monostearate is an ester of sorbitan and stearic acid and is sometimes referred to as a synthetic wax. It is primarily used as an emulsifier to keep water and oils mixed. Sorbitan monostearate is used in the manufacture of food and healthcare products, and is a non-ionic surfactant with...
  
   - emulsifier
• Sorbitan tristearate
  Sorbitan tristearate
  Sorbitan tristearate is a nonionic surfactant. It is variously used as a dispersing agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer, in food and in aerosol sprays. As a food additive, it has the E number E492...
  
   - emulsifier
• Sorbitol
  Sorbitol
  Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, Sorbogem® and Sorbo®, is a sugar alcohol that the human body metabolizes slowly. It can be obtained by reduction of glucose, changing the aldehyde group to a hydroxyl group. Sorbitol is found in apples, pears, peaches, and prunes...
  
   - humectant, emulsifier, sweetener
• Sorbol -
• Sorrel
  Sorrel
  Common sorrel or garden sorrel , often simply called sorrel, is a perennial herb that is cultivated as a garden herb or leaf vegetable...
  
   (Rumex spp.) -
• Soybean oil - accounts for about half of worldwide edible oil production.
• Spearmint
  Spearmint
  Mentha spicata syn. M. cordifolia is a species of mint native to much of Europe and southwest Asia, though its exact natural range is uncertain due to extensive early cultivation. It grows in wet soils...
  
   oil - often used in flavoring mouthwash and chewing gum, among other applications. http://www.aromaticoil.com/spearmintoil.htm
• Star anise
  Star anise
  Illicium verum, commonly called Star anise, star aniseed, or Chinese star anise, is a spice that closely resembles anise in flavor, obtained from the star-shaped pericarp of Illicium verum, a small native evergreen tree of northeast Vietnam and southwest China...
  
   -
• Star anise
  Star anise
  Illicium verum, commonly called Star anise, star aniseed, or Chinese star anise, is a spice that closely resembles anise in flavor, obtained from the star-shaped pericarp of Illicium verum, a small native evergreen tree of northeast Vietnam and southwest China...
  
   oil - highly fragrant oil using in cooking. Also used in perfumery and soaps, has been used in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. 90% of the world's star anise
  Star anise
  Illicium verum, commonly called Star anise, star aniseed, or Chinese star anise, is a spice that closely resembles anise in flavor, obtained from the star-shaped pericarp of Illicium verum, a small native evergreen tree of northeast Vietnam and southwest China...
  
   crop is used in the manufacture of Tamiflu, a drug
  Drug
  A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage.In pharmacology, a...
  
   used to treat avian flu
  H5N1
  Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as "bird flu", A or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species...
  
  .
• Starch sodium octenylsuccinate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Stearic acid
  Stearic acid
  Stearic acid is the saturated fatty acid with an 18 carbon chain and has the IUPAC name octadecanoic acid. It is a waxy solid, and its chemical formula is CH316CO2H. Its name comes from the Greek word στέαρ "stéatos", which means tallow. The salts and esters of stearic acid are called stearates...
  
   - anti-caking agent
• Stearyl tartarate - emulsifier
• Succinic acid
  Succinic acid
  Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. Succinate plays a biochemical role in the citric acid cycle. The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber, from which the acid may be obtained....
  
   - food acid
• Sucralose
  Sucralose
  Sucralose is an artificial sweetener. The majority of ingested sucralose is not broken down by the body and therefore it is non-caloric. In the European Union, it is also known under the E number E955. Sucralose is approximately 600 times as sweet as sucrose , twice as sweet as saccharin, and 3.3...
  
   - artificial sweetener
• Sucroglycerides - emulsifier
• Sucrose acetate isobutyrate
  Sucrose acetate isobutyrate
  Sucrose acetoisobutyrate is an emulsifier and has E number E444. In the United States, SAIB is categorized as generally recognized as safe as a food additive.- Chemistry :...
  
   - emulsifier, stabiliser
• Sucrose esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Sugar
  Sugar
  Sugar is a class of edible crystalline carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose, characterized by a sweet flavor.Sucrose in its refined form primarily comes from sugar cane and sugar beet...
  
   -
• Sulfur dioxide
  Sulfur dioxide
  Sulfur dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula . It is released by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide unless the sulfur compounds are removed before burning the fuel...
  
   - preservative, antioxidant
• Sulfuric acid
  Sulfuric acid
  Sulfuric acid is a strong mineral acid with the molecular formula . Its historical name is oil of vitriol. Pure sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive, colorless, viscous liquid. The salts of sulfuric acid are called sulfates...
  
   - acidity regulator
• Sumac
  Sumac
  Sumac is any one of approximately 250 species of flowering plants in the genus Rhus and related genera, in the family Anacardiaceae. Sumacs grow in subtropical and temperate regions throughout the world, especially in Africa and North America....
  
   -
• Sunflower oil
  Sunflower oil
  Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil expressed from sunflower seeds. Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as a frying oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient. Sunflower oil was first industrially produced in 1835 in the Russian Empire.- Composition :Sunflower oil is mainly a...
  
   - a common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel
  Biodiesel
  Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids with an alcohol....
  
  .
• Sunset Yellow FCF
  Sunset Yellow FCF
  Sunset Yellow FCF is a synthetic yellow azo dye, manufactured from aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum. When added to foods, it is denoted by E Number E110...
  
   - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: FD&C Yellow #6)
• Sweet basil -
• Sweet woodruff -
• Szechuan pepper (Xanthoxylum piperitum) -

T

• Talc
  Talc
  Talc is a mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula H2Mg34 or Mg3Si4O102. In loose form, it is the widely-used substance known as talcum powder. It occurs as foliated to fibrous masses, its crystals being so rare as to be almost unknown...
  
   - anti-caking agent
• Tamarind
  Tamarind
  Tamarind is a tree in the family Fabaceae. The genus Tamarindus is monotypic .-Origin:...
  
   -
• Costmary
  Tanacetum balsamita
  Tanacetum balsamita, or Balsamita vulgaris, is a perennial temperate herb known as costmary, alecost, balsam herb, bible leaf, or mint geranium....
  
   -
• Tandoori masala
  Tandoori masala
  Tandoori masala is a mixture of spices specifically for use with a tandoor, or clay oven, in traditional north Indian, Pakistani and Afghan cooking. The specific spices vary somewhat from one region to another, but typically include garam masala, garlic, ginger, onion, cayenne pepper, and other...
  
   -
• Tannin
  Tannin
  A tannin is an astringent, bitter plant polyphenolic compound that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.The term tannin refers to the use of...
  
  s - color, emulsifier, stabiliser, thickener
• Tansy
  Tansy
  Tansy is a perennial, herbaceous flowering plant of the aster family, native to temperate Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to other parts of the world and in some areas has become invasive...
  
   -
• Tara gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
• Tarragon
  Tarragon
  Tarragon or dragon's-wort is a perennial herb in the family Asteraceae related to wormwood. Corresponding to its species name, a common term for the plant is "dragon herb". It is native to a wide area of the Northern Hemisphere from easternmost Europe across central and eastern Asia to India,...
  
   (Artemisia dracunculus) -
• Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Tartrazine
  Tartrazine
  Tartrazine is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food coloring...
  
   - color (yellow and orange) (FDA
  Food and Drug Administration
  The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments...
  
  : FD&C Yellow #5)
• Camellia oil
  Tea oil
  Tea seed oil is an edible, pale amber-green fixed oil with a sweet, herbal aroma. It is cold-pressed mainly from the seeds of Camellia oleifera but also from Camellia sinensis or Camellia japonica....
  
  /Tea oil, widely used in southern China
  China
  Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
  
   as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, hair oils and a variety of other products.
• Tert-butylhydroquinone
  Tert-Butylhydroquinone
  tert-Butylhydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol. It is a derivative of hydroquinone, substituted with tert-butyl group.-Applications:...
  
   - antioxidant
• Tetrahydrocannabinol
  Tetrahydrocannabinol
  Tetrahydrocannabinol , also known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol , Δ1-THC , or dronabinol, is the main chemical psychoactive substance found in the cannabis plant. It was first isolated in 1964. In pure form, it is a glassy solid when cold, and becomes viscous and sticky if warmed...
  
  - flavor enhancer, potential anti carcinogen
• Thaumatin
  Thaumatin
  Thaumatin is a low-calorie sweetener and flavour modifier. The substance, a natural protein, is often used primarily for its flavour-modifying properties and not exclusively as a sweetener....
  
   - flavor enhancer, artificial sweetener
• Theine -
• Thermally oxidised soya bean oil - emulsifier
• Thiabendazole
  Thiabendazole
  Tiabendazole is a fungicide and parasiticide.-Fungicide:...
  
   - preservative
• Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
  Thiamine
  Thiamine or thiamin or vitamin B1 , named as the "thio-vitamine" is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. First named aneurin for the detrimental neurological effects if not present in the diet, it was eventually assigned the generic descriptor name vitamin B1. Its phosphate derivatives are...
  
   -
• Thiodipropionic acid - antioxidant
• Thyme
  Thyme
  Thyme is a culinary and medicinal herb of the genus Thymus.-History:Ancient Egyptians used thyme for embalming. The ancient Greeks used it in their baths and burnt it as incense in their temples, believing it was a source of courage...
  
   -
• stannous chloride
  Tin(II) chloride
  Tin chloride is a white crystalline solid with the formula 2. It forms a stable dihydrate, but aqueous solutions tend to undergo hydrolysis, particularly if hot. SnCl2 is widely used as a reducing agent , and in electrolytic baths for tin-plating...
  
   - color retention agent, antioxidant
• Titanium dioxide
  Titanium dioxide
  Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula . When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6, or CI 77891. Generally it comes in two different forms, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of...
  
   - color (white)
• Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
  Tocopherol
  Tocopherols are a class of chemical compounds of which many have vitamin E activity. It is a series of organic compounds consisting of various methylated phenols...
  
   -
• Tocopherol
  Tocopherol
  Tocopherols are a class of chemical compounds of which many have vitamin E activity. It is a series of organic compounds consisting of various methylated phenols...
  
   concentrate (natural) - antioxidant
• Tragacanth
  Tragacanth
  Tragacanth is a natural gum obtained from the dried sap of several species of Middle Eastern legumes of the genus Astragalus, including A. adscendens, A. gummifer, A. brachycalyx, and A. tragacanthus. Some of these species are known collectively under the common names "goat's thorn" and "locoweed"...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Triacetin
  Triacetin
  The triglyceride 1,2,3-triacetoxypropane is more generally known as triacetin and glycerin triacetate. It is the triester of glycerol and acetic acid....
  
   - humectant
• Triammonium citrate - food acid
• Triethyl citrate
  Triethyl citrate
  Triethyl citrate is an ester of citric acid. It is a colorless, odorless liquid used as a food additive to stabilize foams, especially as whipping aid for egg white. It is also used in pharmaceutical coatings and plastics....
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum
• Trimethylxanthine -
• Triphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
• sodium phosphates
  Trisodium phosphate
  Trisodium phosphate is a cleaning agent, food additive, stain remover and degreaser. It is a white, granular or crystalline solid, highly soluble in water producing an alkaline solution....
  
   - Mineral
  Mineral
  A mineral is a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not...
  
   Salt
  Salt
  In chemistry, salts are ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. They are composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically neutral...
  
  
• Turmeric
  Turmeric
  Turmeric is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is native to tropical South Asia and needs temperatures between 20 °C and 30 °C and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive...
  
   - color (yellow and orange)

V

• Vanilla
  Vanilla
  Vanilla is a flavoring derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily from the Mexican species, Flat-leaved Vanilla . The word vanilla derives from the Spanish word "", little pod...
  
   (Vanilla planifolia) -
• Vegetable carbon
  Carbon black
  Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, and a small amount from vegetable oil. Carbon black is a form of amorphous carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, although its...
  
   - color (brown and black)
• Vinegar
  Vinegar
  Vinegar is a liquid substance consisting mainly of acetic acid and water, the acetic acid being produced through the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria. Commercial vinegar is produced either by fast or slow fermentation processes. Slow methods generally are used with traditional...
  
   -
• Violaxanthin
  Violaxanthin
  Violaxanthin is a natural xanthophyll pigment with an orange color found in a variety of plants including pansies. It is biosynthesized from zeaxanthin by epoxidation. As a food additive it used under the E number E161e as a food coloring; it is not approved for use in the EU or USA however is...
  
   - color
• Vitamin
  Vitamin
  A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism. In other words, an organic chemical compound is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet. Thus, the term is conditional both on...
  
   -
  • Vitamin A (Retinol)
    Retinol
    Retinol is one of the animal forms of vitamin A. It is a diterpenoid and an alcohol. It is convertible to other forms of vitamin A, and the retinyl ester derivative of the alcohol serves as the storage form of the vitamin in animals....
    
     -
  • Vitamin B₁ (Thiamine)
    Thiamine
    Thiamine or thiamin or vitamin B1 , named as the "thio-vitamine" is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. First named aneurin for the detrimental neurological effects if not present in the diet, it was eventually assigned the generic descriptor name vitamin B1. Its phosphate derivatives are...
    
     -
  • Vitamin B₂ (Riboflavin)
    Riboflavin
    Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2 or additive E101, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals. It is the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, and is therefore required by all flavoproteins. As such, vitamin B2 is required for a...
    
     -
  • Vitamin B₅ (Pantothenic acid)
    Pantothenic acid
    Pantothenic acid, also called pantothenate or vitamin B5 , is a water-soluble vitamin. For many animals, pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient. Animals require pantothenic acid to synthesize coenzyme-A , as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.Pantothenic acid...
    
     -
  • Vitamin B₆ (Pyrodoxine)
    Pyridoxine
    Pyridoxine is one of the compounds that can be called vitamin B6, along with pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. It differs from pyridoxamine by the substituent at the '4' position. It is often used as 'pyridoxine hydrochloride'.-Chemistry:...
    
     -
  • Vitamin B₁₂ (Cyanocobalamin)
    Cyanocobalamin
    Cyanocobalamin is an especially common vitamer of the vitamin B12 family. It is the most famous vitamer of the family, because it is, in chemical terms, the most air-stable...
    
     -
  • Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
    Ascorbic acid
    Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form of vitamin C. The name is derived from a- and scorbutus , the...
    
     -
  • Vitamin D (Calciferol)
    Vitamin D
    Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids. In humans, vitamin D is unique both because it functions as a prohormone and because the body can synthesize it when sun exposure is adequate ....
    
     -
  • Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
    Tocopherol
    Tocopherols are a class of chemical compounds of which many have vitamin E activity. It is a series of organic compounds consisting of various methylated phenols...
    
     -
  • Vitamin K (Potassium)
    Vitamin K
    Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat soluble vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins required for blood coagulation and in metabolic pathways in bone and other tissue. They are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives...
    
     -

W

• Walnut oil
  Walnut oil
  Walnut oil is oil extracted from English walnuts . It is about 50% linoleic acid, an essential omega-6 fatty acid. Walnut oil is also a good source of omega-3 fatty acids which are also essential to human nutrition....
  
   - used for its flavor, also used by Renaissance
  Renaissance
  The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
  
   painters in oil paints
• Wasabi
  Wasabi
  , also known as Japanese horseradish, is a member of the Brassicaceae family, which includes cabbages, horseradish, and mustard. Its root is used as a condiment and has an extremely strong flavor. Its hotness is more akin to that of a hot mustard rather than the capsaicin in a chili pepper,...
  
   -
• Water
  Water
  Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state . Water also exists in a...
  
   -
• Wattleseed
  Wattleseed
  Wattleseed is a term used to describe the edible seeds from around 120 species of Australian Acacia thatwere traditionally used as food by Australian Aborigines and they were eaten either green or dried to make a type of bush bread.Acacia seed flour has recently gained popularity in Australia...
  
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• Xanthan gum
  Xanthan gum
  Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide, derived from the bacterial coat of Xanthomonas campestris, used as a food additive and rheology modifier, commonly used as a food thickening agent and a stabilizer...
  
   - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
• Xylitol
  Xylitol
  Xylitol is a sugar alcohol sweetener used as a naturally occurring sugar substitute. It is found in the fibers of many fruits and vegetables, and can be extracted from various berries, oats, and mushrooms, as well as fibrous material such as corn husks and sugar cane bagasse, and birch...
  
   - humectant, stabiliser

See also

• List of additives in cigarettes
• List of food additives, Codex Alimentarius
• List of unrefined sweeteners

External links

• Australian Food Additive Codes