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List of extinct states
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This page attempts to list the many extinct states, countries, nations, empires or territories that have ceased to exist as political entities, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature.
Ancient and medieval statesStates and realms that disappeared in ancient history.
Europe, North Africa and the Near East
Ancient
Medieval
EnglandFollowing the collapse of the Roman Empire there followed a period where the Romano-British political entity fragmented caused mainly by the Celtic system of dividing a realm between the sons of a king on his death. This situation was made worse after c.449 when Jutes and later Anglo-Saxons began colonising the eastern and southern seaboards and driving inland. Eventually the Romano-Britons (now known to the Anglo-Saxons as "Welsh") were assimilated or driven into the highlands of Cambria (Wales) or Caledonia (Scotland). Wales and Scotland will be considered separate from what once existed in England.
Sub-Roman Brythonic kingdoms in England
- Dumnonia, a realm named after the Dumnonii in the southwest.
- Bryneich, a kingdom in the modern day northeast of England.
- Ebrauc, a small kingdom centred on York.
- Calchfynedd, a kingdom in the Chiltern Hills
- Elmet, a substantial kingdom near Leeds extinguished in 616.
- Rheged, another substantial kingdom, divided into north and south, in the northwest of modern England.
- Pengwern, a significant kingdom in what is now Shropshire.
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England
- Northumbria, formed out of the kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira.
- Mercia, which absorbed the smaller kingdoms of Lindsey and Hwicce.
- East Anglia.
- Kent.
- Sussex, kingdom of the South Saxons.
- Wessex, kingdom of the West Saxons.
- Essex, kingdom of the East Saxons.
- Haestingas, a Saxon tribe in part of Sussex.
- Magonsaete, an Anglian tribe in the hills of Shropshire.
- Hwicce, an Anglian tribe in modern Gloucestershire and Worcestershire.
- Middle Saxons, a Saxon tribe in modern Middlesex and Hertfordshire.
- Suthrege, the Saxons of modern Surrey.
- Hicca, a small Middle Angle tribe in modern Cambridgeshire.
- Wreoconsaete, an Anglian tribe in the hills of Shropshire.
- Gyre, a small Middle Angle tribe in modern Cambridgeshire.
- Witware, the Jutes of the Isle of Wight.
WalesSub-Roman and Medieval Brythonic kingdoms in Wales
Wales experienced a similar history during this time, although the Welsh population successfully resisted the influx of Anglo-Saxon settlers into the British Isles. The country was home to a number of princedoms until England's ultimate conquest of the region in the later medieval period.
ScotlandSub-Roman Cumbric kingdoms in Scotland
Pictish kingdoms in Scotland
- Cait — situated in modern Caithness and Sutherland
- Ce — situated in modern Mar and Buchan
- Circinn — perhaps situated in modern Angus and the Mearns[37]
- Fib — the modern Fife, known to this day as 'the Kingdom of Fife'
- Fidach — location unknown
- Fotla — modern Atholl (Ath-Fotla)[38]
- Fortriu — cognate with the Verturiones of the Romans; recently shown to be centered around Moray
Gaelic kingdoms in Scotland
- Dál Riata, the proto-state that became Scotland. (this kingdom spanned western Scotland and northeastern Ireland)
IrelandExtinct kingdoms in Ireland
Ireland during the early medieval period consisted of some two hundred tuathas or minor kingdoms, which were in turn vassals of the rulers of an over-kingdom, called a cóiced (usually translated as a portion, a fifth, or a province). The most prominent of these kingdoms were
Between the 8th and 12th centuries, various Ard Rí attempted unsuccessfully to impose their rule over all the kingdoms in Ireland. Among those whose efforts almost made this a reality were Flann Sinna, reigned 877-916); Niall Glúndub mac Áedo (916-919); Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig (1002-1014); Toirdhealbhach Ua Briain (1055-1086; and Toirdhealbhach Ua Conchobhair (1119-1156). The last of these kingdoms ceased to exist in the early 17th century. Further Irish kingdoms included:
For further information see Irish kings.
France
Low Countries
Germany- in historic and present-day Germany and neighbouring countries/regions
Spain and Portugal
Italy- in present Italy
- Post-Roman Kingdom of Italy
Russia and Ukraine- In and around present-day European Russia and Ukraine:
- Volga Bulgaria (660-1236)
- Novgorod Republic
- Golden Horde - in 1430s into Kazan Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberia Khanate, Big Horde; Russia finally became independent
- Khazar Empire (652-1016)
- Kievan Rus (860 - 12th century)
- Trubczewsk - Originally a sub-principality under Novhorod-Siversky, Trubchevsk was independent sporadically throughout the Middle Ages, in 1164–1196, 1202–1211, 1212–1240, 1378–1399, and finally in 1462–1503.
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania (-1795)
Balkan States
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