List of electronics topics

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List of electronics topics

Alphabetization has been neglected in some parts of this article (the "b" section in particular). You can help by editing it.

This is a list of communications, computers, electronic circuits, fiberoptics, microelectronics, medical electronics, reliability, and semiconductors.

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16VSB

16VSB is an abbreviation for 16-level vestigial sideband modulation, capable of transmitting four bits at a time....
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Encyclopedia

Alphabetization has been neglected in some parts of this article (the "b" section in particular). You can help by editing it.

This is a list of communications, computers, electronic circuits, fiberoptics, microelectronics, medical electronics, reliability, and semiconductors.

0–9

16VSB

16VSB is an abbreviation for 16-level vestigial sideband modulation, capable of transmitting four bits at a time....
– 2VSB

2VSB

In telecommunications, 2VSB is an abbreviation for 2-level vestigial sideband modulation, a transmission method capable of transmitting one bit at a time....
– 32VSB

32VSB

32VSB is an acronym for 32-level vestigial sideband modulation, capable of transmitting five bits at a time.32VSB is rarely used, because receiver have more trouble distinguishing between so many fine levels of modulation....
– 4000 series

4000 series

The 4000 series is a family of industry standard integrated circuits which implement a variety of logic gate functions using CMOS technology. They were introduced by RCA as CD4000 COS/MOS in 1968, as a lower power and more versatile alternative to the 7400 series of transistor-transistor logic logic chips....
– 4VSB

4VSB

4VSB is an abbreviation for 4-level vestigial sideband modulation, capable of transmitting two bits at a time.Other faster but less rugged forms include 8VSB and 16VSB. While 2VSB is more rugged, it is also slower....
– 555 timer IC

555 timer IC

The 555 is an integrated circuit implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator applications. The IC was designed and invented by Hans R....
– LM741 – 7400 series

7400 series

The 7400 series of Transistor-transistor logic integrated circuits are historically important as the first widespread logic family of TTL integrated circuit logic ....
– 8VSB

8VSB

8VSB is the 8-level vestigial sideband modulation method adopted for terrestrial broadcast of the ATSC digital television standard in the United States, Canada, and other countries....

A

Absolute gain

Absolute gain may refer to:*Absolute gain *Absolute gain , as a part of liberal international relations theory...
– Access control

Access control

Access control is the ability to permit or deny the use of a particular resource by a particular entity. Access control mechanisms can be used in managing physical resources , logical resources , or digital resources ....
– Acceptance pattern – Access time

Access time

Access time is the time delay or Latency between a request to an electronic system, and the access being completed or the requested data returned....
– Acoustic coupler

Acoustic coupler

In telecommunications, the term acoustic coupler has the following meanings:# An network interface device for coupling electrical signals by acoustical means?usually into and out of a telephone instrument....
– Acquisition – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line is a form of Digital subscriber line, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide....
– Adaptive communications

Adaptive communications

Adaptive communications can mean any communications system, or portion thereof, that automatically uses feedback information obtained from the system itself or from the signals carried by the system to modify dynamically one or more of the system operational parameters to improve system performance or to resist Degradation ....
– Adder

Adder (electronics)

In electronics, an adder or summer is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers.In modern computers adders reside in the arithmetic logic unit where other operations are performed....
– Adjacent-channel interference

Adjacent-channel interference

Adjacent-channel interference or ACI is interference caused by extraneous power from a signaling in an adjacent channel.Note 1: Adjacent channel interference may be caused by inadequate filtering, such as incomplete filtering of unwanted modulation products in frequency modulation systems, improper tuner , or poor frequency co...
– Alarm sensor

Alarm sensor

In telecommunication, the term alarm sensor has the following meanings:1. In Telecommunication systems, a device that can sense an abnormal condition within the system and provide a message indicating the presence or nature of the abnormality to either a local or remote alarm indicator, and may detect events ranging from a simple co...
– Aliasing

Aliasing

In statistics, signal processing, computer graphics and related disciplines, aliasing refers to an effect that causes different continuous signals to become indistinguishable when sampling ....
– Allied Radio

Allied Radio

Allied Radio was an American radio manufacturer and retailer, which sold radio sets, tubes, capacitors , amateur radio equipment, citizen's band radios, miscellaneous communications equipment, electronic kits, and consumer audio systems through retail stores and mail-order....
– Alternate party

Alternate party

Alternate party diversion is an optional feature of telephone services, where a call may be routed to a different telephone number based on time-out and precedence schemes set up by the customer....
– Alternating current

Alternating current

In alternating current the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. An electric charge would for instance move forward, then backward, then forward, then backward, over and over again....
– AM radio – Amateur radio

Amateur radio

Amateur radio, often called Etymology of ham radio, is both a hobby and a service in which participants, called "hams," use various types of radio communications equipment to communicate with other radio amateurs for Public services, recreation and self-training....
– Ambient noise level

Ambient noise level

In atmospheric sound transmission or noise pollution, ambient noise level is the sound pressure level at a given location, normally specified as a reference level to study a new intrusive sound source....
– American Radio Relay League

American Radio Relay League

The American Radio Relay League is the largest membership Voluntary association of amateur radio enthusiasts in the United States. ARRL is a non-profit organization, and was founded in May 1914 by Hiram Percy Maxim of Hartford, Connecticut....
(ARRL) – Ammeter

Ammeter

An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a Electrical circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes , hence the name....
– Amperage (see Current) – Ampere

Ampere

The ampere is the International System of Units unit of electric current. The ampere, in practice often shortened to amp, is an SI base unit, and is named after Andr?-Marie Amp?re, one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism....
– Amplitude distortion

Amplitude distortion

Amplitude distortion is distortion occurring in a system, subsystem, or device when the output amplitude is not a linear function of the input amplitude under specified conditions....
– Amplitude modulation

Amplitude modulation

Amplitude modulation is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave....
– Amplifier

Amplifier

Generally, an amplifier or simply amp, is any machine that changes, usually increases, the amplitude of a Signal . The "signal" is usually voltage or current....
– Analog

Analog signal

An analog or analogue signal is any continuous function Signal for which the time varying feature of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e analogous to another time varying signal....
– Analog computer

Analog computer

An analog computer is a form of computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved....
– Analog decoding – Analogue switch

Analogue switch

The analogue switch, also called the bilateral switch, is an electronics component that behaves in a similar way to a relay, but has no moving parts....
– Analog to digital converter – Analysis of resistive circuits

Analysis of resistive circuits

A network, in the context of electronics, is a collection of interconnected components. Network analysis is the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, every component in the network....
– Angular misalignment loss

Angular misalignment loss

In waveguide design and construction, angular misalignment loss is power loss caused by the deviation from optimum angular alignment of the axes of source-to-waveguide, waveguide-to-waveguide, or waveguide-to-detector....
– Antenna – Antenna blind cone

Antenna blind cone

In telecommunications, antenna blind cone is the volume of space, usually approximately conical with its vertex at the antenna , that cannot be scanned by an antenna because of limitations of the antenna radiation pattern and mount....
– Antenna effective area

Antenna effective area

In telecommunication, antenna effective area or effective aperture is the functionally equivalent area from which an antenna directed toward the source of the received signal gathers or absorbs the energy of an incident electromagnetic wave....
– Antenna gain

Antenna gain

Antenna Gain is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity of an antenna in a given direction to the intensity that would be produced by a hypothetical ideal antenna that radiates equally in all directions and has no losses....
– Antenna height above average terrain

Antenna height above average terrain

In telecommunication, antenna height above average terrain is the antenna height above the average terrain elevations from 3.2 to 16 kilometers from the antenna for the eight directions spaced evenly for each 45? of azimuth starting with true north....
– Antenna noise temperature

Antenna noise temperature

In telecommunication, antenna noise temperature is the temperature of a hypothetical resistor at the input of an ideal signal noise-free receiver that would generate the same output noise power per unit Bandwidth as that at the antenna output at a specified frequency....
– Antenna theory – Aperiodic antenna – Aperture (antenna) – Aperture illumination – Aperture-to-medium coupling loss

Aperture-to-medium coupling loss

In telecommunication, aperture-to-medium coupling loss is the difference between the theoretical gain of a very large antenna , such as the antennas in beyond-the-horizon microwave links, and the gain that can be realized in practice....
– Apollo Guidance Computer

Apollo Guidance Computer

The Apollo Guidance Computer was the first recognizably modern embedded system, used in Real-time computing by astronaut pilot to collect and provide flight information, and to automatically control all of the navigational functions of the Apollo spacecraft....
– Arithmetic and logical unit – Armstrong oscillator – ARRL – Articulation score

Articulation score

In telecommunication, an articulation score is a subjective measure of the Intelligibility of a voice system in terms of the percentage of words correctly understood over a channel perturbed by interference....
– Astable – Asynchronous communications system – Asynchronous operation

Asynchronous operation

In telecommunications, asynchronous operation or asynchronous working is where a sequence of Operation is executed such that the operations are executed out of time coincidence with any Event-driven programming....
– Asynchronous start-stop

Asynchronous start-stop

Asynchronous serial communication describes an asynchronous communication, Serial communication in which a start signal is sent prior to each byte, character or code word and a stop signal is sent after each code word....
– Atmospheric duct

Atmospheric duct

In telecommunication, an atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere in which the vertical refractive index gradients are such that radio signals are guided or ducted, tend to follow the curvature of the Earth, and experience less attenuation in the ducts than they would if the ducts were not present....
– Atmospheric waveguide

Atmospheric waveguide

An atmospheric waveguide is an Earth's atmosphere flow feature that improves the propagation of certain atmospheric waves.The effect arises because wave parameters such as group velocity or vertical wavenumber depend on mean flow direction and strength....
– Attenuation

Attenuation

In physics, attenuation is the gradual loss in intensity of any kind of flux through a medium. For instance, sunlight is attenuated by dark glasses, and X-rays are attenuated by lead....
– Audible ringing tone – Audio system measurements

Audio system measurements

Audio system measurements are made for several purposes. Designers take measurements so that they can specify the performance of a piece of equipment....
– Audiophile

Audiophile

An audiophile, from Latin audio "I hear" and Greek language philos "loving," is a person, who typically listens to music on high-end audio electronics....
– Automatic call distributor

Automatic call distributor

In telephony, an Automatic Call Distributor , also known as Automated Call Distribution, is a information appliance or system that distributes incoming calls to a specific group of terminals that agents use....
– Automatic data processing

Automatic data processing

In telecommunication, the term automatic data processing has the following meanings:#An interacting assembly of procedures, processes, methods, personnel, and equipment to perform automatically a series of data processing operations on data....
– Automatic gain control

Automatic gain control

Automatic gain control is an adaptive system found in many electronic devices. The average output signal level is feedback to adjust the gain to an appropriate level for a range of input signal levels....
– Automatic link establishment

Automatic link establishment

Automatic Link Establishment, commonly known as ALE, is the worldwide de facto standard for digitally initiating and sustaining High Frequency radio communications....
– Automatic number identification

Automatic number identification

Automatic Number Identification is a feature of telephony intelligent network Custom Local Area Signaling Services that permits subscribers to display or capture the telephone numbers of calling parties....
– Automatic sounding

Automatic sounding

In telecommunication, automatic sounding is the testing of selected channels for quality by providing a very brief identifying transmission that may be used by other stations to evaluate connectivity, and availability, and to identify known working channels for immediate or later use for telecommunication or calling....
– Automatic switching system

Automatic switching system

In data telecommunication, an automatic switching system is a switching system in which all the operations required to execute the three phases of information-transfer transactions are automatically executed in response to signals from a User end-instrument....
– Autovon

Autovon

AUTOVON, short for Automatic Voice Network, was an United States military phone system built in 1963 to survive nuclear attacks. AUTOVON was first established in the United States, using the Army's SCAN system....
– Availability

Availability

In telecommunications and reliability theory, the term availability has the following meanings:1. The degree to which a system, subsystem, or equipment is operable and in a committable state at the start of a mission, when the mission is called for at an unknown, i.e., a random, time....
– Available line

Available line

In voice, video, or data telecommunication, the term available line is a telecommunication circuit between two points that is ready for service, but is in the idle state....
– Avalanche diode

Avalanche diode

An avalanche diode is a diode that is designed to go through avalanche breakdown at a specified reverse bias voltage and conduct as a type of voltage reference....
– Azimuth

Azimuth

An Azimuth is the angle from a reference vector space in a reference plane to a second vector in the same plane, pointing toward, , something of interest....

B

Back-to-back connection

TelecommunicationsIn telecommunications, a back-to-back connection is a direct electrical connection between either:#the output of a transmitting device and the input of an associated receiving device....
– Backplane

Backplane

A backplane is a circuit board that connects several electrical connector in parallel to each other, so that each pin of each connector is linked to the same relative pin of all the other connectors, forming a computer bus....
– Backscattering – Backward channel

Backward channel

In a data circuit a backward channel is the channel that passes data in a direction opposite to that of its associated forward channel. The backward channel is usually used for transmission of request, supervisory, ACK , or error-control signals....
– Balance return loss

Balance return loss

In telecommunications, balance return loss is one of two things:* A measure of the degree of balance between two impedances connected to two conjugate sides of a hybrid set, coil, telecommunications network, or junction....
– Balanced line

Balanced line

Transmission lines are generally unbalanced or balanced. Balanced lines are often operated with differential signaling. Balanced twin-lead is used for radio frequency signals and twisted pair for lower frequencies....
– Balancing network

Balancing network

In a Hybrid integrated circuit set, hybrid coil, or resistance hybrid, balancing network is a Electronic circuit used to match, i.e., to balance, the Electrical impedance of a uniform transmission line, over a selected range of frequencies....
– Ball grid array

Ball grid array

A ball grid array is a type of surface-mount packaging used for integrated circuits....
– Band gap

Band gap

In solid state physics and related applied fields, a band gap, also called an energy gap or bandgap, is an energy range in a solid where no electron states exist....
– Band-stop filter

Band-stop filter

In signal processing, a band-stop filter or band-rejection filter is a electronic filter that passes most frequency unaltered, but attenuates those in a specific range to very low levels....
– Bandwidth compression

Bandwidth compression

In telecommunication, the term bandwidth compression has the following meanings:*The reduction of the Bandwidth needed to transmit a given amount of data in a given time....
– Bare particular – Barrage jamming

Barrage jamming

Barrage jamming: jamming accomplished by transmitting a band of frequencies that is large with respect to the Bandwidth of a single emitter. Barrage jamming may be accomplished by presetting multiple jammers on adjacent frequencies, by using a single wideband transmitter, or by using a transmitter capable of frequency sweep fast enough to...
– Baseband

Baseband

In signal processing, baseband is an adjective that describes signals and systems whose range of frequencies is measured from zero to a maximum bandwidth or highest signal frequency; it is sometimes used as a noun for a band of frequencies starting at zero....
– Battery (electricity)

Battery (electricity)

In electronics, a battery or voltaic cell is a combination of one or more electrochemical cell Galvanic cells which store chemical energy that can be converted into electric potential energy, creating electricity....
– Baud

Baud

In telecommunications and electronics, baud is synonymous to symbols/s or pulses/s. It is the unit of symbol rate, also known as baud rate or modulation rate; the number of distinct symbol changes made to the transmission medium per second in a digitally modulation signal or a line code....
– Baudot code

Baudot code

The Baudot code, invented by ?mile Baudot, is a character encoding predating EBCDIC and ASCII, and the root predecessor to International Telegraph Alphabet No 2 , the teleprinter code in use until the advent of ASCII....
– BCS theory

BCS theory

BCS theory is a microscopic theory of superconductivity, proposed by John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer. It describes superconductivity as a microscopic effect caused by a condensation of Cooper pair into a boson-like state....
– Beam

Beam

Beam may refer to:*Beam , a construction element*Beam , the most extreme width of a nautical vessel, or a point alongside the ship at the mid-point of its length...
– Beam diameter

Beam diameter

The beam diameter or beam width of an Light beam is the diameter along any specified line that is perpendicular to the beam axis and intersects it....
– Beam divergence

Beam divergence

The beam divergence of an electromagnetic beam is an angular measure of the increase in beam diameter with distance from the Aperture or antenna aperture from which the electromagnetic beam emerges....
– Beam steering

Beam steering

Beam steering: Changing the direction of the main lobe of a radiation pattern. In radio systems, beam steering may be accomplished by switching antenna elements or by changing the relative phased array of the rf signals driving the elements....
– Beamwidth

Beamwidth

In telecommunication, the term beamwidth has the following meanings:1. In the radio regime, of an antenna pattern, the angle between the half-power points of the main lobe, when referenced to the peak effective radiated power of the main lobe....
– Bel

Bel

Bel can mean:* Bel, a unit of ratio equal to ten decibels* Bel , a Semitic deity * Belenus; a Celtic deity* Bael; a tree native to India* Behind Enemy Lines , an American crust punk band...
– Bias, see: voltage bias, current bias, or bias distortion

Bias distortion

In telecommunication, the term bias distortion has the following meanings:#signal distortion resulting from a shift in the bias.#In digital Signalling , distortion of the signal in which all the significant intervals have uniformly longer or shorter durations than their theoretical durations....
– Biconical antenna

Biconical antenna

A biconical antenna consists of an arrangement of two cone Conductor s, which is driven by potential, electric charge, or an alternating magnetic field at the vertex ....
– Big ugly dish

Big ugly dish

A C-band dish is a colloquial name for a TVRO satellite dish used to receive satellite television signals from Fixed Service Satellite-type satellites on the microwave C band....
– Bilateral synchronization

Bilateral synchronization

In telecommunication, bilateral synchronization is a synchronization control system between exchanges A and B in which the Clock signal at telephone exchange A controls the data received at exchange B and the clock at exchange B controls the data received at exchange A....
– Billboard antenna – Binary classification

Binary classification

Binary classification is the task of Statistical classification the members of a given Set of objects into two groups on the basis of whether they have some property or not....
– Binaural recording

Binaural recording

Binaural recording is a method of recording Sound recording which uses a special microphone arrangement intended for replay using headphones. Dummy head recording refers to a specific method of capturing the audio, generally using a Bust including Pinna ....
– Bipolar junction transistor

Bipolar junction transistor

A bipolar transistor is a type of transistor. It is a three-terminal device constructed of Doping semiconductor material and may be used in Electronic amplifier or switching applications....
– Bipolar signal

Bipolar signal

In telecommunication, a bipolar signal is a Signaling that may assume either of two polarities, neither of which is zero.A bipolar signal may have a two-state non-return-to-zero or a three-state return-to-zero binary coding scheme....
– Bit-count integrity

Bit-count integrity

In telecommunication, the term bit-count integrity has the following meanings:#In message telecommunication, the preservation of the exact number of bits that are in the original message....
– Bit inversion

Bit inversion

In telecommunications, bit inversion means the changing of the state of a bit to the opposite state, i.e. the changing of a 0 bit to 1 or of a 1 bit to 0....
– Bit pairing

Bit pairing

In telecommunication, bit pairing is the practice of establishing, within a code set, a number of subsets that have an identical bit representation except for the state of a specified bit....
– Bit robbing – Bit stuffing

Bit stuffing

In data transmission and telecommunication, bit stuffing is the insertion of noninformation binary digits into data. Stuffed bits should not be confused with overhead bits....
– Bit synchronous operation

Bit synchronous operation

Bit synchronous operation is a type of digital communication in which the data Telecommunication circuit terminating equipment , data terminal equipment , and transmitting circuits are all operated in bit synchronism with a clock signal....
– Bits per second – Black facsimile transmission

Black facsimile transmission

In telecommunication, the term black facsimile transmission has the following meanings:# In fax systems using amplitude modulation, that form of transmission in which the maximum transmitted power corresponds to the maximum density of the subject....
– Black recording

Black recording

In telecommunication, the term black recording has the following meanings:1. In Fax systems using amplitude modulation, recording in which the maximum received power corresponds to the maximum density of the record medium....
– Blanketing

Blanketing

Blanketing is interference caused by strong radio Signalling . Although the spectral mask of a radio station's transmitter suppresses spurious emissions on other frequencies in the band , being extremely close to a station may allow them to still be signal strength enough to cause significant interference....
– Bluetooth

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a wireless protocol for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks . It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS232 data cables....
– BNC connector

BNC connector

File:Female BNC Connector.jpgThe BNC connector is a very common type of RF connector used for terminating coaxial cable....
– Boresight

Boresight

Boresight is the optical axis of a directional antenna .Boresight is also a term used to describe crude adjustments made to an optical Sight , or iron sights, to align the firearm gun barrel and sights....
– Breadboard

Breadboard

A breadboard is a reusable sometimes solderless device used to build a prototype of an electronic circuit and for experimenting with circuit designs....
– Bremsstrahlung

Bremsstrahlung

Bremsstrahlung , is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle, such as an electron, when deflected by another charged particle, such as an atomic nucleus....
– Bridging loss

Bridging loss

Bridging loss is the loss, at a given frequency, that results when an Electrical impedance is connected across a transmission line. It is expressed as the ratio, in decibels, of the signal power delivered to a given point in a system downstream from the bridging point prior to bridging, to the signal power delivered to the given point after...
– Broadband

Broadband

The term broadband can have different meanings in different contexts. The term's meaning has undergone substantial shifts....
– Broadband Internet – Broadband wireless access

Broadband wireless access

Wireless Broadband is a fairly new technology that provides high-speed wireless internet and computer networking access over a wide area....
– Broadcasting

Broadcasting

Broadcasting is distribution of Sound and/or video Signalling s which transmit programs to an audience. The audience may be the general public or a relatively large sub-audience, such as children or young adults....
– Burst transmission

Burst transmission

In telecommunication, the term burst transmission has the following meanings:# Any relatively high-bandwidth transmission over a short period of time....
– Busy hour

Busy hour

Busy hour: In a communications system, the sliding 60-minute period during which occurs the maximum total traffic load in a given 24-hour period....
– Busy signal – Bypass

Bypass (telecommunications)

In telecommunications, the term bypass has these meanings:1. The use of any telecommunications facilities or services that circumvents those of the local exchange carrier common carrier....

C

C-QUAM

C-QUAM is the method of AM stereo broadcasting used in Canada, the United States and most other countries. It was invented in 1977 by Norman Parker, Francis Hilbert, and Yoshio Sakaie, and published in an IEEE journal....
– Cable modem

Cable modem

File:Sb5120.jpgA cable modem is a type of modem that provides bi-directional data communication via radio frequency channels on a cable television infrastructure....
– Cable television

Cable television

Cable television is a system of providing television to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted to televisions through fixed optical fibers or coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional television broadcasting in which a television antenna is required....
– Caesium standard

Caesium standard

A caesium standard is a primary frequency standard in which electronic transitions between the two hyperfine level ground states of caesium atoms are used to control the output frequency....
– Call collision

Call collision

In telecommunications, a call collision is one of two things:#The contention that occurs when a terminal and data Telecommunication circuit-terminating equipment specify the same channel at the same time to transfer a call request and handle an incoming call....
– Call set-up time

Call set-up time

In telecommunication, the term call set-up time has the following meanings:#The overall length of time required to establish a telecommunication circuit-switched telephone call between users....
– Call-second

Call-second

In telecommunication, a call-second is a unit used to measure communications traffic density.Note 1: A call-second is equivalent to 1 call with a duration of 1 second....
– Capacitive coupling

Capacitive coupling

In electronics, capacitive coupling is the transfer of energy within an electrical network by means of the capacitance between circuit nodes. This coupling can be an intentional or accidental effect....
– Capacitor

Capacitor

A capacitor or condenser is a Passive component electronic component consisting of a pair of electrical conductor separated by a dielectric....
– Capture effect

Capture effect

In telecommunication, the capture effect, or FM capture effect, is a phenomenon associated with FM reception in which only the stronger of two signals at, or near, the same frequency will be demodulation....
– Carbon nanotube

Carbon nanotube

Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure that can have a length-to-diameter ratio of up to 28,000,000:1, which is significantly larger than any other material....
– Card standards – Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection

Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection

Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection , in computer networking, is a network control communications protocol in which*a Carrier wave sensing scheme is used....
– Carrier shift

Carrier shift

In telecommunication, the term carrier shift has the following meanings:#In the transmission of binary file or teletypewriter signals, keying in which the carrier frequency is shifted in one direction for marking signals and in the opposite direction for spacing signals....
– Carrier system

Carrier system

In telecommunication, a carrier system is a multichannel telecommunications system in which a number of individual channels are multiplexed for transmission ....
– Carrier wave

Carrier wave

In telecommunications, a carrier wave, or carrier is a waveform that is Modulation with an signal for the purpose of conveying information....
– Carrier-to-receiver noise density

Carrier-to-receiver noise density

Carrier-to-receiver noise density : In satellite communications, the ratio of the received carrier power to the receiver noise power density....
– Carson bandwidth rule

Carson bandwidth rule

In telecommunication, John R. Carson's bandwidth rule defines the approximate Bandwidth requirements of communications system components for a carrier wave signal that is frequency modulated by a continuous or broad spectrum of frequencies rather than a single frequency....
– Cassegrain antenna

Cassegrain antenna

In telecommunications and radar, a Cassegrain antenna is an antenna in which the Raw feed radiator is mounted at or near the surface of a concave main reflector and is aimed at a convex secondary reflector slightly inside the focus of the main reflector....
– Category 5 cable

Category 5 cable

Category 5 cable, is a twisted pair high signal integrity cable type often refered to as "Cat5". Many such cables are shield but some are shielded....
– Cathode ray tube

Cathode ray tube

The cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun and a fluorescent screen, with internal or external means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam, used to create images in the form of light emitted from the fluorescent screen....
– Central processing unit

Central processing unit

A central processing unit is an electronic circuit that can execute computer programs. This broad definition can easily be applied to many early computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever came into widespread usage....
– Chadless tape – Channel

Channel (communications)

Channel, in communications , refers to the :wikt:medium used to information transfer information from a sender to a receiver ....
– Channel noise level

Channel noise level

In telecommunication, the term channel noise level has the following meanings:#The ratio of the channel signal noise at any point in a transmission system to an arbitrary level chosen as a reference....
– Channel reliability

Channel reliability

In telecommunication, channel reliability is the percentage of time a Channel was available for use in a specified period of scheduled availability....
– Character-count integrity

Character-count integrity

Character-count integrity is a telecommunications term for the ability of a certain link to preserve the number of Character s in a message . Character-count integrity is not the same as character integrity, which requires that the characters delivered be, in fact, exactly the same as they were originated....
– Characteristic impedance

Characteristic impedance

The characteristic impedance or surge impedance of a uniform transmission line, usually written , is the ratio of the amplitudes of a single pair of voltage and current waves propagating along the line in the absence of reflections....
– Charge-coupled device

Charge-coupled device

A charge-coupled device is an analog signal shift register that enables the transportation of analog signals through successive stages , controlled by a clock signal....
– Chemical vapor deposition

Chemical vapor deposition

Chemical vapor deposition is a chemical process used to produce high-purity, high-performance solid materials. The process is often used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin films....
– Chirping

Chirping

In telecommunication, the term chirping has the following meanings:1. The rapid changing, as opposed to long-term drifting, of the frequency of an electromagnetic wave....
– Chroma subsampling

Chroma subsampling

Chroma subsampling is the practice of encoding images by implementing less resolution for Chrominance information than for luma information. It is used in many video encoding schemes?both analog and digital?and also in JPEG encoding....
– Circuit

Electrical network

An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical elements such as resistors, inductors, capacitors, transmission lines, voltage sources, current sources, and switches....
– Circuit breaker

Circuit breaker

A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated Electricity switch designed to protect an Electrical network from damage caused by Overcurrent or short circuit....
– Circuit noise level

Circuit noise level

Circuit noise level: At any point in a transmission system, the ratio of the Telecommunication circuit signal noise at that point to an arbitrary level chosen as a reference....
– Circuit reliability

Circuit reliability

Circuit reliability is the percentage of time an electronic circuit was available for use in a specified period of scheduled availability. Circuit Reliability engineering is given by where T o is the circuit total outage time, Ts is the circuit total scheduled time, and T a is the circuit total...
– Circuit restoration

Circuit restoration

In telecommunication, circuit restoration is the process by which a communications Telecommunication circuit is established between two users after disruption or loss of the original circuit....
– Circuit switching

Circuit switching

In telecommunications, a circuit switching network is one that establishes a telecommunication circuit between Node and Terminal before the user may communicate, as if the nodes were physically connected with an electrical circuit....
– Circular polarization

Circular polarization

In electrodynamics, circular polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a polarization such that the tip of the electric field vector, at a fixed point in space, describes a circle as time progresses....
– Circulator

Circulator

A circulator is a passive electronic component with three or more ports in which the ports can be accessed in such a way that when a signal is fed into any port it is transferred to the next port only, the first port being counted as following the last in numeric order....
– Citizens' band radio

Citizens' band radio

Citizens' Band radio is, in many countries, a system of short-distance radio communications between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the 27-Hertz band....
– Cladding

Cladding

Cladding is the covering of one material with another. It has different meanings depending on the context....
– Clapp oscillator

Clapp oscillator

The Clapp electronic oscillator is one of several types of electronic oscillator constructed from a transistor and a positive feedback network, using the combination of an inductance with a capacitor for frequency determination, thus also called LC oscillator....
– Clean room – Clear channel

Clear channel

A clear-channel station, in the Bahamas, Canada, Mexico, and the United States, is an AM band radio station which is given extraordinary protection from interference to its nighttime signal....
– Clearing

Clearing

Clearing is the act of making or becoming clear. It may also refer to:* Clearing , a tract of land with few or no trees in the middle of a wooded area, synonym of "glade"...
– Clipping

Clipping

Clipping has several meanings:* Coin clipping, shaving off a small portion of precious metal for profit* Wing clipping, trimming a bird's primary flight feathers to disable flight...
– Clock gating

Clock gating

Clock gating is one of the power-saving techniques used on many synchronous circuits including the Pentium 4 Central processing unit. To save power, clock gating support adds additional logic to a circuit to prune the clock tree, thus disabling portions of the circuitry so that its Flip-flop do not change state: their switching power consum...
– Clock signal

Clock signal

In electronics and especially Synchronous logic digital circuits, a clock signal is a Signalling used to coordinate the actions of two or more Electronic circuit....
– Closed circuit – Closed waveguide – Closed-circuit television

Closed-circuit television

Closed-circuit television is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to point wireless links....
– CMOS

CMOS

Complementary metal?oxide?semiconductor , is a major class of integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, Static Random Access Memory, and other digital logic circuits....
– Co-channel interference

Co-channel interference

Co-channel interference or CCI is crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using the same frequency. There can be several causes of co-channel radio interference; three examples are listed here....
– Coaxial cable

Coaxial cable

Coaxial cable is a cable consisting of an inner conductor, surrounded by a tubular insulating layer typically made from a flexible material with a high dielectric constant, all of which is then surrounded by another conductive layer , and then finally covered again with a thin insulating layer on the outside....
– Code division multiple access

Code division multiple access

Code division multiple access is a channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the List of mobile phone standards called IS-95 and CDMA2000 , this uses CDMA as an underlying channel access method....
– Code word

Code word

In telecommunication, a code word is an element of a code. Each code word is a sequence of symbols assembled in accordance with the specific rules of the code and assigned a unique meaning ....
– Coherence length

Coherence length

In physics, coherence length is the wave propagation distance from a coherence source to a point where an electromagnetic wave maintains a specified degree of coherence....
– Coherence time

Coherence time

For an electromagnetic wave, the coherence time is the time over which a propagating wave may be considered coherence . In other words, it is the time interval within which its phase is, on average, predictable....
– Coherence

Coherence

Coherence or coherent can refer to:*Coherence , a property of mental/cognitive states*Coherence , what makes a text semantically meaningful...
– Coherent differential phase-shift keying – Coherer

Coherer

The coherer was a primitive form of radio signal Detector used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, consisting of a capsule of metal filings in the space between two electrodes....
– Coil

Coil

A coil is a series of wiktionary:loops. A coiled coil is a structure where the coil itself is in turn also looping....
– Coilgun

Coilgun

A coilgun is a type of synchronous linear electric motor which is used as a projectile accelerator that consists of one or more electromagnet....
– Collinear antenna array

Collinear antenna array

In telecommunication, a collinear antenna array is an array of dipole antennas mounted in such a manner that every element of each antenna is in an extension, with respect to its long axis, of its counterparts in the other antennas in the array....
– Collinear antenna array

Collinear antenna array

Colpitts oscillator

A Colpitts electronic oscillator, named after its inventor Edwin H. Colpitts, is one of a number of designs for electronic oscillator circuits using the combination of an inductance with a capacitor for frequency determination, thus also called LC oscillator....
– Color code

Electronic color code

The electronic color code discussed here is used to indicate the values or ratings of electronic components, very commonly for resistors, but also for capacitors, inductors, and others....
– Combat-net radio

Combat-net radio

In telecommunication, a combat-net radio is a radio operating in a telecommunications network that provides a duplex Telecommunication circuit and uses either a single radio frequency or a discrete Set of radio frequencies when in a frequency hopping Transverse mode....
– Combinatorial logic – Combined distribution frame

Combined distribution frame

In telecommunication, a combined distribution frame is a distribution frame that combines the functions of Main distribution frame and intermediate distribution frames and contains both vertical and horizontal terminating blocks....
– Common base

Common base

In electronics, a common-base electronic amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar junction transistor amplifier topologies, typically used as a current buffer amplifier or voltage amplifier....
– Common battery

Common battery

In telecommunication, a common battery is a single electrical Electric power source used to energize more than one Telecommunication circuit, electronic component, equipment, or system....
– Common collector

Common collector

In electronics, a common-collector electronic amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar junction transistor amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage buffer amplifier....
– Common control

Common control

In telecommunication, a common control is an automatic telephone exchange arrangement in which the control equipment necessary for the establishment of connections is shared by being associated with a given call only during the period required to accomplish the control function for the given call....
– Common emitter

Common emitter

In electronics, a common-emitter electronic amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar junction transistor amplifier topologies, typically used as a Electronic_amplifier#Input_and_output_variables....
– Common-mode interference

Common-mode interference

In telecommunication, the term common-mode interference has the following meanings:#Interference that appears on both signal leads , or the terminals of a measuring electrical network, and ground ....
– Commonality – Communications center

Communications center

In telecommunication, the term communications center has the following meanings:# An agency charged with the responsibility for handling and controlling telecommunication traffic....
– Communications satellite

Communications satellite

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites use a variety of orbits including geostationary orbits, Molniya orbits, other elliptical orbits and low Earth orbits....
– Communications security

Communications security

Communications security : Measures and controls taken to deny unauthorized persons information derived from telecommunications and ensure the authenticity of such telecommunications....
– Communications system engineering – Communications system

Communications system

In telecommunication, a communications system is a collection of individual information transfer networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and data terminal equipment usually capable of interconnection and interoperation to form an integrated whole....
– Communications-electronics

Communications-electronics

In telecommunication, communications-electronics is the specialized field concerned with the use of electronic devices and systems for the acquisition or acceptance, processing, Computer data storage, display, analysis, protection, disposition, and transfer of information....
– Communications

Telecommunication

Telecommunication is the assisted Transmission of Signal over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, Drum , Semaphore line, flag signals or heliograph....
– Compact audio cassette – Compatible sideband transmission

Compatible sideband transmission

Compatible sideband transmission: Independent sideband transmission in which the carrier wave is deliberately reinserted at a lower level after its normal suppression to permit reception by conventional AM receivers....
– Composite video

Composite video

Composite video is the format of an analog television signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulation onto an Radio Frequency carrier wave....
– Compulsator

Compulsator

A compensated pulsed alternator, also known by the contraction compulsator, is a form of power supply.As the name suggests, it is an alternator that is "compensated" to make it better at delivering pulses of electrical energy than a normal alternator....
– Computer

Computer

A computer is a machine that manipulates Data according to a list of Code .The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century , although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier....
– Concentrator

Concentrator

In telecommunication, the term concentrator has the following meanings:# In data transmission, a functional unit that permits a common data link to handle more data sources than there are channels currently available within the path....
– Conditioning equipment

Conditioning equipment

In telecommunication, the term conditioning equipment has the following meanings:# At junctions of circuits, equipment used to obtain desired telecommunication circuit characteristics, such as matched transmission levels, matched impedances, and equalization between facilities....
– Conducted interference

Conducted interference

In telecommunications, the term conducted interference has the following meanings:*Interference resulting from signal noise or unwanted signals entering a device by conductive coupling, i.e., by direct coupling....
– Conduction band

Conduction band

In the physics field of semiconductors and Electrical insulations, the conduction band is the range of electron energy, higher than that of the valence band, sufficient to make the electrons free to accelerate under the influence of an applied electric field and thus constitute an electric current....
– Conductive coupling

Conductive coupling

Conductive coupling is the transfer of electrical energy by means of physical contact via a conductive medium. coupling other than . Such coupling may be achieved by a wire, resistor, or common terminal , such as a binding post or metallic chemical bond....
– Connections per circuit hour

Connections per circuit hour

In telecommunication, the term connections per circuit hour has the following meanings:*A unit of teletraffic measurement expressed as the number of connections established at a switching point per hour....
– Conservation of radiance – Content delivery

Content delivery

Content delivery describes the delivery of digital media "content" such as digital audio or digital video or computer software and games over a delivery medium such as broadcasting or the Internet....
– Contention

Contention

Contention may refer to:* The main contention, in rhetoric, the main point being argued* Resource contention, a general concept in communications and computing, is competition by users of a system for the facility at the same time:...
– Continuous Fourier transform

Continuous Fourier transform

In mathematics, the Fourier transform is an operation that Transform one complex number-valued function of a real variable into another. The new function, often called the frequency domain representation of the original function, describes which frequencies are present in the original function....
– Continuous operation

Continuous operation

In telecommunication, the term continuous operation has the following meanings:#Operation in which certain components, such as nodes, facilities, circuits, or equipment, are in an operational state at all times....
– Continuous wave

Continuous wave

A continuous wave or continuous waveform is an electromagnetic wave of constant amplitude and frequency; and in mathematical analysis, of infinite duration....
– Convolution

Convolution

In mathematics and, in particular, functional analysis, convolution is a mathematical operator on two function s f and g, producing a third function that is typically viewed as a modified version of one of the original functions....
– Copper

Copper

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity....
– Cord circuit

Cord circuit

In telecommunication, a cord circuit is a telephone switchboard Electronic circuit in which a plug-terminated cord is used to establish connections manually between User lines or between trunks and user lines....
– Corner reflector

Corner reflector

A corner reflector is a retroreflector consisting of three mutually perpendicular, intersecting flat surfaces, which reflects electromagnetic waves back towards the source....
– Cosmic noise

Cosmic noise

Cosmic noise and galactic radio noise are random noise that originates Outer space. It can be detected and heard on radio receivers....
– Costas loop

Costas loop

In telecommunication, a Costas loop is a phase-locked loop used for carrier wave phase Carrier recovery from suppressed-carrier modulation signals, such as from double-sideband suppressed carrier signals....
– Coulomb's law

Coulomb's law

Coulomb's law, sometimes called the Coulomb law, is an equation describing the electrostatic force between electric charges. It was developed in the 1780s by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb and was essential to the development of the classical electromagnetism....
– Counter

Counter

In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores the number of times a particular event or Process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal....
– Coupling

Coupling (electronics)

In electronics and telecommunication, coupling is the desirable or undesirable transfer of energy from one Transmission medium, such as a metallic wire or an optical fiber, to another medium, including fortuitous transfer....
– Covert channel

Covert channel

In information theory, a covert channel is a parasitic communications channel that draws Bandwidth from another channel in order to transmit information without the authorization or knowledge of the latter channel's designer, owner, or operator....
– Covert listening device

Covert listening device

A covert listening device, more commonly known as a bug, is usually a combination of a miniature radio transmitter with a microphone. The use of bugs, called bugging, is a common technique in espionage and in police investigations....
– CPU design

CPU design

CPU design is the design engineering task of creating a central processing unit , a component of computer hardware. It is a subfield of electronics engineering and computer engineering....
– CQD

CQD

CQD, transmitted in Morse code as - ? - ? - - ? - - ? ? is believed to be the first distress signal adopted for radio use....
– Critical frequency

Critical frequency

In telecommunication, the term critical frequency has the following meanings:* In radio radio propagation by way of the ionosphere, the limiting frequency at or below which a wave component is reflected by, and above which it penetrates through, an ionospheric layer....
– Cross product

Cross product

In mathematics, the cross product is a binary operation on two vector s in a three-dimensional Euclidean space that results in another vector which is orthogonal to the plane containing the two input vectors....
– Crossbar switch

Crossbar switch

A crossbar switch is a switch connecting multiple inputs to multiple outputs in a matrix manner.Originally the term was used literally, for a matrix switch controlled by a grid of crossing metal bars, and later was broadened to matrix switches in general....
– Crosstalk – Crystal filter

Crystal filter

A crystal filter is a special form of quartz crystal used in electronics systems, in particular Telecommunication devices. It provides a very precisely defined centre frequency and very steep bandpass characteristics, that is a very high Q factor—far higher than can be obtained with conventional lumped circuits....
– Crystal radio receiver

Crystal radio receiver

The crystal radio receiver is a very simple kind of radio receiver. It needs no battery or power source except the power received from radio waves by a long outdoor wire antenna ....
– Current – Current bias – Current-to-voltage converter

Current-to-voltage converter

Three kinds of devices are used in electronics: Electrical generators , converters and Electrical loads . Most frequently, they use voltage as input/output quantity....
– Cutback technique

Cutback technique

In telecommunications, a cutback technique is a destructive technique for determining certain optical fiber transmission characteristics, such as attenuation and Bandwidth ....
– Cutoff frequency

Cutoff frequency

In physics and electrical engineering, a cutoff frequency, corner frequency, or break frequency is a boundary in a system's frequency response at which energy flowing through the system begins to be reduced rather than passing through....
– Cutoff wavelength –

D

D region

The D region is the portion of the ionosphere that exists approximately 50 to 95 km above the surface of the Earth.Note: Attenuation of radio waves, caused by ionospheric free-electron density generated by solar radiation, is pronounced during daylight hours....
– D-4

D4 video connector

This article is about the video connector. For the item used in Digimon Adventure 02, see Digivice.A D-Terminal or D-tanshi is a type of analog video connector found on Japanese consumer electronics, typically High-definition television, DVD, Blu-ray, D-VHS and HD DVD devices....
– Data

DATA

Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa is a multinational Non-governmental organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2's Bono along with Robert Sargent Shriver III and activists from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign....
– Data bank

Data bank

In telecommunications, a data bank is a repository of information on one or more subjects that is organized in a way that facilitates local or remote information retrieval....
– Data circuit terminating equipment – Data compaction

Data compaction

In telecommunication, data compaction is the reduction of the number of data elements, Bandwidth , cost, and time for the generation, transmission , and computer storage without loss of information by eliminating unnecessary redundancy , removing irrelevancy, or using special coding....
– Data integrity

Data integrity

Data integrity is a term used in computer science and telecommunications that can mean ensuring data is "whole" or complete, the condition in which data are identically maintained during any operation , the preservation of data for their intended use, or, relative to specified operations, the a priori expectation of data quality....
– Data link

Data link

In telecommunication a data link is the means of connecting one location to another for the purpose of transmitting and receiving digital information....
– Data service unit

Data service unit

Data service unit A data service unit, sometimes called a digital service unit, is a piece of telecommunication circuit terminating equipment that transforms digital data between telephone company lines and local equipment....
– Data terminal equipment

Data terminal equipment

Data terminal equipment is an end instrument that converts user information into signals or reconverts received signals. A DTE device communicates with the data circuit-terminating equipment ....
– Data transmission circuit

Data transmission circuit

In telecommunication, data transmission circuit is the transmission media and the intervening equipment used for the transfer of data between data terminal equipments ....
– Datasheet

Datasheet

A datasheet is a document summarizing the performance and other characteristics of a component , a sub-system or software in sufficient detail to be used by a design engineer to design the component into a system....
– DBa

DBA

DBA may refer to:In business:*dba, a low-cost German airline*Doing business as, a legal term related to the name a business uses*Doctor of Business Administration, a research doctorate degree...
– DBm

DBm

For other uses, see DBMdBm is an abbreviation for the power ratio in decibels of the measured power referenced to one milliwatt . It is used in radio, microwave and fiber optic networks as a convenient measure of absolute power because of its capability to express both very large and very small values in a short form....
– DBrn

DBrn

The symbol dBrn or dB is an abbreviation for decibels above reference noise.Weighted noise power in dB is referred to 1.0 picowatt....
– DDR SDRAM

DDR SDRAM

DDR SDRAM is a class of memory integrated circuits used in computers. It achieves nearly twice the bandwidth of the preceding "single data rate" SDRAM by double data rate without increasing the clock frequency....
– Degree of isochronous distortion

Degree of isochronous distortion

The degree of isochronous distortion, in data transmission, is the ratio of the absolute value of the maximum measured difference between the actual and the theoretical intervals separating any two significant instants of modulation , to the unit interval....
– Delay line

Delay line

The term delay line has multiple meanings:* In electronics and derivative fields such as telecommunications, a delay line is a device where the input signal reaches the output of the device after a known period of time has elapsed....
– Delay

Delay

In its general sense, delay refers to a lapse of time. In other contexts, it may refer to one of many topics:...
– Delta modulation

Delta modulation

Delta modulation is an analog-to-digital signal and digital-to-analog signal signal conversion technique used for transmission of voice information where quality is not of primary importance....
– Demand assignment

Demand assignment

In telecommunication, a demand assignment is a method which several users share access to a information transfer channel on a real-time basis, i.e., a User needing to communicate with another user on the same telecommunications network requests the required telecommunication circuit, uses it, and when the call is finished, the circuit i...
– Demand factor

Demand factor

In telecommunication, electronics and the electrical power industry, the term demand factor has the following meanings:1. The ratio of the maximum real electric power consumed by a system to the maximum real power that would be consumed if the entire Electrical load connected to the system were to be activated at the same time....
– Demand load

Demand load

In telecommunication, the term demand load can have the following meanings:* In general, the total Electric power required by a facility. The demand Electrical load is the sum of the operational load and nonoperational demand loads....
– Demodulation

Demodulation

Demodulation is the act of extracting the original information-bearing signal from a modulated carrier wave.A demodulator is an electronic circuit used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave....
– Demodulator – Departure angle – Design objective

Design objective

Design objective : In telecommunication systems, a desired performance characteristic for communications circuits and equipment that is based on engineering analyses, but is not considered feasible to mandate in a standardization, or has not been tested....
– Despun antenna – Deviation

Deviation

A deviation is a difference or the route followed by a different choice.Deviation can refer to:* Deviation , the difference between the value of an observation and the mean of the population in mathematics and statistics....
– Dial-up – Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism is the property of an object which causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition of an externally applied magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect....
– Dielectric constant

Dielectric constant

The relative static permittivity of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux....
– Dielectric strength

Dielectric strength

In physics, the term dielectric strength has the following meanings:*Of an insulating material, the maximum electric field strength that it can withstand intrinsically without breaking down, i.e., without experiencing failure of its insulating properties....
– Dielectric

Dielectric

A dielectric is a nonconducting substance, i.e. an Insulator . The term was coined by William Whewell in response to a request from Michael Faraday....
– Dielectric waveguide – Differential amplifier

Differential amplifier

A differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that multiplies the difference between two inputs by some constant factor .Many electronic devices use differential amplifiers internally....
– Diffraction

Diffraction

Diffraction is normally taken to refer to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. It is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings....
– Digital Audio Tape

Digital Audio Tape

Digital Audio Tape is a signal recording and playback medium developed by Sony in the mid 1980s. In appearance it is similar to a compact audio cassette, using 4 mm magnetic tape enclosed in a protective shell, but is roughly half the size at 73 mm ? 54 mm ? 10.5 mm....
– Digital access and cross-connect system – Digital circuit

Digital circuit

Digital electronics are electronics systems that use digital signals. Digital electronics are representations of Boolean algebra and are used in computers, mobile phones, and other consumer products....
– Digital radio

Digital radio

Digital radio describes radio technologies which carry information as a digital signal, by means of a digital modulation method. The most common meaning is digital audio broadcasting technologies, but the topic may also cover TV broadcasting as well as many two-way digital wireless communication technologies....
– Digital filter

Digital filter

In electronics, computer science and mathematics, a digital filter is a system that performs mathematical operations on a Sampling , discrete-time Signal to reduce or enhance certain aspects of that signal....
– Digital signal processing

Digital signal processing

Digital signal processing is concerned with the representation of the signal s by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals....
– Digital multiplex hierarchy

Digital multiplex hierarchy

In telecommunications, a digital multiplex hierarchy is a hierarchy consisting of an ordered repetition of tandem digital multiplexers that produce signals of successively higher data rates at each level of the hierarchy....
– Digital signal processor

Digital signal processor

A digital signal processor is a specialized microprocessor designed specifically for digital signal processing, generally in real-time computing....
– Digital to analog converter – Digital transmission group

Digital transmission group

In telecommunication, a digital transmission group is a group of digitized voice or data channels or both with bit streams that are combined into a single digital bit stream for transmission over information transfer media....
– Digitizer – Diode

Diode

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device .Diodes have two active electrodes between which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional electric current property....
– DIN

Din

DIN or Din or din can have several meanings:-* A din is a loud noise.* Deen , an Arabic language term meaning "religion" or "way of life"....
– DIP switch

DIP switch

A DIP switch is a set of manual Switch that are packaged in a group in a standard dual in-line package . This type of switch is designed to be used on a printed circuit board along with other electronics components and is commonly used to customize the behavior of an electronic device for specific situations....
– Diplex operation, see: Diplexer

Diplexer

A diplexer is a passive electronic component that implements frequency domain multiplexing. Two ports are multiplexed onto a third port . The signals on ports L and H occupy disjoint frequency bands....
– Dipole

Dipole

In physics, there are two kinds of dipoles :*An electric dipole is a separation of positive and negative charge. The simplest example of this is a pair of electric charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign, separated by some, usually small, distance....
– Dipole antenna

Dipole antenna

A dipole antenna, developed by Heinrich Rudolph Hertz around 1886, is an Antenna that can be made by a simple wire, with a center-Input driven element for transmitting or receiving radio frequency energy....
– Direct bandgap – Direct broadcast satellite

Direct broadcast satellite

Direct broadcast satellite is a term used to refer to satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception, also referred to more broadly as direct-to-home signals....
– Direct current

Direct current

Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by such sources as battery , thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type....
– Direct distance dialing

Direct distance dialing

Direct Distance Dialing or direct dial is a telecommunications term for a telecommunications network-provided service feature in which a call originator may, without telephone operator assistance, call any other User outside the local calling area....
– Direct ray – Directional antenna

Directional antenna

A directional antenna or beam antenna is an antenna which radiates greater power in one or more directions allowing for increased performance on transmit and receive and reduced interference from unwanted sources....
– Directional coupler – Directive gain

Directive gain

In telecommunications, the term directive gain has the following meanings:1. Of an antenna , the ratio of 4pi times the radiant intensity in a given direction , to the total power....
– Direct-sequence spread spectrum

Direct-sequence spread spectrum

In telecommunications, direct-sequence spread spectrum is a modulation technique. As with other spread spectrum technologies, the transmitted signal takes up more Bandwidth than the information signal that is being modulated....
– Discrete

Discrete signal

A discrete signal or discrete-time signal is a time series, perhaps a signal that has been sampling from a continuous signal.Unlike a continuous-time signal, a discrete-time signal is not a function of a continuous-time argument, but is a sequence of quantities; that is, a function over a Domain of discrete integers....
– Discrete Fourier transform

Discrete Fourier transform

In mathematics, the discrete Fourier transform is one of the specific forms of Fourier analysis. It transforms one function into another, which is called the frequency domain representation, or simply the DFT, of the original function ....
– Dispersion-limited operation

Dispersion-limited operation

A dispersion-limited operation is an Instruction of a information transfer Data link in which Signalling waveform Degradation attributable to the dispersive effects of the communications Transmission medium is the dominant mechanism that limits link performance....
– Distortion-limited operation

Distortion-limited operation

In telecommunication, distortion-limited operation is the condition prevailing when distortion of a received Signalling , rather than its attenuated amplitude , limits performance under stated operational conditions and limits....
– Distortion

Distortion

A distortion is the alteration of the original shape of an object, image, sound, waveform or other form of information or representation. Distortion is usually unwanted....
– Distress radiobeacon – Distributed switching

Distributed switching

Distributed switching is an architecture in which multiple central processing unit-controlled switching units are distributed. There is often a hierarchy of switching elements, with a centralized Server Stored Program Control exchange and with remote switches located close to concentrations of users....
– Diurnal phase shift

Diurnal phase shift

In telecommunication, diurnal phase shift is the Phase of electromagnetic signals associated with daily changes in the ionosphere. The major changes usually occur during the period of time when sunrise or sunset is present at critical points along the path....
– Diversity reception – DOD master clock – Doping – Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission

Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission

Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission : transmission in which frequencies produced by amplitude modulation are symmetrically spaced above and below the carrier frequency and the carrier level is reduced to the lowest practical level, ideally completely suppressed....
– Double-slit experiment

Double-slit experiment

The double-slit experiment in quantum mechanics is an experiment that demonstrates the inseparability of the wave and Elementary particle natures of light and other quantum particles....
– Drift

Drift

Drift is a slow change and may refer specifically to:In the literal sense of a change in position of a body:*Drifting , which is a sport where drivers intentionally induce oversteer, to be judged on their technique...
– Drop and insert

Drop and insert

In a multichannel transmission system, a drop and insert is a process that diverts a portion of the multiplexed aggregate Signalling at an intermediate point, and introduces a different signal for subsequent transmission in the same position, e.g., time slot or frequency band , previously occupied by the diverted signal....
– Dropout

Dropout

Dropout may refer to:* Dropout .* Dropout .* Dropout .* "The Drop-out" a 2010 upcoming film starring Cher and Johnny Knoxville.* "Drop Out," a song from the album Scream, Dracula, Scream! by Rocket from the Crypt....
– Dual access

Dual access

In telecommunication, the term dual access has the following meanings:#The telecommunication connection of a User to two switching centers by separate access lines using a single message routing indicator or telephone number....
– Dual-modulus prescaler

Dual-modulus prescaler

The Dual modulus prescaler is an electronic circuit used in high-frequency frequency synthesizer designs to overcome the problem of generating narrowly-spaced frequencies that are nevertheless too high to be passed directly through the feedback loop of the system....
– Dual-tone multi-frequency

Dual-tone multi-frequency

Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling is used for telephone Signalling over the line in the voice-frequency band to call the Automatic telephone exchange....
– Duobinary signal – Duplex

Duplex

Duplex, meaning double or twofold, commonly refers to:* Duplex , a two-unit apartment building or condominium* Duplex , a telecommunications systems where signal can flow in both directions between connected parties; half-duplex flows in one direction at a time, full-duplex flows in both directions at the same time...
– Duty cycle

Duty cycle

In telecommunications and electronics, the duty cycle is the fraction of time that a system is in an "active" state. In particular, it is used in the following contexts:...
– Dual in-line package

Dual in-line package

File:Three_IC_circuit_chips.JPGIn microelectronics, a dual in-line package , sometimes called a DIL package, is an electronic device package with a rectangular housing and two parallel rows of electrical connecting pins....
– DXCC – Dynamic range

Dynamic range

Dynamic range is a term used frequently in numerous fields to describe the ratio between the smallest and largest possible values of a changeable quantity, such as in sound and light....

E

E-layer – E-skip – Earphone – Earpiece – Earth's magnetic field

Earth's magnetic field

Earth's magnetic field is approximately a magnetic dipole, with one magnetic pole near the north pole and the other near the geographic south pole ....
– Echelon

ECHELON

ECHELON is a name used in global media and in popular culture to describe a signals intelligence collection and analysis network operated on behalf of the five signatory states to the UK-USA Security Agreement ....
– EDIF

EDIF

EDIF stands for Electronic Design Interchange Format, and has been predominantly used as a vendor neutral format in which to store Electronic netlists and schematics....
– EEPROM

EEPROM

EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed, e.g., calibration tables or device configuration....
– Effective antenna gain contour – Effective boresight area – Effective data transfer rate

Effective data transfer rate

In telecommunication, effective data transfer rate is the average number of units of data, such as bits, characters, blocks, or frames, transferred per unit time from a source and accepted as valid by a sink....
– Effective Earth radius

Effective Earth radius

In telecommunication, effective Earth radius is the radius of a hypothetical Earth for which the distance to the radio horizon, assuming rectilinear wave propagation, is the same as that for the actual Earth with an assumed uniform vertical gradient of atmospheric refractive index....
– Effective height

Effective height

In telecommunication, the term effective height can refer to the height of the center of radiation of an antenna above the effective ground level....
– Effective input noise temperature

Effective input noise temperature

In telecommunications, effective input noise temperature is the source noise temperature in a two-Computer port telecommunications network or amplifier that will result in the same output noise power, when connected to a noise-free network or amplifier, as that of the actual network or amplifier connected to a noise-free source....
– Effective isotropically radiated power – Effective monopole radiated power – Effective radiated power

Effective radiated power

In radio telecommunications, effective radiated power or equivalent radiated power is a standardized theoretical measurement of Radio frequency energy using the non-International System of Units unit Decibel, and is determined by subtracting system losses and adding system gains....
– Effective transmission rate

Effective transmission rate

In telecommunications, effective transmission rate is the rate at which information is processed by a transmission facility.*The effective transmission rate is calculated as the measured number of units of data, such as bits, character s, blocks, or Frame s, transmitted during a significant measurement time interval divided by the measu...
– Efficiency factor

Efficiency factor

Efficiency factor: In data information transfer, the ratio of the time to transmit a text automatically at a specified modulation rate to the time actually required to receive the same text at a specified maximum error rate....
– Electric charge

Electric charge

Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields....
– Electric current

Electric current

Electric current is the flow of electric charge. The electric charge may be either electrons or ions.The International System of Units unit of electric current intensity is the ampere....
– Electric field

Electric field

In physics, the space surrounding an electric charge or in the presence of a time-varying magnetic field has a property called an electric field ....
– Electric motor

Electric motor

An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, nearly always by the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors....
– Electric power

Electric power

Electric power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt .When electric current flows in a circuit, it can transfer energy to do mechanical work or work ....
– Electric power transmission

Electric power transmission

Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical power , a process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. A power transmission grid typically connects power plants to multiple Electrical substation near a populated area....
– Electrical conduction

Electrical conduction

Electrical conduction is the movement of electric charge particles through a transmission medium . The movement of charge constitutes an Current ....
– Electrical conductivity

Electrical conductivity

Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is a measure of a material's ability to electrical conduction an electric current. When an electrical potential difference is placed across a conductor, its movable charges flow, giving rise to an electric current....
– Electrical connector

Electrical connector

An electrical connector is a Electrical conductor for joining electrical circuits together. The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, or may require a tool for assembly and removal, or may be a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices....
– Electrical current – Electrical efficiency

Electrical efficiency

The efficiency of an entity in electronics and electrical engineering is defined as useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed , typically denoted by the Greek letter small Eta ....
– Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism....
– Electrical generator

Electrical generator

In electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, generally using electromagnetic induction....
– Electrical length

Electrical length

In telecommunications, the electrical length is any of:#A transmission medium, its length expressed as a multiple or submultiple of the wavelength of a periodic electromagnetic or electrical Signalling propagating within the medium....
– Electrical network

Electrical network

Electrical resistance

The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the passage of a steady electrical current. An object of uniform cross section will have a resistance proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, and proportional to the resistivity of the material....
– Electrical room

Electrical room

An electrical room is a room or space in a building dedicated to electrical equipment. The size of the electrical room is usually proportional to the size of the building....
– Electrical signal – Electricity

Electricity

Electricity is a general term that encompasses a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable phenomena such as lightning and static electricity, but in addition, less familiar concepts such as the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic induction....
– Electricity distribution

Electricity distribution

File:Electricity grid simple- North America.svg|thumb|380px|right|Simplified diagram of AC electricity distribution from generation stations to consumers...
– Electro-optic effect

Electro-optic effect

An electro-optic effect is a change in the optical properties of a material in response to an electric field that varies slowly compared with the frequency of light....
– Electro-optic modulator

Electro-optic modulator

Electro-optic modulator is an optical device in which a Signalling -controlled element displaying electro-optic effect is used to modulate a beam of light....
– Electro-optics

Electro-optics

Electro-optics is a branch of technology involving components, devices and systems which operate by modification of the optical properties of a material by an electric field....
– Electrochemical cell

Electrochemical cell

An electrochemical cell is a device used for generating an electromotive force and current from electrochemistry, or the reverse, inducing a chemical reaction by a flow of current....
– Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron Electrical conductor and an ionic conductor , and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution....
– Electrode

Electrode

An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a Electronic circuit . The word was coined by the scientist Michael Faraday from the Greek language words elektron and hodos, a way....
– Electrodynamics – Electrolytic capacitor

Electrolytic capacitor

electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting liquid as one of its plates with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types, they are valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical electrical network....
– Electromagnetic environment

Electromagnetic environment

In telecommunication, the term electromagnetic environment has the following meanings:1. For a telecommunications system, the spatial distribution of electromagnetic fields surrounding a given site....
– Electromagnetic induction – Electromagnetic interference control

Electromagnetic interference control

In telecommunication, electromagnetic interference control is the control of radiated and conducted energy such that emissions that are unnecessary for system, subsystem, or equipment operation are reduced, minimized, or eliminated....
– Electromagnetic pulse

Electromagnetic pulse

The term electromagnetic pulse has the following meanings:# Electromagnetic radiation from an explosion or an intensely change magnetic field caused by Compton scattering electrons and photoelectrons from photons scattering in the materials of the electronic or explosive device or in a surrounding Transmission medium....
– Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of wave propagation waves in a vacuum or in matter. EM radiation has an electric field and magnetic field component which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and to the direction of energy Wave propagation....
– Electromagnetic radiation and health – Electromagnetic spectrum

Electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation frequencies. The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation from that particular object....
– Electromagnetic survivability

Electromagnetic survivability

In telecommunication, electromagnetic survivability is the ability of a system, subsystem, or equipment to resume functioning without evidence of Degradation following temporary exposure to an adverse electromagnetic environment....
– Electrometer

Electrometer

An electrometer is an electricity instrument for measuring electric charge or electrical potential difference. There are many different types, ranging from historical hand-made mechanical instruments to high-precision electronic devices....
– Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is the physics of the electromagnetic field, a field which exerts a force on Elementary particles with the property of electric charge and which is reciprocally affected by the presence and motion of such particles....
– Electron hole

Electron hole

An electron hole is the conceptual and mathematical opposite of an electron, useful in the study of physics and chemistry. The concept describes the lack of an electron....
– Electron

Electron

The electron is a subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. It has elementary particle and is believed to be a point particle....
– Electronic amplifier

Electronic amplifier

An electronic amplifier is a device for increasing the Power and/or amplitude of a Signal . It does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape but with a larger amplitude....
– Electronic deception

Electronic deception

In telecommunication, the term electronic deception means the deliberate radiation, reradiation, alteration, suppression, Absorption , denial, enhancement, or Reflection of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to convey misleading information and to deny valid information to an enemy or to enemy electronics-dependent weapons....
– Electronic design automation

Electronic design automation

Electronic Design Automation is the category of tools for designing and producing electronic systems ranging from printed circuit boards to integrated circuits....
– Electronic filter

Electronic filter

Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal and/or to enhance wanted ones....
– Electronic imager

Electronic imager

An electronic imager is an electronic device that detects electromagnetic radiation with spatial resolution. It is the electronic analog of the photographic plate or photographic film....
– Electronic mixer

Electronic mixer

An electronic mixer is a device that combines two or more electronics Signal s into one composite output signal. There are two basic types of mixer....
– Electronic musical instrument

Electronic musical instrument

An electronic musical instrument is a musical instrument that produces its sounds using electronics. In contrast, the term electric instrument is used to mean instruments whose sound is produced mechanically, and only amplified or altered electronically - for example an electric guitar....
– Electronic oscillator

Electronic oscillator

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.A low frequency oscillation is an electronic oscillator that generates an alternating current waveform at a frequency below ?200 Hz....
– Electronic power supply – Electronic tagging

Electronic tagging

Electronic tagging is a form of non-surreptitious surveillance consisting of an electronic device attached to a person or vehicle, especially certain criminals, allowing their whereabouts to be monitored....
– Electronic test equipment

Electronic test equipment

Electronic test equipment is used to create signals and capture responses from electronic Devices Under Test . In this way, the proper operation of the DUT can be proven or faults in the device can be traced and repaired....
– Electronic warfare support measures

Electronic warfare support measures

In military telecommunications, the terms Electronic Support or Electronic Support Measures describe the division of electronic warfare involving actions taken under direct control of an operational commander to detect, intercept, identify, locate, record, and/or analyze sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for the purposes of...
– Electronics

Electronics

Electronics refers to the flow of charge through nonmetal electrical conductor , whereas electrical refers to the flow of charge through metal electrical conductor....
– Electrostatic discharge

Electrostatic discharge

Electrostatic discharge is the sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at different electrical potentials caused by direct contact or induced by an electrostatic field....
– Electrostatics

Electrostatics

Electrostatics is the branch of science that deals with the phenomena arising from stationary or slowly moving electric charges.Since classical antiquity it was known that some materials such as amber attract light particles after Triboelectric effect....
– Electronic switching system

Electronic switching system

In telecommunications, an electronic switching system is:* A telephone exchange based on the principles of time-division multiplexing of digitized analog signals....
– Electronic color code

Electronic color code

Electrical element

The concept of electrical elements is used in the circuit analysis of electrical networks. Any electrical network can be modeled by decomposing it down to multiple, interconnected electrical elements in a Schematic diagram#Electronic industry or circuit diagram....
– Emergency Locator Transmitter – Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon

Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon

Distress radio beacons, also known as emergency beacons, are tracking transmitters which aid in the detection and location of boats, aircraft, and people in distress....
– Emitter coupled logic

Emitter coupled logic

In electronics, emitter-coupled logic, or ECL, is a logic family in which current is steered through Bipolar junction transistors to implement logic functions....
– Entropy encoding

Entropy encoding

In information theory an entropy encoding is a lossless data compression scheme that is independent of the specific characteristics of the medium....
– End distortion

End distortion

End distortion: In start-stop signalling teletypewriter operation, the shifting of the end of all marking pulses, except the stop pulse, from their proper positions in relation to the beginning of the next start pulse....
– Endurability

Endurability

In telecommunication, endurability is the property of a system, subsystem, equipment, or process that enables it to continue to function within specified performance limits for an extended period of time, usually months, despite a severe natural or man-made disturbance, such as a nuclear attack, or a loss of external logistic or utility suppo...
– Enhanced service

Enhanced service

Enhanced service is service offered over commercial common carrier transmission facilities used in interstate telecommunication, that employs computer processing applications that act on the format, content, code, protocol , or similar aspects of the subscriber's transmitted information; provides the subscriber with additional, different, or...
– Equilibrium length – Equivalent noise resistance

Equivalent noise resistance

In telecommunication, an equivalent noise resistance is a quantitative representation in resistance units of the spectral density of a noise-voltage generator, given by...
– Equivalent pulse code modulation noise

Equivalent pulse code modulation noise

In telecommunication, equivalent pulse code modulation noise is the amount of thermal noise Power on a frequency-division multiplexing or wire channel necessary to approximate the same judgment of speech quality created by quantizing noise in a Pulse-code modulation channel....
– Erase

Erase

Erase may refer to:*Data erasure, a method of software-based overwriting that completely destroys all electronic data*Data remanence, the residual representation of data that has been in some way nominally erased or removed...
– Error-correcting code – Error burst

Error burst

In telecommunication, an error burst is a contiguous sequence of symbols, received over a data transmission channel , such that the first and last symbols are in error and there exists no contiguous subsequence of m correctly received symbols within the error burst....
– Error ratio – Examples of electrical phenomena – Extremely Low Frequency

Extremely low frequency

Extremely low frequency is the band of radio frequencies from 3 to 30 Hertz, at one time used by the United States and Soviet Navy/Russian Navy to Communication with submarines....
(ELF) – Eye pattern

Eye pattern

In telecommunication, an eye pattern, also known as an eye diagram is an oscilloscope display in which a digital data Signaling from a receiver is repetitively sampled and applied to the vertical input, while the data rate is used to trigger the horizontal sweep....

F

Fab – Facility

Facility

The word facility may refer to:* a term used to describe financial assistance programs offered by lending institutions to help companies acquire capital...
– Facsimile converter

Facsimile converter

In telecommunication, the term facsimile converter has the following meanings:1. In a facsimile receiver, a device that changes the Signalling modulation from frequency-shift keying to amplitude modulation ....
– Fade

Fade

Fade may refer to:*Fade , an obscure song by the band Blue Angel*Fade , a song from Break the Cycle by alt-rock band Staind*Fade , a cinematographic technique used in film...
– Fading distribution

Fading distribution

In telecommunications, a fading distribution is the probability distribution of the value of Signalling fading relative to a specified reference level....
– Fail safe – Fall time

Fall time

In electronics, fall time is the time required for the amplitude of a pulse to decrease from a specified value to another specified value . Limits on undershoot and oscillation may need to be specified when specifying fall time limits....
– Fan-beam antenna

Fan-beam antenna

A fan-beam antenna is a directional antenna producing a main beam having a narrow beamwidth in one dimension and a wider beamwidth in the other dimension....
– Far-field region – Farad

Farad

The farad is the SI unit of capacitance. The farad is named after the British physicist Michael Faraday....
– Faraday cage

Faraday cage

A Faraday cage or Faraday shield is an enclosure formed by electrical conductor, or by a mesh of such material. Such an enclosure blocks out external static electrical fields....
– Faraday constant

Faraday constant

In physics and chemistry, the Faraday constant is the magnitude of electric charge per mole of electrons. While most uses of the Faraday constant, denoted F, have been replaced by the standard SI unit, the coulomb, the Faraday is still widely used in calculations in electrochemistry....
– Faraday's law of induction

Faraday's law of induction

Faraday's law of induction describes a basic law of electromagnetism, which is involved in the working of transformers, inductors, and many forms of electrical generators....
– Fault management

Fault management

In network management, fault management is the set of functions that detect, isolate, and correct malfunctions in a telecommunications network, compensate for environmental changes, and include maintaining and examining Computer glitch Data logging, accepting and acting on error detection notifications, tracing and identifying faults, carryin...
– Fault

Fault

Fault may refer to:*Fault , planar rock fractures which show evidence of relative movement*Fault , an abnormal condition or defect at the component, equipment, or sub-system level which may lead to a failure...
– FCC registration program

FCC registration program

In telecommunication, FCC registration program is the Federal Communications Commission program and associated directives intended to assure that all connected terminal equipment and protective circuitry will not harm the public switched telephone network or certain private line services....
– Federal Standard 1037C

Federal Standard 1037C

Federal Standard 1037C, entitled Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms is a United States Federal Standard, issued by the General Services Administration pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended....
– Feed

Feed

Feed may refer to:* As a verb, to feed means to give food to, or to eat food. See feeding.* Feed as a noun often refers to animal feed, food given to or meant for livestock ...
– Feed horn

Feed horn

In satellite dish and antenna design parlance, a feedhorn is a horn antenna used to convey radio waves between the transceiver and the reflector ....
– Feedback

Feedback

Feedback describes the situation when output from an event or phenomenon in the past will influence the same event/phenomenon in the present or future....
– Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials form permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with magnets; it is responsible for most phenomena of magnetism Magnet#Common uses of magnets ....
– Ferroelectric effect – Field

Field (video)

In video, a field is one of the many still images which are displayed sequentially to create the impression of motion on the screen. Two fields comprise one video frame ....
– Field effect transistor

Field effect transistor

The field-effect transistor is a type of transistor that relies on an electric field to control the shape and hence the electrical conductivity of a channel of one type of charge carrier in a semiconductor material....
– Field (physics)

Field (physics)

In physics, a field is a physical quantity associated to each point of spacetime. A field can be classified as a scalar field, a vector field, or a tensor field, according to whether the value of the field at each point is a scalar , a vector , or, more generally, a tensor, respectively....
– FPGA Field programmable gate array

Field-programmable gate array

A field-programmable gate array is a semiconductor device that can be configured by the customer or designer after manufacturing—hence the name "field-programmable"....
– Field strength

Field strength

In physics, the field strength of a field is the magnitude of its vector value.In theoretical physics, field strength is another name for the curvature form....
– Filled cable

Filled cable

In telecommunication, a filled cable is a cable that has a nonhygroscopic material, usually a gel called icky-pick, inside the jacket or sheath....
– Filter

Electronic filter

Filter design

Filter design is the process of designing a filter , often a linear shift-invariant filter, which satisfies a set of requirements, some of which are contradictory....
– Flip-flop

Flip-flop (electronics)

In digital circuits, a flip-flop is a term referring to an electronic circuit that has two stable states and thereby is capable of serving as one bit of computer storage....
– Flutter – Fluorescent lamp

Fluorescent lamp

A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to Excited state mercury vapor. The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor to fluorescence, producing Light....
– Flux

Flux

In the various subfields of physics, there exist two common usages of the term flux, both with rigorous mathematical frameworks.*In the study of transport phenomena , flux is defined as the amount that flows through a unit area per unit time....
– Flywheel effect

Flywheel effect

The flywheel effect is the continuation of oscillations in an electronic oscillator Electronic circuit after the control stimulus has been removed....
– FM band – FM improvement factor – FM improvement threshold – FM radio – Fourier series

Fourier series

In mathematics, a Fourier series decomposes a periodic function into a sum of simple oscillating functions, namely sine wave . The study of Fourier series is a branch of Fourier analysis....
– Fourier transform

Fourier transform

In mathematics, Fourier analysis is a subject area which grew out of the study of Fourier series. The subject began with trying to understand when it was possible to represent general functions by sums of simpler trigonometric functions....
(see also List of Fourier-related transforms

List of Fourier-related transforms

This is a list of linear transformations of function s related to Fourier analysis. Such transformations Map a function to a set of coefficients of basis functions, where the basis functions are trigonometric function and are therefore strongly localized in the frequency spectrum....
) – Forward error correction

Forward error correction

In telecommunication and information theory, forward error correction is a system of error control for data transmission, whereby the sender adds Redundancy to its messages, also known as an error correction code....
– Four-wire circuit

Four-wire circuit

In telecommunication, a four-wire circuit is a two-way Telecommunication circuit using two paths so arranged that the respective Signal are transmitted in one direction only by one path and in the other direction by the other path....
– Four-wire terminating set

Four-wire terminating set

A four-wire terminating set is a balanced line transformer used to perform a conversion between 4-wire and 2-wire operation in telecommunications systems....
– Fractal antenna

Fractal antenna

A fractal antenna is an antenna that uses a fractal, Self-similarity design to maximize the length, or increase the perimeter , of material that can receive or transmit electromagnetic signals within a given total surface area or volume....
– Frame – Frame rate

Frame rate

Frame rate, or frame frequency, is the measurement of the frequency at which an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called Film frames....
– Frame slip

Frame slip

In the reception of framed data, a frame slip is the loss of synchronization between a received frame and the receiver clock signal, causing a frame misalignment Event-driven programming, and resulting in the loss of the data contained in the received frame....
– Frame synchronization

Frame synchronization

While receiving a stream of data frame data, frame synchronization is the process by which incoming frame alignment signals, i.e., distinctive bit sequences , are identified, i.e., distinguished from data bits, permitting the data bits within the frame to be extracted for decoding or retransmission....
– Framing bit – Free-space loss

Free-space loss

In telecommunication, free-space path loss is the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would result from a Line-of-sight propagation path through free space, with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction....
– Freenet

Freenet

Freenet is a decentralized, censorship-resistant distributed data store originally designed by Ian Clarke . Freenet aims to provide freedom of speech through a peer-to-peer network with strong protection of anonymity....
– Freeze frame television

Freeze frame television

Freeze frame television: Television in which fixed images are transmitted sequentially at a rate far too slow to be perceived as continuous motion by human vision....
– Frequency

Frequency

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency.The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency....
– Frequency modulation synthesis

Frequency modulation synthesis

In Sound recording and reproduction and music frequency modulation synthesis is a form of sound synthesis where the timbre of a simple waveform is changed by frequency modulation it with a modulating frequency that is also in the audio range, resulting in a more complex waveform and a different-sounding tone....
– Frequency-exchange signaling

Frequency-exchange signaling

Frequency-exchange signaling is frequency-change signaling in which the change from one significant condition to another is accompanied by decay in amplitude of one or more frequencies and by buildup in amplitude of one or more other frequencies....
– Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier wave among many frequency channel , using a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver ....
– Frequency-shift keying

Frequency-shift keying

Frequency-shift keying is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave....
– Frequency-division multiplexing

Frequency-division multiplexing

Frequency-division multiplexing is a form of signal multiplexing which involves assigning non-overlapping frequency ranges to different signals or to each "user" of a medium....
– Frequency assignment – Frequency averaging

Frequency averaging

In telecommunication, the term frequency averaging has the following meanings:#The process by which the relative phases of precision clocks are compared for the purpose of defining a single time standard....
– Frequency counter

Frequency counter

A frequency counter is an electronics measuring instrument, or Electronic component of one, that is used for measuring frequency. Frequency is defined as the number of events of a particular sort occurring in a set period of time....
– Frequency deviation

Frequency deviation

Frequency deviation is used in Frequency modulation to describe the maximum instantaneous difference between an FM modulated frequency and the Center frequency....
– Frequency frogging

Frequency frogging

In telecommunication, the term frequency frogging has the following meanings:1. The interchanging of the frequencies of carrier wave channels to accomplish specific purposes, such as to prevent feedback and oscillation, to reduce crosstalk, and to correct for a high frequency response slope in the transmission line....
– Frequency modulation

Frequency modulation

In telecommunications, frequency modulation conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency . In analog signal applications, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal....
– Frequency synthesiser – Frequency standard

Frequency standard

A frequency standard is a stable electronic oscillator used for frequency calibration or reference. A frequency standard generates a fundamental frequency with a high degree of accuracy and precision....
– Fresnel zone

Fresnel zone

File:FresnelSVG.svgIn optics and radio telecommunication, a Fresnel zone, named for physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is one of a number of concentric ellipsoids of revolution which define volumes in the radiation pattern of a circular aperture ....
– Fresnel equations

Fresnel equations

The Fresnel equations, deduced by Augustin-Jean Fresnel , describe the behaviour of light when moving between medium of differing refractive index....
– Fresnel reflection – Front-to-back ratio

Front-to-back ratio

In telecommunication, the term front-to-back ratio has two meanings.#The ratio of power gain between the front and rear of a directional antenna....
– Fuel cell

Fuel cell

A fuel cell is an Electrochemistry conversion device. It produces electricity from fuel and an Oxidizing agent , which react in the presence of an electrolyte....
– Fuse

Fuse (electrical)

In electronics and electrical engineering a fuse is a type of overcurrent protection device. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows, which breaks the electrical network in which it is connected, thus protecting the circuit's other components from damage due to excessive current....

G

Galvanometer

A galvanometer is a type of ammeter: an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current. It is an Analogue electronics electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection, through a limited arc, in response to electric current flowing through its coil....
– Gallium arsenide – Garble

Garble

Excess long comment to prevent listing on...
– Gateway

Gateway (telecommunications)

In telecommunications, the term gateway has the following meaning:*In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols....
– Gating

Gating

In telecommunication, the term gating has the following meanings:1. The process of selecting only those portions of a wave between specified time intervals or between specified amplitude limits....
– Gauss

Gauss (unit)

The gauss, abbreviated as G, is the cgs units of measurement of a magnetic field B , named after the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss....
– Geiger-Mueller tube – Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of DNA , RNA , or protein molecules using an electric current applied to a gel matrix....
– Gemini Guidance Computer – Gender changer

Gender changer

A gender changer is a hardware device placed between two cable connectors of the same type and gender of connectors and fasteners.An example is a cable connector shell with either two female or two male connectors on it , used to correct the mismatches that result when interconnecting two devices or cables with the same gender of connector....
– Global Positioning System

Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System is a global navigation satellite system developed by the United States Department of Defense and managed by the United States Air Force 50th Space Wing....
– Global system for mobile communications

Global System for Mobile Communications

File:GSM World Coverage 2008.pngGSM is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard....
– GNU Radio

GNU Radio

GNU Radio is a free software toolkit for learning about, building, and deploying software-defined radio systems. Started in 1998, GNU Radio is now an official GNU project....
– Graded-index fiber

Graded-index fiber

In fiber optics, a graded-index or gradient-index fiber is an optical fiber whose Fiber_optics#Principle_of_operation has a refractive index that decreases with increasing radial distance from the fiber axis ....
– Grade of service

Grade of service

In telecommunication engineering, and in particular teletraffic engineering, the quality of voice service is specified by two measures: the grade of service and the quality of service ....
– Ground

Ground

Ground may refer to:* The surface of the Earth* Soil, a mixture of clay, sand and organic matter present on the surface of the Earth and serving as substrate for plants growth and micro-organisms development...
– Ground constants

Ground constants

In telecommunication, ground constants are the electrical parameters of soil, such as electrical conductivity, permittivity, and magnetic permeability....
– Ground loop

Ground loop (electricity)

In an electrical system, a ground loop usually refers to a current, generally unwanted, in a electrical conduction connecting two points that are supposed to be at the same potential, often ground , but are actually at different potentials....
– Ground plane

Ground plane

In electrical engineering, a ground plane is an electrically Electrical conductor....
– Groundwave – Guided ray

Guided ray

A guided ray is a Ray of light in a multimode optical fiber, which is confined by the Fiber_optics#Principle_of_operation. For Step-index profile, light entering the fiber will be guided if it falls within the acceptance cone of the fiber, that is if it makes an angle with the fiber axis that is less than the acceptance angle,...
– Gyrator

Gyrator

The gyrator or positive impedance inverter is an electric circuit which inverts an Electrical impedance. In other words, it can make a capacitor circuit behave inductor, a bandpass filter behave like a band-stop filter, and so on....

H

H-channel

In the Integrated Services Digital Network , a high-speed Channel comprising multiple aggregated low-speed channels to accommodate bandwidth-intensive applications such as file transfer, videoconferencing, and high-quality audio....
– Halftone characteristic

Halftone characteristic

In telecommunication, the term halftone characteristic has the following meanings:# In Fax systems, the relationship between the density of the recorded Facsimile and the density of the object, i.e., the original....
– Hall effect

Hall effect

The Hall effect is the production of a potential difference across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field perpendicular to the current....
– Hamming code

Hamming code

In telecommunication, a Hamming code is a linear code error-correcting code named after its inventor, Richard Hamming. Hamming codes can detect up to two simultaneous bit errors, and correct single-bit errors; thus, reliable communication is possible when the Hamming distance between the transmitted and received bit patterns is less than or e...
– Hamming distance

Hamming distance

In information theory, the Hamming distance between two String s of equal length is the number of positions for which the corresponding symbols are different....
– Handoff

Handoff

In cellular network telecommunications, the term handoff refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one channel connected to the core network to another....
– Handshaking

Handshaking

In information technology, telecommunications, and related fields, handshaking is an automated process of negotiation that dynamically sets parameters of a communications channel established between two entities before normal communication over the channel begins....
– Hard copy

Hard copy

In information handling, a hard copy is a permanent reproduction, or copy in the form of a physical object, of any media suitable for direct use by a person , of displayed or transmitted data....
– Hardware register

Hardware register

In digital electronics, especially computing, a hardware register stores bits of information, in a way that all the bits can be written to or read out simultaneously....
– Harmonic

Harmonic

In acoustics and telecommunication, a harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the Signalling that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency....
– Harmonic analysis

Harmonic analysis

Harmonic analysis is the branch of mathematics that studies the representation of functions or signals as the superposition of basic waves. It investigates and generalizes the notions of Fourier series and Fourier transforms....
– Harmonic oscillator

Harmonic oscillator

In classical mechanics, a harmonic oscillator is a system which, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force proportional to the displacement according to Hooke's law:...
– Hartley oscillator

Hartley oscillator

The Hartley oscillator is an inductorcapacitor electronic oscillator that derives its feedback from a tapped coil in parallel with a capacitor ....
– Heat sink

Heat sink

A heat sink is an environment or object that absorbs and dissipates heat from another object using thermal contact . Heat sinks are used in a wide range of applications wherever efficient heat dissipation is required; major examples include refrigeration, heat engines, Thermal management of electronic devices and systems and lasers....
– Helical antenna

Helical antenna

A helical antenna is an antenna consisting of a conducting wire wound in the form of a helix. In most cases, helical antennas are mounted over a ground plane....
– Helmholtz coil

Helmholtz coil

The term Helmholtz coils refers to a device for producing a region of nearly uniform magnetic field. It is named in honor of the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz....
– Henry (unit) – Hertz

Hertz

The hertz is a measure of frequency per unit of time, or the number of list of cycles per second. It is the SI base unit of frequency in the International System of Units , and is used worldwide in both general-purpose and scientific contexts....
– Heterodyne repeater – Heterodyne

Heterodyne

In radio and signal processing, heterodyning is the generation of new frequencies by mixing, or multiplying, two oscillating waveforms. It is useful for modulation and demodulation of signals, or placing information of interest into a useful frequency range....
– High-performance equipment

High-performance equipment

High-performance equipment describes telecommunications equipment that has the performance characteristics required for use in trunks or links,...
– High frequency

High frequency

High frequency radio frequency are between 3 and 30 Megahertz. Also known as the decameter band or decameter wave as the wavelengths range from one to ten decameters ....
– High-speed circuit-switched data

High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data

High-speed circuit-switched data , is an enhancement to Circuit Switched Data , the original data transmission mechanism of the GSM mobile phone system, four times faster than GSM, with data rates up to 38.4 kbit/s....
– Hop

Hop (telecommunications)

In telecommunication, the term hop has the following meanings:#The excursion of a radio wave from the Earth to the ionosphere and back to the Earth....
– Horn

Horn (telecommunications)

In telecommunications, the term horn has the following meanings:* In radio transmission , an open-ended waveguide, of increasing cross-sectional area, which radiates directly in a desired direction or feeds a Reflector that forms a desired beam....
– How to test three-phase electrical supply – How to test three-phase pumps – Hybrid balance

Hybrid balance

In telecommunications, a hybrid balance is an expression of the degree of electrical symmetry between two impedance matching connected to two conjugate sides of a hybrid coil or resistance hybrid....
– Hybrid circuit

Hybrid circuit

A hybrid integrated circuit, HIC, hybrid microcircuit, or simply hybrid is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual devices, such as semiconductor devices and passive components , bonded to a substrate or printed circuit board ....
– Hybrid coil

Hybrid coil

A hybrid coil is a transformer that has three coils, and which is designed to be configured as a electrical network having four branches, that are conjugate in pairs....
– Hybrid coupler

Hybrid coupler

A hybrid coupler is a passive device used in radio and telecommunications. It is a type of directional coupler where the input power is equally divided between two output ports....
– Hysteresis

Hysteresis

A system with hysteresis can be summarized as a system that may be in any number of states, independent of the inputs to the system. To be exact, a system with hysteresis exhibits path-dependence, or "rate-independent memory"....

I

IEEE 802

IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards dealing with local area networks and metropolitan area networks.More specifically, the IEEE 802 standards are restricted to networks carrying variable-size packets....
– IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards carrying out Wireless LAN computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands. They are implemented by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers LAN/MAN Standards Committee ....
– IEEE 802.15

IEEE 802.15

IEEE 802.15 is the 15th working group of the IEEE 802 and specializes in Wireless PAN standards. It includes six task groups :...
– Image antenna

Image antenna

In telecommunication, an image antenna is a theoretical mirror-image of an antenna , an antenna element considered to extend below the ground plane as the actual antenna is above the ground plane....
– Image response

Image response

Image response is a measure of performance of a radio receiver, particularly one that operates on the Superheterodyne receiver principle.In such a radio receiver, a local oscillator is used to heterodyne or "beat" against the incoming signal frequency, generating sum and difference frequencies - one of these will be at the intermediate fre...
– Image frequency

Image frequency

In radio reception using heterodyning in the tuner process, the image frequency is an undesired input frequency that is capable of producing the same intermediate frequency that the desired input frequency produces....
– Image rejection ratio

Image rejection ratio

In reception using heterodyning in the tuner process, the image rejection ratio, or image frequency rejection ratio, is the ratio of the intermediate-frequency signal level produced by the desired input frequency to that produced by the ....
– Impedance

Electrical impedance

Electrical impedance, or simply impedance, describes a measure of opposition to a sinusoidal alternating current . Electrical impedance extends the concept of Electrical resistance to AC circuits, describing not only the relative amplitudes of the voltage and Electric current, but also the relative Phase ....
– Impedance match – Impedance mismatch – In-band on-channel

In-band on-channel

In-band on-channel is a method of transmitting digital radio and analog radio Broadcasting Signalling s simulcast on the same frequency.By utilizing additional digital subcarriers or sidebands, digital information is "Multiplexing" on a normal amplitude modulation or frequency modulation analog signal, thus avoiding any complicated extra f...
– Incidental radiator – Independent sideband

Independent sideband

Independent sideband is an Amplitude modulation single sideband Transverse mode which is used with some AM radio transmission s. Normally each sideband carries identical information, but ISB modulation two different input signals — one on the upper sideband, the other on the lower sideband....
– Index of cooperation

Index of cooperation

In telecommunication, the term index of cooperation has the following meanings:*In facsimile, the product of the total line length and the number of lines per unit length, divided by p....
– Inductive coupling

Inductive coupling

In electrical engineering, two conductors are referred to as "inductively coupled" when they are configured such that change in current flow through one wire Faraday's law of induction a voltage across the ends of the other wire....
– Inductor

Inductor

An inductor is a Passive component Electronic component that can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it....
– Inductive reactance – Industrial Computers - Information transfer

Information transfer

In telecommunications, information transfer is the process of moving messages containing user information from a source to a sink.Note: The information transfer rate may or may not be equal to the Transmission modulation rate....
– Information-bearer channel

Information-bearer channel

In telecommunication, the term information-bearer channel has the following meanings:1. A channel capable of transmitting all the information required for communication, such as User data, synchronizing sequences, and control signals....
– Infrared

Infrared

Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is longer than that of visible light , but shorter than that of terahertz radiation and microwaves ....
– Input

Input

Input is the term denote either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a system and which activate/modify a process. It is an abstract concept, used in the model ing, system design and system exploitation....
– Insertion gain

Insertion gain

In telecommunication, insertion gain is the gain resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line, expressed as the ratio of the Signalling Power delivered to that part of the line following the device to the signal power delivered to that same part before insertion....
– Insertion loss

Insertion loss

In telecommunications, insertion loss is the loss of Signalling power resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line or optical fiber....
– Inside plant

Inside plant

In telecommunication, the term inside plant has the following meanings:*All the cabling and equipment installed in a telecommunications facility, including the main distribution frame and all the equipment extending inward therefrom, such as PABX or central office equipment, MDF heat coil protectors, and grounding systems....
– Insulation

Electrical insulation

An insulator, also called a dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of electric current. An insulating material has atoms with tightly bonded valence electrons....
– Integrated circuit

Integrated circuit

In electronics, an integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin Wafer of semiconductor material....
– Intentional radiator

Intentional radiator

An intentional radiator is any device that is designed to produce radio waves on purpose.Radio transmitters of all kinds, including the garage door opener, cordless telephone, cellular phone, wireless video sender, wireless microphone, and many others fall into this category....
– Intensity modulation

Intensity modulation

In optical communications, intensity modulation is a form of modulation in which the optical Power output of a source is varied in accordance with some characteristic of the modulating Signal ....
– Intercept

Intercept

Intercept can refer to:*X-intercept, the point where a line crosses the x-axis*Y-intercept, the point where a line crosses the y-axis*Interception ...
– Interchange circuit

Interchange circuit

In telecommunication, an interchange circuit is a Telecommunication circuit that facilitates the exchange of data and Signalling information between data terminal equipment and data circuit-terminating equipment ....
– Intercharacter interval

Intercharacter interval

In telecommunications, the intercharacter interval is the time interval between the end of the stop signal of one character and the beginning of the start signal of the next character of an asynchronous communication....
– Interconnect facility

Interconnect facility

Interconnect facility: In a communications network, one or more communications links that are used to provide local area communications service among several locations and collectively form a node in the network....
– Interference

Interference

In physics, interference is the addition of two or more waves that result in a new wave pattern.Interference usually refers to the interaction of waves which are correlated or Coherence with each other, either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same frequency....
– Interferometry

Interferometry

Interferometry is the technique of diagnosing the properties of two or more waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their Superposition principle....
– Intermediate-field region

Intermediate-field region

Intermediate-field region: For an antenna , the transition region--lying between the near-field region and the far-field region--in which the field strength of an electromagnetic wave is dependent upon the inverse distance, inverse square of the distance, and the inverse cube of the distance from the antenna....
– Intermodulation distortion – International Electrotechnical Commission

International Electrotechnical Commission

The International Electrotechnical Commission is a Non-profit organization, non-governmental international standards organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies ? collectively known as "electrotechnology"....
– Interoperability

Interoperability

Interoperability is a property referring to the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together . The term is often used in a technical systems engineering sense, or alternatively in a broad sense, taking into account social, political, and organizational factors that impact system to system performance....
– Interposition trunk

Interposition trunk

In telecommunication, the term interposition trunk has the following meanings:1. A single direct transmission channel , e.g., voice-frequency Telecommunication circuit, between two positions of a large telephone switchboard to facilitate the interconnection of other circuits appearing at the respective switchboard positions....
– Intersymbol interference

Intersymbol interference

In telecommunication, intersymbol interference is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as electronic noise, thus making the communication less reliable....
– Inverse multiplexer

Inverse multiplexer

An inverse multiplexer allows a data stream to be broken into multiple lower data rate communication links. An inverse multiplexer differs from a demultiplexer in that each of the low rate links coming from it is related to the others and they all work together to carry their respective parts of the same higher rate data stream....
– Inverse-square law

Inverse-square law

In physics, an inverse-square law is any physical law stating that some physical quantity or strength is Inverse ly proportionality to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity....
– Ion pump – Ionosphere

Ionosphere

The ionosphere is the uppermost part of the Earth's atmosphere, distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere....
– ISM band

ISM band

The industrial, scientific and medical radio bands were originally reserved internationally for the use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes other than communications....
– Isochronous burst transmission

Isochronous burst transmission

Isochronous burst transmission is a method of data transmission. In a data telecommunications network where the information-bearer channel rate is higher than the input data signaling rate, transmission is performed by interrupting, at controlled intervals, the data stream being transmitted....
– Isochronous signal

Isochronous signal

In telecommunication, an isochronous signal is a Signalling in which the time interval separating any two significant instants is equal to the Unit interval or a multiple of the unit interval....
– Isotropic antenna

J

Jam signal

In telecommunications, a jam signal is a Signalling that carries a 32-bit binary pattern sent by a data station to inform the other stations that they must not transmit....
– Jamming

Jamming

Jamming may mean:* Interfering with communications or surveillance:** Radio jamming** Radar jamming and deception** Mobile phone jammer** E-mail jamming...
– Jansky

Jansky

In radio astronomy, the flux unit or jansky is a non-SI unit of electromagnetic radiation flux density equivalent to 10−26 watts per square metre per hertz....
– Jitter

Jitter

Jitter is an unwanted variation of one or more characteristics of a periodic Signalling in electronics and telecommunications. Jitter may be seen in characteristics such as the interval between successive pulses, or the amplitude, frequency, or phase of successive cycles....

K

K-factor

K-factor or K factor may refer to:*K-factor *K-factor *K-factor *K-factor *K-factor *K-factor *K-factor *Elo rating system*a K-factor is used to calculate when heating oil must be delivered...
– Karnaugh map

Karnaugh map

The Karnaugh map, also known as a Veitch diagram , is a tool to facilitate the simplification of Boolean algebra integrated circuit expressions....
– Kendall effect

Kendall effect

In telecommunications the Kendall effect is a spurious pattern or other distortion in a Fax.It is caused by unwanted modulation products which arise from the transmission of the carrier wave Signalling , and appear in the form of a rectified baseband that interferes with the lower sideband of the carrier....
– Key pulsing – Kirchhoff's circuit laws

Kirchhoff's circuit laws

Kirchhoff's circuit laws are two Equality that deal with the Charge conservation and energy in electrical circuits, and were first described in 1845 by Gustav Kirchhoff....
– Klystron

Klystron

A klystron is a specialized Linear particle accelerator vacuum tube . Klystrons are used as amplifiers at microwave and radio frequencies to produce both low-power reference signals for superheterodyne radar receivers and to produce high-power carrier waves for communications and the driving force for modern particle accelerators....
– Knife-edge effect

Knife-edge effect

In electromagnetic wave wave propagation, the knife-edge effect or edge diffraction is a redirection by diffraction of a portion of the incident radiation that strikes a well-defined obstacle such as a mountain range or the edge of a building....

L

LNA

LNA is a three letter acronym that may stand for:...
– LaFayette Radio

LaFayette Radio

Lafayette Radio was a radio manufacturer and retailer based in Syosset, New York. The company sold radio sets, amateur radio equipment, citizen's band radios, and other communications equipment, as well as electronic components and tools through retail outlets as well as by mail-order....
– Laser

Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process called stimulated emission. The term laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation....
– Launch angle

Launch angle

In fiber optics telecommunications, the launch angle has the following meanings:*The angle, with respect to the normal, at which a light line emerges from a surface....
– Launch numerical aperture

Launch numerical aperture

In telecommunications, launch numerical aperture is the numerical aperture of an optical system used to couple Power into an optical fiber....
– Lead-lag effect

Lead-lag effect

A lead-lag effect, especially in economics, describes the situation where one variable is correlated with the values of another variable at later times....
– Leaky mode

Leaky mode

A leaky mode or tunneling mode in an optical fiber or other waveguide is a Normal mode having an electric field that decays monotonically for a finite distance in the transverse direction but becomes oscillatory everywhere beyond that finite distance....
– Light bulb – Light-dependent resistor – Light-emitting diode

Light-emitting diode

A light-emitting diode , is an electronic light source. The LED was discovered in the early 20th century, and introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962....
– Lightning

Lightning

File:Blesk.jpgLightning is an Earth's atmosphere discharge of electricity usually accompanied by thunder, which typically occurs during thunderstorms, and sometimes during volcano or dust storms....
– Limiting

Limiting

Limiting: Any process by which a specified characteristic of the output of a device is prevented from exceeding a predetermined value.Limiting can refer to non-linear clipping, in which a signal is passed through normally but "sheared off" when it would normally exceed a certain threshold....
– Line code

Line code

In telecommunication, a line code is a code chosen for use within a communications system for transmission purposes. Line coding is often used for digital data transport....
– Linear feedback shift register

Linear feedback shift register

A linear feedback shift register is a shift register whose input bit is a Linear transformation function of its previous state.The only linear functions of single bits are xor and inverse-xor; thus it is a shift register whose input bit is driven by the exclusive-or of some bits of the overall shift register value....
– Linear regulator

Linear regulator

In electronics, a linear regulator is a voltage regulator based on an active device operating in its "linear region" or passive devices like zener diodes operated in their breakdown region....
– Lip synchronization – List of antenna terms – List of telecommunications encryption terms – List of telecommunications transmission terms – List of telephony terminology

List of telephony terminology

This is a List of telephony terminology and acronyms which relate to telephony networks....
– Load – Loading

In electrical transmission lines, the term loading means the insertion of Electrical impedance into a Telecommunication circuit to change the characteristics of the circuit....
– Loading characteristic

Loading characteristic

Loading characteristic: In multichannel telephone systems, a plot, for the busy hour, of the equivalent mean power and the peak power as a function of the number of voice channels....
– Loading coil

Loading coil

In electronics, a loading coil or load coil is a coil that does not provide coupling to any other Electronic circuit, but is inserted in a circuit to increase its inductance....
– Lobe

Lobe

The term lobe generally refers to a projecting part of an object, but it can have more specific meanings.* In biology, lobe * In telecommunication, the term lobe has the following meanings: ...
– Local battery

Local battery

In telecommunication, the term local battery has the following meanings:#in telegraphy, the source of Power that actuates the telegraphic station recording instruments, as distinguished from the source of power that furnishes current to the line ....
– Log-periodic antenna

Log-periodic antenna

In telecommunication, a log-periodic antenna is a broadband, multielement, directional antenna, narrow-beam antenna that has Electrical impedance and radiation characteristics that are regularly repetitive as a logarithmic function of the excitation frequency....
– Logic

Logic

Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and inference. Logic is a branch of philosophy, a part of the classical Trivium . The word derives from Greek language ?????? , fem....
– Logic families – Logic gate

Logic gate

A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. The logic normally performed is Boolean logic and is most commonly found in digital circuits....
– Long-haul communications

Long-haul communications

In telecommunication, the term long-haul communications has the following meanings:1. In public switched networks, pertaining to circuits that span large distances, such as the circuits in Interexchange carrier, interstate, and international telecommunication....
– Long-tailed pair – Long-term stability

Long-term stability

The long-term stability of an electronic oscillator, the degree of uniformity of frequency over time, when the frequency is measured under identical environmental conditions, such as supply voltage, Electrical load, and temperature....
– Longitudinal redundancy check

Longitudinal redundancy check

In telecommunication, a longitudinal redundancy check or horizontal redundancy check is a form of redundancy check that is applied independently to each of a parallel group of bit streams....
– Loop – Loop gain

Loop gain

In negative feedback amplifiers, loop gain refers to the product of the gain in the feedback loop and the feedback factor in that loop. In Figure 1, the loop gain is the product ?AOL....
– Loop-back – Low frequency

Low frequency

Low Frequency or LF refers to Radio Frequency in the range of 30 kHz–300 kHz. In Europe, and parts of North Africa and of Asia, part of the LF spectrum is used for longwave service....
– Low-performance equipment

Low-performance equipment

In telecommunication, the term low-performance equipment has the following meanings:* Equipment that has imprecise characteristics that do not meet system reliability requirements....
– Low noise amplifier – Lumped element model

Lumped element model

In general, the lumped component model is a way of simplifying the behaviour of spatially distributed systems into a topology consisting of discrete entities that approximate the behaviour of the distributed system under certain assumptions....

M

Magnet

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials and attracts or repels other magnets....
– Magnetic core memory

Magnetic core memory

Magnetic core memory, or ferrite-core memory, is an early form of random access computer memory. It uses small magnetic ceramic rings, the cores, through which wires are threaded to store information via the Polarity of the magnetic field they contain....
– Magnetic field

Magnetic field

A magnetism field is a vector field which can exert a magnetic force on moving electric charges and on magnetic dipoles . When placed in a magnetic field, magnetic dipoles tend to align their axes parallel to the magnetic field....
– Magnetic flux

Magnetic flux

Magnetic flux, represented by the Greek letter F , is a measure of quantity of magnetism, taking into account the strength and the extent of a magnetic field....
– Magnetic flux quantum

Magnetic flux quantum

The magnetic flux quantum F0 is the quantum of magnetic flux passing through a superconductor. The quantization of magnetic flux is closely related to the Aharonov?Bohm effect, but was predicted earlier by Fritz London in 1948 using a phenomenological model....
– Magnetic levitation

Magnetic levitation

Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is levitation with no support other than magnetic fields....
– Magnetism

Magnetism

In physics, magnetism is one of the phenomena by which materials exert attractive or repulsive forces on other materials. Some well-known materials that exhibit easily detectable magnetic properties are nickel, iron, cobalt, and their alloys; however, all materials are influenced to greater or lesser degree by the presence of a magnetic fiel...
– Magnetosphere

Magnetosphere

A magnetosphere is a highly magnetized region around and possessed by an astronomical object. Earth is surrounded by a magnetosphere, as are the magnetized planets Mercury , Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune....
– Magneto-optic effect

Magneto-optic effect

A magneto-optic effect is any one of a number of phenomena in which an electromagnetic wave propagates through a medium that has been altered by the presence of a quasistatic magnetic field....
– Magnetron – Main distribution frame

Main distribution frame

In Telephony, a Main Distribution Frame is a signal distribution frame for connecting equipment to cables and pair gain equipment . The MDF is a termination point within the local Telephone exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires at the MDF....
– Main lobe

Main lobe

The main lobe, or main beam, of an antenna radiation pattern is the lobe containing the maximum Power . This is the lobe that exhibits the greatest field strength....
– Manchester code

Manchester code

In telecommunication, Manchester code is a line code in which the encoding of each data bit has at least one transition and occupies the same time....
– Maser

Maser

A maser is a device that produces coherence electromagnetic waves through amplification due to stimulated emission. Historically the term came from the acronym "Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation", although modern masers emit over a broad portion of the electromagnetic spectrum....
– Mask work

Mask work

A mask work is a two or three-dimensional layout or topography of an integrated circuit , i.e. the arrangement on a chip of semiconductor devices such as transistors and passive electronics components such as resistors and interconnections....
– Master frequency generator

Master frequency generator

A master frequency generator or master electronic oscillator, in frequency-division multiplexing , is a piece of equipment used to provide system end-to-end carrier frequency synchronization and frequency accuracy of tones....
– Maximum power

Maximum power

Maximum power can refer to different concepts:* In electronics, the maximum power theorem* In systems theory, the maximum power principle...
– Maximal-ratio combiner – Maximum usable frequency

Maximum usable frequency

Maximum usable frequency describes, in radio transmission , using Reflection from the regular ionized layers of the ionosphere, the upper frequency limit that can be used for transmission between two points at a specified time, independent of transmitter power....
– Maxwell coil

Maxwell coil

A Maxwell coil is a device for producing a large volume of almost constant magnetic field....
– Maxwell's equations

Maxwell's equations

In electromagnetism, James Clerk Maxwell equations are a set of four partial differential equations that describe the properties of the electric field and magnetic field fields and relate them to their sources, charge density and current density....
– Maxwell's demon

Maxwell's demon

Maxwell's demon was an 1867 thought experiment by the Scotland physicist James Clerk Maxwell, meant to raise questions about the possibility of violating the second law of thermodynamics....
– Mean time between outages

Mean time between outages

In a system the mean time between outages is the mean time between equipment failures that result in loss of system continuity or unacceptable Degradation ....
– Mediation function

Mediation function

Mediation function: In telecommunications network management, a function that routes or acts on information passing between network elements and network operations....
– Medium

Transmission medium

A transmission medium is a material substance which can wave propagation energy waves. For example, the transmission medium for sound received by the ears is usually air, but solids and liquids may also act as transmission media for sound....
– Medium frequency

Medium frequency

Medium frequency refers to radio frequency in the range of 300 Hertz to 3000 kHz. Part of this band is the medium wave AM broadcast band....
(MF) – Medium-power talker

Medium-power talker

In telecommunication, a medium-power talker is a hypothetical talker, within a log-normal distribution of talkers, whose volume lies at the Average Power of all talkers determining the volume distribution at the point of interest....
– Mediumwave

Mediumwave

Medium Wave is a part of the Medium frequency radio band used mainly for AM broadcasting. Some experiments and trials are planned or under way for a digital modulation such as Digital Radio Mondiale ....
– Michelson-Morley experiment

Michelson-Morley experiment

The Michelson?Morley experiment, one of the most important and famous experiments in the history of physics, was performed in 1887 by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley at what is now Case Western Reserve University....
– Microelectronics

Microelectronics

Microelectronics is a subfield of electronics. Microelectronics, as the name suggests,is related to the study and manufacture, or microfabrication, of electronic components which are very small ....
– Microphone

Microphone

A microphone, sometimes referred to as a mike or?more recently?mic, is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal....
– Microwave

Microwave

Microwaves are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m, or frequency between 0.3 hertz and 300 GHz....
– Microwave auditory effect

Microwave auditory effect

The microwave auditory effect, also known as the microwave hearing effect or the Frey effect, consists of audible clicks induced by pulsed/modulated microwave frequencies....
– Microwave oven

Microwave oven

A microwave oven, or a microwave, is a kitchen appliance that cookings or heats food by dielectric heating. This is accomplished by using microwave radiation to heat water and other dipole within the food....
– MIL-STD-188

MIL-STD-188

MIL-STD-188 is a series of U.S. military standards relating to telecommunications....
– Minimum bend radius – Mode scrambler

Mode scrambler

In telecommunications, a mode scrambler or mode mixer is a device for inducing mode coupling in an optical fiber, or a device that, itself, exhibits a uniform output intensity profile independent of the input mode volume or modal excitation condition....
– Mode volume

Mode volume

In fiber optics, mode volume is the number of bound Transverse mode that an optical fiber is capable of supporting.The mode volume M is approximately given by and , respectively for step-index profile and power-law index profile fibers, where g is the profile parameter, and V is the normalized frequency, which must be greate...
– Modem

Modem

Modem is a peripheral device that modulation an analog carrier wave Signal to encode digital information, and also demodulation such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information....
– Modular synthesizer

Modular synthesizer

The modular synthesizer is a type of synthesizer consisting of separate specialized modules connected by wires to create a so-called patch . Every output generates a signal - an electric voltage of variable strength....
– Modulation

Modulation

In telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying a Periodic function waveform, i.e. a tone, in order to use that signal to convey a message, in a similar fashion as a musician may modulate the tone from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and Pitch ....
– Modulation factor – Modulation rate – Molecular electronics

Molecular electronics

Molecular electronics is an interdisciplinary theme that spans physics, chemistry, and materials science. The unifying feature of this area is the use of molecular building blocks for the fabrication of electronic components, both passive and active ....
– Monostable – Moore's law

Moore's Law

Moore's law describes a long-term trend in the history of computing hardware. Since the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958, the number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit has increased exponential growth, doubling approximately every two years....
– Morse code

Morse code

Morse code is a type of character encoding that transmits telegraphic information using rhythm. Morse code uses a standardized sequence of short and long elements to represent the alphanumeric, punctuation and special characters of a given message....
– MOS Technology 6501

MOS Technology 6501

The 6501 is an eight-bit microprocessor, the first sold by MOS Technology. The 6501 is the first member of the MOS Technology 65xx of microprocessors....
– MOS Technology 6502

MOS Technology 6502

The MOS Technology 6502 is an 8-bit microprocessor that was designed by Chuck Peddle and Bill Mensch for MOS Technology in 1975. When it was introduced, it was the least expensive full-featured central processing unit on the market by a considerable margin, costing less than one-sixth the price of competing designs from larger companies such...
– MOS Technology VIC-II

MOS Technology VIC-II

The VIC-II , specifically known as the MOS Technology 6567/8562/8564 , 6569/8565/8566 , is the integrated circuit tasked with generating S-Video/composite video graphics and dynamic random access memory memory refresh signals in the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 home computers....
– MOS Technology SID

MOS Technology SID

The MOS Technology 6581/8580 SID was the built-in Programmable Sound Generator chip of Commodore International's Commodore CBM-II, Commodore 64, Commodore 128 and Commodore MAX Machine home computers....
– Mu-law algorithm

Mu-law algorithm

The ?-law algorithm is a companding algorithm, primarily used in the digital telecommunication systems of North America and Japan. Companding algorithms reduce the dynamic range of an audio Signal ....
– Multi-element dipole antenna – Multimeter

Multimeter

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an Electronics measuring instrument that combines several functions in one unit....
– Multipath

Multipath

In wireless telecommunications, multipath is the radio propagation phenomenon that results in radio Signalling s' reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths....
– Multipath propagation – Multiple access – Multiple homing

Multiple homing

In telecommunication, the term multiple homing has the following meanings:1. In telephone systems, the electrical connection of a terminal facility so that it can be served by one or several telephone exchange....
– Multiplex baseband

Multiplex baseband

In telecommunication, the term multiplex baseband has the following meanings:1. In frequency-division multiplexing, the frequency band occupied by the aggregate of the signals in the line interconnecting the multiplexing and radio or line equipment....
– Multicoupler – Multiplexer

Multiplexer

In electronics, a multiplexer or mux is a device that performs multiplexing; it selects one of many analog or digital input signals and outputs that into a single line....
– Multiplexing

Multiplexing

In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing is a process where multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium....
– Multiplication ALU

Multiplication ALU

In digital circuit, a multiplier or multiplication Arithmetic logic unit is a hardware circuit dedicated to multiplication two binary values....
– Multivibrator

Multivibrator

A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state systems such as oscillators, timers and flip-flop s. It is characterized by two amplifying devices cross-coupled by resistors and capacitors....

N

N connector

The N connector is a threaded RF connector used to join coaxial cables. It was one of the first connectors capable of carrying microwave-frequency signals, and was invented in the 1940s by Paul Neill of Bell Labs, after whom the connector is named....
– Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology, shortened to "Nanotech", is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size....
– Nanowire

Nanowire

A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the diameter of the order of a nanometer . Alternatively, nanowires can be defined as structures that have a lateral size constrained to tens of nanometers or less and an unconstrained longitudinal size....
– Narrative traffic

Narrative traffic

Narrative traffic is data communications consisting of plain or encrypted messages written in a natural language and transmitted in accordance with standardization formats and procedures....
– Narrowband

Narrowband

Narrowband refers to a situation in radio communications where the Bandwidth of the message does not significantly exceed the channel's coherence bandwidth....
– Narrowband modem

Narrowband modem

In telecommunication, a narrowband modem is a modem whose modulated output Signalling has an essential frequency spectrum that is limited to that which can be wholly contained within, and faithfully transmitted through, a voice channel with a nominal 4 kHz Bandwidth ....
– National Electrical Code (US)

National Electrical Code (US)

The National Electrical Code , or NFPA 70, is a United States standard for the safe installation of electrical wiring and equipment. It is part of the National Fire Codes series published by the National Fire Protection Association ....
– Natural frequency – Nature versus nurture

Nature versus nurture

The nature versus nurture debates concern the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities versus personal experiences in Determinism or causality individual differences in physiology and behaviour traits....
– Neural network

Neural network

Traditionally, the term neural network had been used to refer to a network or circuit of neuron. The modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural networks, which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes....
– Near-field region – Negative-acknowledge character

Negative-acknowledge character

* In telecommunications, a negative-acknowledge character is a transmission control character sent by a station as a negative response to the station with which the telecommunication connection has been set up....
– Negative resistance

Negative resistance

Negative resistance is a property of some electric circuits where an increase in the current entering a port, results in a decreased voltage across the same port....
– Net gain

Net gain

In telecommunications, net gain is the overall gain of a transmission Telecommunication circuit.Note 1: Net gain is measured by applying a test Signalling at an appropriate dollor amountMedia:...
– Netlist

Netlist

The word netlist can be used in several different contexts, but perhaps the most popular is in the field of electronic design. In this context, a "netlist" describes the connectivity of an electronic design....
– Network administration – Network architecture

Network architecture

In computing, network architecture is the design of a computer network.In telecommunication, the term network architecture has the following meanings:...
– Network management

Network management

Network management refers to the activities, methods, procedures, and tools that pertain to the Operations management, administration, maintenance, and provisioning of networked systems....
– Neutral direct-current telegraph system

Neutral direct-current telegraph system

In telecommunication, a neutral direct-current telegraph system is a telegraph system in which current flows during marking intervals and no current flows during spacing intervals for the transmission of signals over a line , and the direction of current flow is immaterial....
– NI Multisim – Nickel metal hydride – Noise-cancelling headphone

Noise-cancelling headphone

Noise-cancelling headphones reduce unwanted ambient sounds by means of active noise control . Essentially, this involves using a microphone, placed near the ear, and electronics circuitry which generates an "antinoise" sound wave with the opposite polarity of the sound wave arriving at the microphone....
– Noise-equivalent power

Noise-equivalent power

Noise-equivalent power is a measure of the sensitivity of an optical detector or detector system. It is defined as the signal power which gives a signal to noise ratio of 1 for an integration time of half a second, or more technically the radiant power that produces a signal to noise ratio of unity at the output of a given optical detector a...
– Noise figure

Noise figure

In telecommunication, noise figure is a measure of degradation of the signal to noise ratio , caused by components in the RF signal chain. The noise figure is the ratio of the output noise power of a device to the portion thereof attributable to thermal noise in the input termination at standardization noise temperature ....
– Noise level

Noise level

In telecommunication, noise level is the noise power, usually relative to a reference.In atmospheric sound transmission, noise level is the noise power of the longitudinal sound wave relative to a point of reference....
– Noise power

Noise power

In telecommunication, the term noise power has the following meanings:# The measured total noise per Bandwidth unit at the input or output of a device when the signal is not present....
– Noise temperature

Noise temperature

In electronics, noise temperature is a temperature assigned to a component such that the noise power delivered by the noisy component to a noiseless matched resistor is given by...
– Noise weighting

Noise weighting

A 'noise weighting is a specific amplitude-vs.-frequency characteristic that is designed to allow subjectively valid measurement of noise. It emphasises the parts of the spectrum that are most important....
– Non-return-to-zero

Non-return-to-zero

In telecommunication, a non-return-to-zero line code is a Binary coding code in which "1s" are represented by one significant condition and "0s" are represented by some other significant condition , with no other neutral or rest condition....
– Normalized frequency

Normalized frequency

Normalized frequency can refer to:* Normalized frequency * Normalized frequency , also known as V number...
– NTSC

NTSC

NTSC is the analog television system used in most of the Americas, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, Burma, and some Pacific island nations and territories ....
– Nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance is the name given to a physical resonance phenomenon involving the observation of specific quantum mechanics magnetism properties of an atomic atomic nucleus in the presence of an applied, external magnetic field....
– Null

Null

Null is an English word meaning 'nothing' or without value or consequence. It is derived from the Latin word nullus meaning 'none'.Null may refer to:...
– Numbers station

Numbers station

Numbers stations are shortwave radio stations of uncertain origin. They generally broadcast Speech synthesis generated voices reading streams of numbers, words, letters , tunes or Morse code....
– Numerical aperture

Numerical aperture

In optics, the numerical aperture of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light....
– Numerically controlled oscillator – Nyquist interval

O

Off-hook

In telephony, the term off-hook has the following meanings:# The condition that exists when a telephone or other User instrument is in use, i.e., during dialing or communicating....
– Off-line

Off-line

The terms online and offline have specific meanings with respect to computer technology and telecommunication. In general, "online" indicates a state of connectivity, while "offline" indicates a disconnected state....
– Ohm – Ohm's law

Ohm's law

Ohm's law applies to electrical circuits; it states that the electric current through a conductor between two points is directly Proportionality to the potential difference or voltage across the two points, and inversely proportional to the Electrical resistance between them....
– Ohmmeter

Ohmmeter

An ohmmeter is an electricity measuring instrument that measures electrical resistance, the opposition to an electric current. Micro-ohmmeters make low resistance measurements....
– Oliver Heaviside

Oliver Heaviside

Oliver Heaviside was a autodidact English electrical engineering, mathematician, and physicist who adapted complex numbers to the study of electrical circuits, invented mathematical techniques to the solution of differential equations , reformulated Maxwell's equations in terms of electric and magnetic forces and flux, and independently co-f...
– Omnidirectional antenna

Omnidirectional antenna

An omnidirectional antenna is an antenna system which radiates power uniformly in one plane with a directive pattern shape in a perpendicular plane....
– On-hook

On-hook

In telephony, the term on-hook has the following meanings:# The condition that exists when a telephone or other User instrument is not in use, i.e., when idle waiting for a call....
– On-line – One-way trunk

One-way trunk

In telecommunication, a one-way trunk is a trunk between two telephone exchange centers, over which Teletraffic engineering may be originated from one preassigned location only....
– Open circuit

Open circuit

The term Open circuit may refer to:*Open-circuit voltage, the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of a device when there is no external load connected...
– Open spectrum

Open spectrum

Open spectrum is a movement to get the Federal Communications Commission to provide more unlicensed spectrum, radio frequency electromagnetic spectrum that is available for use by all....
– Operational amplifier

Operational amplifier

An operational amplifier, which is often called an op-amp, is a direct current-Direct coupling high-gain electronic voltage electronic amplifier with differential inputs and, usually, a single output....
– Orthomode transducer

Orthomode transducer

An orthomode transducer is a microwave duct component of the class of microwave circulators. It is commonly referred to as an OMT, and commonly referred as a polarisation duplexer....
– Optical density

Optical density

In optics, density is a unitless measure of the transmittance of an optical element for a given length at a given wavelength ?:|||= the per-unit opacity ...
– Optical fiber

Optical fiber

An optical fiber is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers....
– Optical path length

Optical path length

In optics, optical path length is the product of the geometric length of the path light follows through the system, and the index of refraction of the Medium through which it propagates....
– Optical spectrum – Optoelectronic – Orthogonal frequency division modulation – Oscilloscope

Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope is a type of electronic test instrument that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences plotted as a function of time or of some other voltage ....
– Output

Output

Output is the term denote either an exit or changes which exit a system and which activate/modify a process. It is an abstract concept, used in the model ing, system design and system exploitation....
– Out-of-band signaling – Outside plant

Outside plant

In telecommunication, the term outside plant has the following meanings:*In civilian telecommunications, all cables, conduits, ducts, poles, towers, repeaters, repeater huts, and other equipment located between a demarcation point in a switching facility and a demarcation point in another switching center or customer premises....
– Overflow

Overflow

Overflow may refer to:...
– Overhead information

Overhead information

Overhead information is digital information transferred across the functional user interface between a user and a telecommunications system, or between functional units within a telecommunications system, for the purpose of directing or controlling the transfer of user information or the detection and correction of errors....
– Overmodulation

Overmodulation

Overmodulation is the condition that prevails in telecommunication when the instantaneous level of the modulating Signalling exceeds the value necessary to produce 100% modulation of the carrier wave....
– Override

Override

The word override can be used in several different contexts:* A manual override is any arrangement that allows a user to take control of an otherwise automatic system or prevent an automatic system from performing its function....
– Overshoot

Overshoot

The term overshoot has the following meanings:...

P

Packet switching

Packet switching is a network communications method that groups all transmitted data, irrespective of content, type, or structure into suitably-sized blocks, called packets....
– Packet-switching node

Packet-switching node

Packet-switching node: In a packet switching network, a node that contains data switches and equipment for controlling, formatting, transmitting, routing, and receiving data packets....
– Paired disparity code

Paired disparity code

In telecommunication, a paired disparity code is a line code in which some or all of the characters are represented by two sets of digits of opposite disparity that are used in sequence so as to minimize the total disparity of a longer sequence of digits....
– PAL

PAL

PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a color-encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. Other common analog television systems are SECAM and NTSC....
– Par meter – Parabolic antenna

Parabolic antenna

A parabolic antenna is a high-gain reflector antenna used for radio, television and data communications, and also for radiolocation , on the ultra high frequency and Super high frequency parts of the electromagnetic spectrum....
– Parabolic microphone

Parabolic microphone

A parabolic microphone is a microphone that uses a parabolic reflector to collect and focus sound waves onto a receiver, in much the same way that a parabolic antenna does with radio waves....
– Parallel transmission – Parasitic element – Parity

Parity

Parity is a concept of equality of status or functional equivalence. It has several different specific definitions.* Parity , the name of the symmetry of interactions under spatial inversion...
– Passband

Passband

In brief, the passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through a electronic filter without being attenuated....
– Patch bay – Path loss

Path loss

Path loss is the reduction in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system....
– Path profile

Path profile

In telecommunication, a path profile is a graphic representation of the physical features of a Wave propagation path in the vertical plane containing both endpoints of the path, showing the surface of the Earth and including trees, buildings, and other features that may obstruct the radio Signalling ....
– Pauli exclusion principle

Pauli exclusion principle

The Pauli exclusion principle is a quantum mechanics principle formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925. It states that no two identical particles fermions may occupy the same quantum state simultaneously....
– PBER – PCB layout guidelines – Peak envelope power

Peak envelope power

Peak envelope power is the average Power supplied to the antenna transmission line by a transmitter during one radio frequency cycle at the crest of the modulation envelope, under normal operating conditions....
– Peltier effect – Performance measurement period

Performance measurement period

In telecommunication, performance measurement period is the period during which performance parameters are measured.A performance measurement period is determined by required confidence limits and may vary as a function of the observed parameter values....
– Periodic antenna – Periscope antenna

Periscope antenna

In telecommunication, a periscope antenna is an antenna configuration in which the transmitting antenna is oriented to produce a vertical radiation pattern, and a flat or off-axis parabolic reflector, mounted above the transmitting antenna, is used to direct the beam in a horizontal Course toward the receiving antenna....
– Permeability

Permeability (electromagnetism)

In electromagnetism, permeability is the degree of magnetization of a material that responds linearly to an applied magnetic field. Magnetic permeability is typically represented by the Greek letter Mu ....
– Permittivity

Permittivity

Permittivity is a physical quantity that describes how an electric field affects, and is affected by a dielectric medium, and is determined by the ability of a material to polarization in response to the field, and thereby reduce the total electric field inside the material....
– Personal Locator Beacon – Phantom circuit

Phantom circuit

In telecommunication and electrical engineering, a phantom circuit is an electrical circuit derived from suitably arranged wires with one or more conductive paths being a circuit in itself and at the same time acting as one conductor of another circuit....
– Phantom loop

Phantom loop

A phantom loop is a suitably arranged electrical network that includes within the number of conductive paths part of the natural environment to complete a circuit....
– Phase

Phase (waves)

The phase of an oscillation or wave is the fraction of a complete cycle corresponding to an offset in the displacement from a specified reference point at time t = 0....
– Phase-locked loop

Phase-locked loop

A phase-locked loop or phase lock loop is a control system that generates a Signal that has a fixed relation to the phase of a "reference" signal....
– Phase-shift keying

Phase-shift keying

Phase-shift keying is a digital modulation scheme that conveys Data#Uses of data in computing by changing, or modulating, the Phase of a reference Signal ....
– Phase distortion

Phase distortion

In signal processing, phase distortion or phase-frequency distortion is distortion that occurs when a filter's phase response is not linear over the frequency range of interest, that is, the Phase introduced by a electrical network or device is not directly proportional to frequency, or the zero-frequency intercept of the phase-frequ...
– Phase jitter – Phase modulation

Phase modulation

Phase modulation is a form of modulation that represents information as variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave.Unlike its more popular counterpart, frequency modulation , PM is not very widely used....
– Phase noise

Phase noise

Phase noise is the frequency domain representation of rapid, short-term, random fluctuations in the phase of a wave, caused by time domain instabilities ....
– Phase perturbation

Phase perturbation

Phase perturbation is the shifting, from whatever cause, in the phase of an electronics Signalling . The shifting is often quite rapid, and may appear to be random or cyclic....
– Phased array

Phased array

This article is about general theory and electromagnetic phased array.'For the ultrasonic and medical imaging application, see phased array ultrasonics....
– Philberth-Transformer – Photodiode

Photodiode

A photodiode is a type of photodetector capable of converting light into either electric current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation....
– Photoelectric effect

Photoelectric effect

The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic wave such as x-rays or visible light....
– Photolithography

Photolithography

Photolithography is a process used in microfabrication to selectively remove parts of a thin film . It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photomask to a light-sensitive chemical on the substrate....
– Photon

Photon

In physics, the photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field and the basic unit of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation....
– Physical layer

Physical layer

The Physical Layer is the first and lowest layer in the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking.The Physical Layer comprises the basic hardware transmission technologies of a network....
– Pickup

Pickup (music)

A pickup device acts as a transducer that captures mechanical vibrations and converts them to an electrical signal, which can be instrument amplifier and sound recording....
– Pin grid array

Pin grid array

A pin grid array, often abbreviated PGA, refers to the arrangement of pins on the integrated circuit packaging. In a PGA, the pins are arranged in a square array that may or may not cover the bottom of the package....
– Planar array

Planar array

In telecommunications and radar, a planar array is an antenna in which all of the elements, both driven element and passive radiator, are in one plane....
– Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy is a technology used in telecommunications networks to transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment such as fibre optic and microwave radio systems....
– PID controller

PID controller

A proportional?integral?derivative controller is a generic control loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial control systems. A PID controller attempts to correct the error between a measured process variable and a desired Setpoint by calculating and then outputting a corrective action that can adjust the process accordingly....
– Piezoelectricity

Piezoelectricity

Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials to generate an electric potential in response to applied mechanical Stress . This may Piezoelectricity#Crystal classes of a separation of electric charge across the crystal lattice....
– Pirate radio

Pirate radio

The term pirate radio usually refers to illegal or unregulated radio transmissions. Its etymology can be traced to the unlicensed nature of the transmission, but historically there has been occasional but notable offshore radio ? fitting the most common perception of a pirates ? as broadcasting bases....
– Planar array

Planar array

In telecommunications and radar, a planar array is an antenna in which all of the elements, both driven element and passive radiator, are in one plane....
– Planck's constant – Point-to-point construction

Point-to-point construction

Point-to-point construction is the way most electronics circuits were constructed before the 1950s. Point-to-point construction is still used to construct prototype equipment with few or heavy electronic components....
– Polarization

Polarization

Polarization is a property of waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations. For transverse waves such as many electromagnetic waves, it describes the orientation of the oscillations in the plane perpendicular to the wave's direction of travel....
– Polyphase system

Polyphase system

A polyphase system is a means of Power distribution alternating current electric power. Polyphase systems have three or more energized electrical conductors carrying alternating currents with a phase between the voltage waves in each conductor....
– Portable people meter

Portable People Meter

The Portable People Meter or PPM, is a device developed by Arbitron to measure how many people are listening to individual radio stations and television stations, including cable TV....
– Potential difference

Potential difference

In physics, the potential difference or p.d. between two points is the difference of the points' scalar potential, equivalent to the line integral of the field strength between the two points....
– Potential divider – Power

Power (physics)

In physics, power is the rate at which mechanical work is performed or energy is transmitted, or the amount of energy required or expended for a given unit of time....
– Power connector

Power connector

A power connector is an electrical connector designed to carry a significant amount of electric power, usually as Direct current or low-frequency Alternating current....
– Power supply

Power supply

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output External electric load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU....
– Polarential telegraph system

Polarential telegraph system

A polarential telegraph system is a direct-current Telegraphy system employing polar transmission in one direction and a form of differential duplex transmission in the other....
– Polling

Polling

Polling is a municipality in the district of M?hldorf in Bavaria in Germany....
– Preamplifier

Preamplifier

A preamplifier , or control amp in some parts of the world, is an electronic amplifier which precedes another amplifier to prepare an electronic Signalling for further amplification or processing....
– Preemphasis

Preemphasis

In processing electronic audio signals preemphasis refers to a system process designed to increase, within a band of frequencies, the magnitude of some frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other frequencies in order to improve the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as attenuation disto...
– Preemphasis network

Preemphasis network

In telecommunication, a preemphasis network is a telecommunications network inserted in a system in order to increase the magnitude of one range of frequencies with respect to another....
– Preferred values – Preventive maintenance

Preventive maintenance

Preventive maintenance has the following meanings:The care and servicing by personnel for the purpose of maintaining equipment and facilities in satisfactory operating condition by providing for systematic inspection, Fault detection and isolation, and correction of incipient failures either before they occur or before they develop into ma...
– Primary channel

Primary channel

In telecommunication, the term primary channel has the following meanings:# The channel that is designated as a prime transmission channel and is used as the first choice in restoring priority circuits....
– Printed circuit board

Printed circuit board

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using Conductor pathways, or signal traces, industrial etchinged from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate....
– Primary time standard

Primary time standard

In telecommunications, a primary time standard is a time standard that does not require calibration against another time standard.Note 1: Examples of primary time, are caesium standards and hydrogen masers....
– Principal clock

Principal clock

In telecommunications, the principal clock of a set of redundant clocks, is the clock that is selected for normal use. The principal clock may be selected because of a property, e.g. superior accuracy, that makes it a unique member of the set....
– Processor register

Processor register

In computer architecture, a processor register is a small amount of Computer storage available on the CPU whose contents can be accessed more quickly than storage available elsewhere....
– Product detector

Product detector

A product detector is a type of demodulator used for amplitude modulation and Single-sideband modulation signals. Rather than converting the envelope of the signal into the decoded waveform like an envelope detector, the product detector takes the product of the modulated signal and a local oscillator, hence the name....
– Programmable logic device

Programmable logic device

A programmable logic device or PLD is an electronics component used to build Reconfigurable Computing digital circuits. Unlike a logic gate, which has a fixed function, a PLD has an undefined function at the time of manufacture....
– Propagation

Propagation

Propagation can refer to:*Reproduction, and other forms of multiplication or increase**Plant propagation, the production of more plants by seeds, cuttings, grafting or other methods...
– Propagation mode – Propagation path obstruction

Propagation path obstruction

In telecommunication, a propagation path obstruction is a man-made or natural physical feature that lies near enough to a radio path to cause a measurable effect on path loss, exclusive of Reflection effects....
– Proration – PSK31

PSK31

PSK31 or "Phase-shift keying, 31 Baud" is a digital :Category:Radio modulation modes, used primarily in the amateur radio field to conduct real-time informal text Synchronous conferencing between amateur radio operators....
– Pseudorandom noise

Pseudorandom noise

In cryptography, pseudorandom noise is a Signalling similar to noise which satisfies one or more of the standard tests for statistical randomness....
– Pseudorandom number sequence

Pseudorandom number sequence

A Pseudorandom number sequence is a sequence of numbers that has been computed by some defined arithmetic process but is effectively a random number sequence for the purpose for which it is required....
– Pulse

Pulse

In medicine, a person's pulse is the throbbing of their artery. It can be palpated in any place that allows for an artery to be compressed against a bone, such as at the neck , at the wrist , behind the knee , on the inside of the elbow , and near the ankle joint ....
– Pulse amplitude – Pulse duration

Pulse duration

In signal processing and telecommunication, the term pulse duration has the following meanings:#In a Pulse waveform, the interval between the time, during the first transition, that the pulse amplitude reaches a specified fraction of its final amplitude, and the time the pulse amplitude drops, on the last transition, to the same level....
– Pulsed inductive thruster

Pulsed inductive thruster

Pulsed inductive thrusters are a form of ion thruster, used in spacecraft propulsion. A PIT uses perpendicular electric field and magnetic fields to accelerate a propellant....
– Pulse-address multiple access

Pulse-address multiple access

In telecommunications, pulse-address multiple access is a channel access method that enables the ability of a communication satellite to receive signals from several Earth terminals simultaneously and to amplify, translate, and relay the signals back to Earth, based on the addressing of each Ground station by an assignment of a unique combin...
– Pulse-code modulation

Pulse-code modulation

Pulse-code modulation is a digital representation of an analog Signalling where the magnitude of the signal is sampling regularly at uniform intervals, then Quantization to a series of symbols in a numeric code....
– Pulse-width modulation

Pulse-width modulation

Pulse-width modulation of a Signalling or Power source involves the modulation of its duty cycle, to either convey information over a communications channel or control the amount of power sent to a load....
– Push-to-talk operation – Push-to-type operation

Push-to-type operation

Push-to-type operation: In telegraph or data transmission systems, that method of communication in which the operator at a station must keep a switch operated in order to send messages....
– Pyroelectricity

Pyroelectricity

Pyroelectricity is the ability of certain materials to generate a temporary electrical potential when they are heated or cooled. The change in temperature slightly modifies the positions of the atoms within the crystal structure, such that the polarization of the material changes....

Q

Q code

The Q code is a standardized collection of three-letter message encodings, all starting with the letter "Q", initially developed for commercial radiotelegraphy communication, and later adopted by other radio services, especially amateur radio....
– Q-switching

Q-switching

Q-switching, sometimes known as giant pulse formation, is a technique by which a laser can be made to produce a pulsed output beam. The technique allows the production of light pulses with extremely high peak Power , much higher than would be produced by the same laser if it were operating in a continuous wave mode....
– QRP operation

QRP operation

File:Trevqrp.pngIn amateur radio, QRP operation means transmitting at reduced power levels while aiming to maximize one's effective range while doing so....
– Quadrature

Quadrature

Quadrature, derived from Latin quadrare, may refer to:In signal processing:*Quadrature amplitude modulation , a modulation method of using both a carrier wave and a 'quadrature' carrier wave that is 90? out of phase with the main carrier...
– Quadrature amplitude modulation

Quadrature amplitude modulation

Quadrature amplitude modulation is a modulation scheme which conveys data by changing the amplitude of two carrier waves. These two waves, usually sinusoids, are out of phase with each other by 90degree and are thus called Quadrature phase carriers?hence the name of the scheme....
– Quality assurance

Quality Assurance

Quality assurance, or QA for short, refers to planned and systematic production processes that provide confidence in a product's suitability for its intended purpose....
– Quality control

Quality control

In engineering and manufacturing, quality control and quality engineering are used in developing systems to ensure product s or Service are designed and produced to meet or exceed customer requirements....
– Quantum harmonic oscillator

Quantum harmonic oscillator

The quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum mechanics analogue of the harmonic oscillator. It is one of the most important model systems in quantum mechanics because an arbitrary potential can be approximated as a harmonic potential at the vicinity of a stable equilibrium point....
– Quartz clock

Quartz clock

A quartz clock is a clock that uses an electronic oscillator that is regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time. This crystal oscillator creates a signal with very precise frequency, so that quartz clocks are at least an order of magnitude more accurate than good mechanical clocks....
– Quasi-analog signal

Quasi-analog signal

In telecommunication, a quasi-analog signal is a digital signal that has been converted to a form suitable for transmission over a specified analog channel ....
– Queuing delay

Queuing delay

In telecommunication and computer engineering, the queuing delay is the time a job waits in a Queue until it can be executed. It is a key component of network delay....

R

Race hazard – Radar

Radar

Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic radiation waves to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain....
– Radiation angle

Radiation angle

In fiber optics, the radiation angle is half the vertex angle of the cone of light emitted at the exit face of an optical fiber.The cone boundary is usually defined by the angle at which the far-field irradiance has decreased to a specified fraction of its maximum value or as the cone within which there is a specified fraction of the tota...
– Radiation mode

Radiation mode

For an optical fiber or waveguide, a radiation mode or unbound mode is a mode which is not confined by the fiber core. Such a mode has fields that are transversely oscillatory everywhere external to the waveguide, and exists even at the limit of zero wavelength....
– Radiation pattern

Radiation pattern

In the field of Antenna design the term 'radiation pattern' most commonly refers to the directional dependence of radiation from the antenna or other source ....
– Radiation resistance

Radiation resistance

Radiation resistance is that part of an antenna 's feedpoint resistance that is caused by the radiation of electromagnetic waves from the antenna....
– Radiator

Radiator

Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are constructed to function in automobiles, buildings, and electronics....
– Radio

Radio

Radio is the transmission of signals, by modulation of electromagnetic radiation with frequency below those of visible light.Electromagnetic radiation radio propagation by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space....
– Radio beam – Radio clock

Radio clock

A radio clock is a clock that is synchronized by a time code bit stream transmitted by a radio transmitter connected to a time standard such as an atomic clock....
– Radio electronics

Radio electronics

*For the magazine, see Radio-ElectronicsRadio electronics is the sub-field of electrical engineering concerning itself with the class of electronics electrical network which receive or transmit radio signals....
– Radio frequency

Radio frequency

Radio frequency is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to produce and detect radio waves....
– Radio frequency induction – Radio horizon

Radio horizon

In telecommunication, radio horizon is the locus of points at which direct rays from an antenna are tangential to the surface of the Earth. If the Earth were a perfect sphere and there were no atmospheric anomalies, the radio horizon would be a circle....
– Radio horizon range – Radio propagation

Radio propagation

Radio propagation is a term used to explain how radio waves behave when they are transmitted, or are wave propagation from one point on the Earth to another....
– Radio Row, Manhattan – Radio range – Radio station

Radio station

This article is about radio broadcasting, for other uses see Radio .Radio broadcasting is an audio broadcasting service, traditionally broadcast through the air as radio waves from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device....
– RadioShack

RadioShack

RadioShack Corporation is a chain of electronics retail stores in the United States, as well as parts of North America, Europe, Central America, South America and Africa....
– Radiotelephone

Radiotelephone

A radiotelephone is a Telecommunication device that allows two or more people to talk using radio. There is disagreement about the definition of the term....
– Radioteletype

Radioteletype

Radioteletype is a telecommunications system consisting of two or more teleprinters using radio as the transmission medium.The term radioteletype is used to describe:...
– Radix-64 – Railgun

Railgun

A railgun is a purely electrical gun that accelerates a conductive projectile along a pair of metal rails using the same principles as the homopolar motor....
– Random access memory – Randomizer

Randomizer

Anything which generates random numbers is a randomizer, in at least some sense. Dice or a flipped coin are examples.In computer programming, a random number generator is a program which generates a random number, for instance a virtual dice program....
– Ray transfer matrix analysis

Ray transfer matrix analysis

Ray transfer matrix analysis is a type of Ray tracing technique used in the design of some optics systems, particularly lasers. It involves the construction of a ray transfer matrix which describes the optical system; tracing of a light path through the system can then be performed by multiplying this matrix with a vector space represe...
– RC

RC, rc or R/C can mean:*Sanskrit ?c "verse"In computing:* a filename extension for configuration files in UNIX-like environments, abbreviating "Run Commands"...
– RC circuit

RC circuit

A 'resistor?capacitor circuit' , or 'RC filter' or 'RC network', is an electric circuit composed of resistors and capacitors driven by a voltage source or current source....
– RCA

RCA

RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. Today, the RCA is owned by the France conglomerate Thomson SA through RCA Trademark Management S.A., a company owned by Thomson....
– RCA jack – Reactance – Receive-after-transmit time delay

Receive-after-transmit time delay

In telecommunication, receive-after-transmit time delay is the time interval between the instant of keying off the local transmitter to stop transmitting and the instant the local receiver output has increased to 90% of its steady-state value in response to an rf Signalling from a distant transmitter....
– Received noise power

Received noise power

In telecommunications, the term received noise power has the following meanings:1. The calculated or measured noise power, within the Bandwidth being used, at the receive end of a Telecommunication circuit, channel , data link, or system....
– Receiver

Receiver (radio)

This article is about a radio receiver, for other uses see Radio .A radio receiver is an electronics circuit that receives its input from an antenna , uses electronic filters to separate a wanted radio signal from all other signals picked up by this antenna, electronic amplifier it to a level suitable for further processing, and finally...
– Receiver attack-time delay

Receiver attack-time delay

In telecommunication, receiver attack-time delay is the time interval from the instant a step rf Signalling , at a level equal to the receiver threshold of sensitivity , is applied to the receiver input to the instant the receiver output amplitude reaches 90% of its steady-state value....
– Reception

Reception

Reception is a noun form of receiving, or to receive something, such as information, art, experience, or people. It is often used in the following contexts:...
– Reconnaissance satellite – Record medium

Record medium

In telecommunication, the term record medium has the following meanings:# The physical Recording medium on which information is stored in recoverable form....
– Reference antenna

Reference antenna

A reference antenna is an Antenna with known performance. It is normally used to calibrate other systems.Reference antennas are built with particular care taken to make them simple, robust and repeatable....
– Reference circuit

Reference circuit

A reference circuit is a hypothetical electric circuit of specified equivalent length and computer configuration, and having a defined transmission characteristic or characteristics, used primarily as a reference for measuring the performance of other, i.e., real, circuits or as a guide for planning and engineering of circuits and networ...
– Reference clock

Reference clock

A reference clock may refer to the following:*A master clock used as a timekeeping standard to regulate or compare the accuracy of other clocks...
– Reference noise

Reference noise

In telecommunication, reference noise is the magnitude of Telecommunication circuit noise chosen as a reference for measurement.Note: Many different levels with a number of different weightings are in current use, and care must be taken to ensure that the proper parameters are stated....
– Reference surface

Reference surface

In fiber optic technology, a reference surface is that surface of an optical fiber that is used to contact the transverse-alignment elements of a electronic component such as a connector or mechanical splice....
– Reflection coefficient

Reflection coefficient

The reflection coefficient is used in physics and electrical engineering when wave propagation in a medium containing discontinuity is considered....
– Reflective array antenna

Reflective array antenna

In telecommunication, a reflective array antenna is an antenna , such as a billboard antenna, in which the driven elements are situated at a predetermined distance from a surface designed to reflect the Signalling in a desired direction....
– Refractive index contrast

Refractive index contrast

Refractive index contrast, in an optical fiber, is a measure of the relative difference in refractive index of the Fiber_optics#Principle_of_operation and cladding....
– Register transfer level

In integrated circuit design, Register Transfer Level description is a way of describing the operation of a synchronous circuit digital circuit....
– Regenerative circuit

Regenerative circuit

The regenerative circuit allows an electronic signal to be amplified many times by the same vacuum tube or other Electrical element such as a field effect transistor....
– Release time

Release time (telecommunication)

In telecommunication, the term release time has the following meanings:#The time interval between the instant that an enabling signal is discontinued, and the instant at which suppression ceases....
– Relative transmission level

Relative transmission level

In telecommunication, relative transmission level is the ratio of the Signalling Power , at a given point in a transmission system, to a reference signal power....
– Relational model

Relational model

The relational model for database management is a database model based on first-order logic, first formulated and proposed in 1969 by Edgar F. Codd....
– Relaxation oscillator

Relaxation oscillator

A relaxation oscillator is an electronic oscillator in which a capacitor is charged gradually and then discharged rapidly. It is usually implemented with a resistor or current source, a capacitor, and a "threshold" device such as a neon lamp, diac, unijunction transistor, or Gunn diode....
– Relay

Relay

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an magnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts....
– Remote operations service element protocol

Remote operations service element protocol

The remote operations service element protocol is an application layer Protocol that provides remote operation capabilities, allows interaction between entities in a distributed application, and upon receiving a remote operations service request, allows the receiving entity to attempt the operation and report the results of the attempt t...
– Remote sensing

Remote sensing

Remote sensing is the small or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real-time sensing device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object ....
– Repair and maintenance – Repeater

Repeater

A repeater is an Electronics device that receives asignal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation....
– Repeating coil

Repeating coil

In telecommunications, a repeating coil is a voice-frequency transformer characterized by a closed magnetic core, a pair of identical balanced line primary windings, a pair of identical but not necessarily balanced secondary windings, and low Attenuation at human voice frequencies....
– Reproduction speed

Reproduction speed

In telecommunication, the term reproduction speed has the following meanings:# In Fax systems, the rate at which recorded Copying is produced....
– Reradiation

Reradiation

In telecommunication, the term reradiation has the following meanings:* Electromagnetic radiation, at the same or different wavelengths, i.e., frequencies, of energy received from an incident wave....
– Resistor

Resistor

|- align = "center"||width = "25"|| |- align = "center"||| Potentiometer|- align = "center"| || |- align = "top"| Resistor|| Variable resistor...
– Resistor color code – Resonance

Resonance

In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at maximum amplitude at certain Frequency, known as the system's resonance frequencies ....
– Response time

Response time

In technology, response time is the time a system or functional unit takes to react to a given input....
– Response

Response

A response is the following:* Often a response is the result of a stimulus.* In data transmission, a response is the content of the control field of a response frame advising the primary station concerning the processing by the secondary station of one or more command frames....
– Responsivity

Responsivity

Responsivity measures the input?output gain of a detector system. For a system that responds linearly to its input, there is a unique responsivity....
– Return loss

Return loss

In telecommunications, Return loss or Reflection loss is the reflection of Signalling power resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line or optical fiber....
– RF connector

RF connector

An RF connector is an electrical connector designed to work at radio frequencies in the multi-megahertz range.RF connectors are typically used with coaxial cables and are designed to maintain the shielding that the coaxial design offers....
– RF modulator

RF modulator

An RF modulator is a device that takes a baseband input signal and outputs a radio frequency-modulated signal.This is often a preliminary step in transmitting signals, either across open air via an Antenna or transmission to another device such as a television....
– RF probe

RF probe

An RF probe, sometimes called an RF detector is a simple test device to detect radio frequency oscillation in an Electronic circuit. This device will work as a RF rectifier and give a pulsed Direct current volt....
– RF shielding – RFID – RF power margin

RF power margin

In telecommunication, the term RF power margin has the following meanings:1. The amount of transmitter Power above that which is computed by the Data link designer as the minimum required to meet specified link performance....
– RGB color space

RGB color space

An RGB color space is any additive color space based on the RGB color model. A particular RGB color space is defined by the three chromaticity of the red, green, and blue additive primaries, and can produce any chromaticity that is the triangle defined by those primary colors....
– Rhombic antenna

Rhombic antenna

A rhombic antenna is a broadband directional antenna invented by Edmond Bruce, mostly commonly used in HF ranges.It is named after its "rhombus" diamond shape, with each side typically at least one wavelength or longer in length....
– Ring current

Ring current

A ring current is an electric current carried by charged particles trapped in a planet's magnetosphere. It is caused by the longitudinal drift of energetic particles....
– Ring latency

Ring latency

In a ring computer network, such as IBM token ring, ring latency is the time required for a signal processing to propagate once around the ring....
– Ring modulation

Ring modulation

Ring modulation is a signal-processing effect in electronics, related to amplitude modulation or frequency mixer, performed by multiplying two signals, where one is typically a sine-wave or another simple waveform....
– Ringback signal – Ringdown

Ringdown

Ringdown: In telephony, a method of Signalling an operator in which telephone ringing current is sent over the telephone line to operate a lamp or cause the operation of a self-locking relay known as a drop....
– RJ45 – RL circuit

RL circuit

A 'resistor-inductor circuit' , or 'RL filter' or 'RL network', is one of the simplest analog filter infinite impulse response electronic filters....
– RLC circuit

RLC circuit

An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor , an inductor , and a capacitor , connected in series or in parallel. This configuration forms a harmonic oscillator....
– Robot

Robot

A robot is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an Electromechanics which, by its appearance or movements, conveys a sense that it has Intention or Agency of its own....
– Rogowski coil

Rogowski coil

A Rogowski coil, named after Walter Rogowski, is an electricity device for measuring alternating current or high speed current pulses. It consists of a helix coil of wire with the lead from one end returning through the centre of the coil to the other end, so that both Terminal s are at the same end of the coil....
– Root mean square

Root mean square

In mathematics, the root mean square , also known as the quadratic mean, is a statistics measure of the magnitude of a varying quantity. It is especially useful when variates are positive and negative, e.g., sinusoids....
– Routing indicator

Routing indicator

In telecommunication, the term routing indicator has the following meanings:1. A group of letters assigned to indicate: the geographic location of a station; a fixed headquarters of a command, activity, or unit at a geographic location; and the general location of a tape relay or tributary station to facilitate the routing of tra...
– RS-232

RS-232

In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communications binary data signals connecting between a DTE and a DCE . It is commonly used in computer serial ports....
– RX

RX was the common telegraph abbreviation for "receive", later used in Morse code. It should not be confused with Rx, used for medical prescription....
– Rydberg formula

Rydberg formula

The Rydberg formula is used in atomic physics to describe the wavelengths of spectral lines of many chemical elements. The formula was invented by the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg and presented on November 5, 1888....

S

S/PDIF

File:TOS LINK clear cable.jpgS/PDIF specifies a OSI model#Layer_2:_Data_Link_layer protocol and choice of OSI model#Layer_1:_Physical_layer specifications for carrying digital audio Signalling s between Peripheral devices and Hifi#Modularity....
– S-Video

S-Video

Separate Video, more commonly known as S-Video, and sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Super Video" and also known as Y/C, is an analog signal video signal that carries the video data as two separate signals, lumen and chroma ....
– Sacrificial anode

Sacrificial anode

A sacrificial anode, or sacrificial rod, is a metallic anode used in cathodic protection where it is intended to be dissolved to protect other metallic components....
– Sampling frequency – Scalar field

Scalar field

In mathematics and physics, a scalar field associates a scalar value, which can be either scalar in definition, or scalar , to every point in space....
– Scanner

Scanner

Scanner may refer to a number of technological devices:* Scanner , for searching for and receiving radio broadcasts* A rotating radar antenna...
– Scanning electron microscope

Scanning electron microscope

The scanning electron microscope is a type of electron microscope that images the sample surface by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern....
– SCART

SCART

SCART is a France-originated standard and associated 21-pin connector for connecting audio-visual equipment together. It is also known as P?ritel , 21-pin EuroSCART and Euroconnector....
– Schema

Schema

The word schema comes from the Greek word "s???a" , which means shape, or more generally, plan. The Greek plural is "s???ata" . In English, both schemas and schemata are used as plural forms, although the latter is the standard form for written English....
– Schematic

Schematic

A schematic is a diagram that represents the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures. A schematic usually omits all details that are not relevant to the information the schematic is intended to convey, and may add unrealistic elements that aid comprehension....
– Schumann resonance

Schumann resonance

The Schumann resonances are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth surface and the ionosphere....
– Scrambler

Scrambler

In telecommunications, a scrambler is a device that transposes or inverts signals or otherwise encodes a message at the transmitter to make the message unintelligible at a receiver not equipped with an appropriately set descrambling device....
– Screen

Screen

Screen may refer to:...
– Second audio program

Second audio program

Second[ary] audio program[ming] is an auxiliary Sound channel for analog television that can be Broadcasting or transmitted both over the air and by cable TV....
– Security management

Security management

Security Management is a broad field of management related to asset management, physical security and human resource safety functions. It entails the identification of an organization's information assets and the development, documentation and implementation of policies, standards, procedures and guidelines....
– Self-clocking signal

Self-clocking signal

In telecommunications and electronics, a self-clocking signal is one that can be decoded without the need for a separate clock signal or other source of synchronization....
– Self-synchronizing code

Self-synchronizing code

In telecommunications, a self-synchronizing code is a line code in which the symbol stream formed by a portion of one code word, or by the overlapped portion of any two adjacent code words, is not a valid code word....
– Sensor Networks – SECAM

SECAM

SECAM, also written S?CAM , is an analog television system first used in France.A team led by Henri de France working at Compagnie Fran?aise de T?l?vision invented SECAM....
– Semiautomatic switching system

Semiautomatic switching system

In telecommunication, the term semiautomatic switching system has the following meanings:1. In telephone systems, a telephone exchange in which telephone operators receive call instructions orally from users and complete them by automatic equipment....
– Semiconductor

Semiconductor

A semiconductor is a material that has electrical conductivity between those of a Electrical conductor and an electrical insulation; it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically....
– Semiconductor device

Semiconductor device

Semiconductor devices are electronic components that exploit the electronics properties of semiconductor materials, principally silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide....
– Semiconductor device fabrication – Sensitivity

Sensitivity (electronics)

The sensitivity of an electronic device, such as a communications system receiver, or detection device, such as a PIN diode, is the minimum magnitude of input Signalling required to produce a specified output signal having a specified signal-to-noise ratio, or other specified criteria....
– Separate channel signaling

Separate channel signaling

Separate channel signaling is a form of Signalling in which the whole or a part of one or more channels in a multichannel system is used to provide for supervisory and control signals for the message traffic channels....
– Serial access

Serial access

In telecommunication, the term serial access has the following meanings:1. Pertaining to the sequential or consecutive transmission of data into or out of a device, such as a computer, transmission line, or Computer data storage device....
– Serial ATA

Serial ATA

The Serial ATA computer bus is a storage-interface for connecting Host adapter to mass storage devices .Conceptually, SATA is a 'wire replacement' for the older AT Attachment standard ....
– Serial Peripheral Interface Bus

Serial Peripheral Interface Bus

The Serial Peripheral Interface Bus or SPI bus is a synchronous Serial communications standard named by Motorola that operates in full duplex mode....
– Serial transmission

Serial transmission

In telecommunications, serial transmission is the sequential Transmission of signal elements of a group representing a Character or other entity of data....
– Series and parallel circuits

Series and parallel circuits

In electronics, components of an electronic circuit can be connected in series or in parallel. Components connected in series are connected along a single path, so the same electric current flows through all of the components....
– Shadow loss

Shadow loss

In telecommunication, the term shadow loss has the following meanings:# The attenuation caused to a radio signal by obstructions in the propagation path....
– Shannon limit – Shannon's theorem – Short circuit

Short circuit

A short circuit in an electrical circuit that allows a Electric current along a different path from the one intended.The electrical opposite of a short circuit is an "open circuit", which is an infinite resistance between two nodes....
– Shortwave

Shortwave

Shortwave radio operates in the frequency range of 3,000 kHz to 30,000 kHz . In radio, short wavelength corresponds to high frequency given the inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength, thus, ?shortwave radio? is denominated so, because its wavelengths are shorter than the long wave-lengths used in early radio communications; m...
– Shot noise

Shot noise

Shot noise is a type of electronic noise that occurs when the finite number of particles that carry energy, such as electrons in an electronic circuit or photons in an optical device, is small enough to give rise to detectable statistical fluctuations in a measurement....
– Shrinking generator

Shrinking generator

In cryptography, the shrinking generator is a form of pseudorandom number generator intended to be used in a stream cipher. It was published in Crypto 1993 by Don Coppersmith, Hugo Krawczyk, and Yishay Mansour....
– Side lobe

Side lobe

In Antenna engineering, side lobes are the lobes of the Near-field radiation pattern that are not the main lobe, where the terms "beam" and "lobe" are synonyms....
– Sideband

Sideband

In radio communications, a sideband is a band of frequencies higher than or lower than the carrier frequency, somehow containing power as a result of the modulation process....
– Sidereal time

Sidereal time

Sidereal time is a measure of the position of the Earth in its rotation around its axis, or time measured by the apparent diurnal motion of the vernal equinox, which is very close to, but not identical to, the motion of stars....
– Siemens

Siemens (unit)

The siemens is the SI SI derived unit of electric conductance. It is equal to inverse ohm. It is named after the Germany inventor and industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens, and was previously called the #Mho....
– Signal (information theory) – Signal compression

Signal compression

In telecommunication, the term signal compression has the following meanings:In analog systems, reduction of the dynamic range of a Signalling by controlling it as a function of the inverse relationship of its instantaneous value relative to a specified reference level....
– Signal processing

Signal processing

Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation, and manipulation of signal . Signals of interest include: audio signal processing, , time-varying measurement values and sensor data, for example biological data such as electrocardiograms, control system signals, telecommunication transmission signals such as radio signals, and many others....
– Signal processing gain – Signal reflection

Signal reflection

Signal reflection occurs when a signal is transmitted along a transmission medium, such as a copper cable or an optical fiber, some of the signal power may be reflected back to its origin rather than being carried all the way along the cable to the far end....
– Signal transition

Signal transition

Signal transition: In the modulation of a carrier wave, a change from one significant condition to another.Note 1: Examples of Signalling transitions are a change from one electrical current, voltage, or Power level to another; a change from one optical power level to another; a Phase ; or a change from one frequency or wavelength t...
– Single-polarized antenna – Signal-to-noise ratio

Signal-to-noise ratio

Signal-to-noise ratio is an electrical engineering measurement, also used in other fields , defined as the ratio of a signal power to the noise power corrupting the signal....
– Signal-to-crosstalk ratio

Signal-to-crosstalk ratio

The signal-to-crosstalk ratio at a specified point in a electrical network is the ratio of the power of the wanted Signalling to the power of the unwanted signal from another channel ....
– Signature block

Signature block

A signature block is a block of text automatically appended at the bottom of an e-mail message, Usenet article, or Internet forum post. This has the effect of "signing off" the message and in a reply message of indicating that no more response follows....
– Significant condition – Silicon

Silicon

Silicon is the most common metalloid. It is a chemical element, which has the symbol Si and atomic number 14. The atomic mass is 28.0855....
– Silicon bandgap temperature sensor

Silicon bandgap temperature sensor

The silicon bandgap temperature sensor is an extremely common form of temperature sensor used in electronic equipment. Its main advantage is that it can be included in a silicon integrated circuit at very low cost....
– Simplex circuit

Simplex circuit

In telecommunication, the term simplex circuit has the following meanings:1. A Telecommunication circuit that provides transmission in one direction only....
– Simplex signaling

Simplex signaling

Simplex signaling : Signalling in which two conductors are used for a single channel , and a center-tapped coil, or its equivalent, is used to split the signaling current equally between the two conductors....
– Single-frequency signaling

Single-frequency signaling

Single-frequency signaling is line signaling in which dial pulses or line signaling are conveyed by a single voice-frequency tone in each direction....
– Single-sideband modulation

Single-sideband modulation

Single-sideband modulation is a refinement of amplitude modulation that more efficiently uses electric power and bandwidth . It is closely related to vestigial sideband modulation ....
– Sinc filter

Sinc filter

Category:Digital signal processingIn signal processing, a sinc filter is an idealized electronic filter that removes all frequency components above a given bandwidth, leaves the low frequencies alone, and has linear phase....
– Single frequency networks – Single phase electric power – Skew

Skew

Skew or skew lines lie on different planes. They are neither parallel nor intersecting....
– Skin effect

Skin effect

The skin effect is the tendency of an alternating current to distribute itself within a Conductor so that the current density near the surface of the conductor is greater than that at its core....
– Skip zone

Skip zone

When using medium to high frequency radio telecommunication, there are radio waves which travel both parallel to the ground, and towards the ionosphere, referred to as a ground wave and sky wave, respectively....
– Skywave

Skywave

Skywave is the Radio propagation of radio waves bent back to the Earth's surface by the ionosphere. As a result of skywave propagation, a Broadcasting signal from a distant AM broadcasting station at night, or from a shortwave radio station can sometimes be heard as clearly as local stations....
– Slant range

Slant range

In telecommunication, slant range is the line-of-sight distance between two points which are not at the same level relative to a specific datum....
– Slewing

Slewing

Slewing is the rotation of an object around an axis, usually the z axis. An example is a radar scanning 360 degrees by slewing around the z axis....
– Slot antenna

Slot antenna

A slot antenna consists of a metal surface, usually a flat plate, with a hole or slot cut out. When the plate is driven element as an antenna by a driving frequency, the slot radiates electromagnetic waves in similar way to a dipole antenna....
– Slow-scan television

Slow-scan television

Slow-scan television is a picture transmission method used mainly by amateur radio operators, to transmit and receive static pictures via radio in monochrome or color....
– Software-defined radio

Software-defined radio

A Software-Defined Radio system is a radio telecommunications system where components that have typically been implemented in hardware are instead implemented using software on a personal computer or other embedded computing devices....
– Solar cell

Solar cell

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is unspecified....
– Soldering

Soldering

Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point....
– Solenoid

Solenoid

A solenoid is a three-dimensional coil. In physics, the term solenoid refers to a loop of wire, often wrapped around a metallic core, which produces a magnetic field when an electric current is passed through it....
– Sound card

Sound card

A sound card is a computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of sound to/from a computer under control of computer programs....
– Space diversity – Specific detectivity

Specific detectivity

For a photodetector, a figure of merit used to characterize performance, equal to the reciprocal of noise equivalent power , normalized to unit area and unit Bandwidth ....
– Space tether – Spark gap

Spark gap

A spark gap consists of an arrangement of two Conductor electrodes separated by a gap usually filled with a gas such as air. When a suitable voltage is supplied, a spark forms, ionizing the gas and drastically reducing its electrical resistance....
– Specification – Speckle pattern

Speckle pattern

A speckle pattern is a random intensity pattern produced by the mutual interference of a set of wavefronts. This phenomenon has been investigated by scientists since the time of Isaac Newton, but speckles have come into prominence since the invention of the laser and have now found a variety of applications....
– Spectral width

Spectral width

In telecommunications, spectral width is the wavelength interval over which the magnitude of all spectral components is equal to or greater than a specified fraction of the magnitude of the component having the maximum value....
– Spectrum

Spectrum (disambiguation)

A spectrum is a condition or value that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum.Spectrum may also refer to:...
– Spectrum analyzer

Spectrum analyzer

A spectrum analyzer or spectral analyzer is a device used to examine the spectral composition of some electricity, acoustics, or optics waveform....
– Speed of light

Speed of light

The speed of light in an free space is an important physical constant usually written as c, with a value of 299,792,458 metres per second....
– Speed of service

Speed of service

In telecommunication, the term speed of service has the following meanings:*1. The time between release of a message by the originator to receipt of the message by the addressee, as perceived by the end user....
– SPICE

Spice

A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark, leaf, or vegetable used in nutritionally insignificant quantities as a food additive for the purpose of flavor, color, or as a preservative that kills harmful bacteria or prevents their growth....
– Spillover – Spill-forward feature

Spill-forward feature

In telecommunication, a spill-forward feature is a service feature, in the operation of an intermediate office, that, acting on incoming trunk service treatment indications, assumes routing control of the call from the originating office....
– Spin glass

Spin glass

A spin glass is a magnet with Geometrically frustrated magnet, augmented by stochastic disorder, where usually ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic bonds are randomly distributed....
– Spot beam

Spot beam

A spot beam, in telecommunications parlance, is a satellite signal that is specially concentrated in Power so that it will cover only a limited geographic area on Earth....
– Spread spectrum

Spread spectrum

Spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which electromagnetic radiation generated in a particular Bandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with a wider bandwidth....
– Spurious emission

Spurious emission

A spurious emission is any radio frequency not deliberately created or transmitted, especially in a device which normally does create other frequencies....
– Squelch

Squelch

In telecommunications, squelch is a Telecommunication circuit function that acts to suppress the sound reproduction output of a receiver in the absence of a sufficiently strong desired input Signalling ....
– Standard telegraph level

Standard telegraph level

In telecommunication, standard telegraph level is the Power per individual telegraph channel required to yield the standardization composite data level....
– Standard test signal

Standard test signal

In telecommunication, a standard test signal is a single-frequency Signalling with standardized level used for testing the peak Power transmission capability and for measuring the total harmonic distortion of circuits or parts of an electric circuit....
– Standard test tone

Standard test tone

Test Tones In telecommunication, a standard test tone is a single-frequency Signalling with a standardized level generally used for level alignment of single links and of links in tandem....
– Standing wave

Standing wave

A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a wave that remains in a constant position. This phenomenon can occur because the medium is moving in the opposite direction to the wave, or it can arise in a stationary medium as a result of interference between two waves traveling in opposite directions....
– Standing wave ratio

Standing wave ratio

In telecommunications, standing wave ratio is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial standing wave at an antinode to the amplitude at an adjacent node , in an electrical transmission line....
– Starpath Supercharger

Starpath Supercharger

The Starpath Supercharger was an add-on module created by Starpath to expand the game capabilities of the Atari 2600 video game console. The device resembled a long game cartridge with a handle on one end....
– Start signal

Start signal

In telecommunication, the term start signal has the following meanings:# A Signalling that prepares a device to receive data or to perform a function....
– Start-stop transmission – Static electricity

Static electricity

Static electricity refers to the buildup of electric charge on the surface of objects. The static charges remains on an object until they either bleed off to ground or are quickly neutralized by a discharge....
– Steady-state condition

Steady-state condition

In telecommunication, the term steady-state condition has the following meanings:*In a communications telecommunications circuit, a condition in which some specified characteristic of a condition, such as a value, rate, periodicity, or amplitude, exhibits only negligible change over an arbitrarily long period....
– Step-index profile

Step-index profile

For an optical fiber, a step-index profile is a refractive index profile characterized by a uniform refractive index within the Fiber_optics#Principle_of_operation and a sharp decrease in refractive index at the core-cladding wiktionary:interface so that the cladding is of a lower refractive index....
– Stop signal

Stop signal

In telecommunication, the term stop signal has the following meanings:1. In asynchronous serial communication, a Signalling at the end of a character that prepares the receiving device for the reception of a subsequent character....
– Stopband

Stopband

A stopband is a Band of frequencies, between specified limits, in which a electrical circuit, such as a electronic filter or telephone circuit, does not let signals through, or the attenuation is above the required stopband attenuation level....
– Store-and-forward switching center

Store-and-forward switching center

In telecommunication, a store-and-forward switching center is a message switching center in which a message is accepted from the Communication source, i.e., sender, when it is offered, held in a physical storage, and forwarded to the destination user, i.e., receiver, in accordance with the priority placed upon the message by the origi...
– Stressed environment

Stressed environment

Stressed environment: In radiocommunications, an environment that is under the influence of extrinsic factors that degrade communications integrity, such as when the benign communications Transmission medium is disturbed by natural or man-made events , the received Signalling is degraded by natural or man-made interference , an interferi...
– Strobe light

Strobe light

Strobe light or stroboscopic lamp, commonly called a strobe, is a device used to produce regular flashes of light. It is one of a number of devices that can be used as a stroboscope....
– Stroke speed

Stroke speed

Stroke speed, in Fax systems, is the rate at which a fixed line perpendicular to the direction of scanning is crossed in one direction by a scanning or recording spot....
– Subcarrier

Subcarrier

A subcarrier is a separate analog or digital signal carried on a main radio transmission , which carries extra information such as voice or data....
– Subtractive synthesis

Subtractive synthesis

Subtractive synthesis is a method of subtracting harmonic content from a sound via sound synthesis, characterised by the application of an audio filter to an audio signal....
– Sudden ionospheric disturbance

Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance

A sudden ionospheric disturbance is an abnormally high ionization/Plasma density in the D region of the ionosphere caused by a solar flare....
– Supercomputer

Supercomputer

A supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation , and led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research....
– Superconductivity

Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials generally at very low temperatures, characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field ....
– Superheterodyne receiver

Superheterodyne receiver

In electronics, the superheterodyne receiver is a receiver which uses the principle of frequency mixing or heterodyning to convert the received signal to a lower "intermediate" frequency, which can be more conveniently processed than the original carrier frequency....
– Superparamagnetism

Superparamagnetism

Superparamagnetism is a form of magnetism. A superparamagnetic material is composed of small ferromagnetic clusters , but where the clusters are so small that they can randomly flip direction under temperature....
– Superposition theorem

Superposition theorem

The superposition theorem for Electrical network states that the total Electric current in any branch of a bilateral linear circuit equals the algebraic sum of the currents produced by each source acting separately throughout the circuit....
- Supervisory program

Supervisory program

A supervisory program or supervisor is a computer program, usually part of an operating system, that controls the execution of other routines and regulates Scheduling , input/output operations, Exception handling, and similar functions and regulates the flow of work in a data processing system....
– Suppressed carrier transmission – Surface wave

Surface wave

In physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media, usually two fluids with different densities....
– Surface-mount technology

Surface-mount technology

Surface-mount technology is a method for constructing Electronics circuits in which the components are mounted directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards ....
– Surveillance

Surveillance

Surveillance is the monitoring of behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people, objects or processes within systems for conformity to expected or desired Norm in trusted systems for security or social control....
device – Survivability

Survivability

Survivability is the ability to remain alive or continue to exist. The term has more specific meaning in certain contexts....
– Switch

Switch

In electronics, a switch is an electrical component which can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the Electric current or diverting it from one conductor to another....
– Switched-mode power supply

Switched-mode power supply

A switched-mode power supply is an electronic power supply unit that incorporates a switching regulator. While a linear regulator maintains the desired output voltage by dissipating excess power in a pass power transistor, the Switched-mode power supply switches a power transistor between saturation and cutoff with a variable duty cycl...
– Synchronism

Synchronism

Synchronism is deliberately achieved coincidence in a point of time.In telecommunication the term synchronism has the following meanings:...
– Synchronization

Synchronization

Synchronization or synchronisation is timekeeping which requires the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. The familiar Conducting of an orchestra serves to keep the orchestra in time....
– Synchronizing

Synchronizing

In telecommunication, the term synchronizing has the following meanings:# Achieving and maintaining synchronism.# In fax, achieving and maintaining predetermined speed relations between the scanning spot and the recording spot within each scanning line....
– Synchronous network

Synchronous network

In telecommunications, a synchronous network is a telecommunications network in which clocks are controlled to run, ideally, at identical rates, or at the same mean rate with a fixed relative phase displacement, within a specified limited range....
– Synchronous optical networking

Synchronous optical networking

Synchronous optical networking and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy , are two closely related multiplexing protocols for transferring multiple digital bit streams using lasers or light-emitting diodes over the same optical fiber....
– Synthesizer

Synthesizer

A synthesizer is an electronic instrument capable of producing a variety of sounds by generating and combining signals of different frequency....
– System integrity

System integrity

In telecommunications, the term system integrity has the following meanings:# That condition of a system wherein its mandated operational and technical parameters are within the prescribed limits....
– Systems control

Systems control

Systems control, in a communications system, is the control and implementation of a set of functions that:# prevent or eliminate degradation of any part of the system,...

T

T-carrier

In telecommunications, T-carrier, sometimes abbreviated as T-CXR, is the generic designator for any of several digitally multiplexing telecommunications carrier systems originally developed by Bell Labs and used in North America, Communications in Japan, and Communications in South Korea....
– TEMPEST

TEMPEST

TEMPEST is a codename referring to investigations and studies of compromising emanations . Compromising emanations are defined as unintentional Intelligence -bearing signals which, if intercepted and analyzed, may disclose the information transmitted, received, handled, or otherwise processed by any information-processing equipment....
– TRF

TRF (band)

TRF is a J-Pop group. Its members are rapper DJ Koo, lead vocalist Yuki, and dancers Chiharu, Etsu, and Sam....
– TRS

TRS connector

A TRS connector also called an audio jack, phone plug, jack plug, stereo plug, mini-jack, or mini-stereo, is a common audio connector....
– TTL

Transistor-transistor logic

File:68k ttl.jpgTransistor?transistor logic is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction transistors and resistors. It is called transistor?transistor logic because both the logic gating function and the amplifying function are performed by transistors ....
– TX

'TX' may refer to:* T-X , the name of the gynoid antagonist in the movie ...
– Table of standard electrode potentials – Tantalum

Tantalum

Tantalum is a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. A rare, hard, blue-grey, lustre transition metal, tantalum is highly corrosion-resistant and occurs naturally in the mineral tantalite, always together with the chemically similar niobium....
– Tactical communications system

Tactical communications system

In telecommunication, a tactical communications system is a communications system that is used within, or in direct support of, military tacticss, is designed to meet the requirements of changing tactical situations and varying environmental conditions, provides securable communications, such as voice, data, and video, among mobile users t...
– Tactical communications

Tactical communications

Tactical communications are communications in which information of any kind, especially orders and decisions, are conveyed from one command, person, or place to another within the tactical forces....
– Tactical data information link--A

Tactical data information link--A

In telecommunication, a tactical data information link--A is a netted data link in which one unit acts as a net control station and interrogates each unit by roll call....
– Tape relay

Tape relay

A tape relay is a method of retransmitting teletypewriter traffic from one channel to another, in which messages arriving on an incoming channel are recorded in the form of perforated tape, this punched tape then being either fed directly and automatically into an outgoing channel, or manually transferred to an automatic transmitter for tran...
– Technical control facility

Technical control facility

In telecommunication, a technical control facility is a physical plant, or a designated and specially configured part thereof, that contains the equipment necessary for ensuring fast, reliable, and secure exchange of information, typically includes distribution frames and associated panels, jacks, and switches and wikt:monitoring, test, co...
– Telecommunication

Telecommunication

Telecommunications service

In telecommunication, the term telecommunications service has the following meanings:1. Any service provided by a telecommunication provider....
– Teleconference

Teleconference

Teleconference is the live exchange and mass articulation of information among persons and machines remote from one another but linked by a telecommunications system, usually over the phone line....
– Telegrapher's equations – Telegraphy

Telegraphy

Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters. Radiotelegraphy or wireless telegraphy transmits messages using radio....
– Telemetry

Telemetry

Telemetry is a technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to the system designer or operator. The word is derived from Greek language roots tele = remote, and metron = measure....
– Telephone tapping

Telephone tapping

Telephone tapping is the monitoring of telephone and Internet conversations by a third party, often by covert means. The telephone tap or wire tap received its name because, historically, the monitoring connection was applied to the wires of the telephone line being monitored and drew off or tapped a small amount of the electrica...
– Teletext

Teletext

Teletext is a television information retrieval service developed in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s. It offers a range of text-based information, typically including national, international and sporting news, weather and TV schedules....
– Teletraining

Teletraining

Teletraining is training that in which usually live instruction is conveyed in real time via Telecommunications facility, that may be accomplished on a Point-to-point basis or on a point-to-multipoint basis, and may assume many forms, such as teleseminars, a teleconference, or an electronic classroom, usually including both audio and vide...
– Television

Television

Television is a widely used telecommunication mass-media for transmitting and receiving moving , either monochrome or color, usually accompanied by sound....
– Tensor

Tensor

A tensor is an object which extends the notion of Scalar , Vector , and Matrix . The term has slightly different meanings in mathematics and physics....
– Tesla coil

Tesla coil

A Tesla coil is a type of Transformer#Resonant transformers circuit invented by Serbian-American scientist Nikola Tesla around 1891. It is generally used to generate very high voltage, low Electrical current, high frequency alternating current electricity....
– Tesla patents – Test antenna – Tether propulsion

Tether propulsion

Tether propulsion systems are proposals to use long, very strong cables to change the velocity of spacecraft. The tethers may be used to initiate launch, complete launch, or alter the orbit of a spacecraft....
– Thermal noise – Thermistor

Thermistor

A thermistor is a type of resistor with electrical resistance proportional to its temperature. The word is a portmanteau of Thermal and resistor....
– Third-order intercept point

Third-order intercept point

In telecommunications, a third-order intercept point is a measure for weakly nonlinear systems and devices, for example Receiver s, linear Electronic amplifiers and Frequency mixers....
– Three phase – Time-assignment speech interpolation

Time-assignment speech interpolation

In telecommunication, a time-assignment speech interpolation is an analog technique used on certain long transmission links to increase voice-transmission capacity....
– Time-domain reflectometer

Time-domain reflectometer

A time-domain reflectometer is an electronic instrument used to characterize and locate faults in metallic cables . It can also be used to locate discontinuities in a connector, printed circuit board , or any other electrical path....
– Time-division multiple access – Time-division multiplexing

Time-division multiplexing

Time-Division Multiplexing is a type of digital or Pulse-amplitude modulation multiplexing in which two or more signals or bit streams are transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel, but are physically taking turns on the channel....
– Time-out – Tinfoil hat – TNC connector

Threaded Neill-Concelman connector

The TNC connector is a threaded version of the BNC connector. The connector has a 50 O Characteristic impedance and operates best in the 0–11 GHz frequency spectrum....
– Toll switching trunk

Toll switching trunk

In telecommunication, a toll switching trunk is a Trunk connecting one or more Class 5 telephone switch to a Office classification as the first stage of concentration for intertoll or long distance traffic....
– Total harmonic distortion

Total harmonic distortion

The total harmonic distortion, or THD, of a signal is a measurement of the harmonic distortion present and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the Fundamental frequency....
– Total internal reflection

Total internal reflection

Total internal reflection is an optical phenomenon that occurs when a ray of light strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than the critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface....
– Traffic intensity

Traffic intensity

In telecommunication networks, traffic intensity is a measure of the average occupancy of a server or resource during a specified period of time, normally a busy hour.It is measured in traffic units and defined as the ratio of the time during which a facility is cumulatively occupied to the time this facility is available for occupancy....
– Traffic shaping

Traffic shaping

Traffic shaping is the control of computer network traffic in order to optimize or guarantee performance, lower Latency , and/or increase usable Bandwidth by delaying Packet that meet certain criteria....
– Transceiver

Transceiver

A transceiver is a device that has both a transmitter and a receiver which are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing. If no circuitry is common between transmit and receive functions, the device is a transmitter-receiver....
– Transimpedance amplifier – Transcoding – Transducer

Transducer

A transducer is a device, usually electricity, electronics, electro-mechanical, electromagnetic, photonic, or photovoltaic that converts one type of energy or physical attribute to another for various purposes including measurement or information transfer ....
– Transformer

Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical network to another through inductive coupling conductors — the transformer's coils or "windings"....
– Transient electromagnetic device – Transistor

Transistor

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to Electronic amplifier or switch Electronics signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit....
– Transistor-transistor logic

Transistor-transistor logic

Transistor radio

A transistor radio is a small transistor-based radio receiver. Historically, the term "transistor radio" refers to a radio that is monaural and typically receives only the 540–1600 kilocycle AM broadcast band....
– Transition metal

Transition metal

In chemistry, the term transition metal has two possible meanings:*It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including the group 12 element elements zinc, cadmium and Mercury ....
– Transmission coefficient

Transmission coefficient

The transmission coefficient is used in physics and electrical engineering when wave propagation in a medium containing discontinuity is considered....
– Transmission level point

Transmission level point

In a telecommunications system, a transmission level point is a test point, i.e. a physical point in an electronic circuit where a Signalling may be inserted or measured, and for which the nominal power of a test signal is specified....
– Transmission line

Transmission line

A transmission line is the material Transmission medium or structure that forms all or part of a Course from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy, such as electromagnetic waves or acoustic waves, as well as electric power transmission....
– Transmission medium

Transmission medium

Transmit-after-receive time delay

In telecommunication, transmit-after-receive time delay is the time interval from removal of rf energy at the local receiver input until the local transmitter is automatically keyed on and the transmitted rf Signalling amplitude has increased to 90% of its steady-state value....
– Transmitter

Transmitter

For biologic transmitters, see transmitter substance.A transmitter is an Electronics machine which, usually with the aid of an antenna , propagates an electromagnetic radiation Signalling such as radio, television, or other telecommunications....
– Transmitter attack-time delay

Transmitter attack-time delay

In telecommunication, transmitter attack-time delay is the interval from the instant a transmitter is keyed-on to the instant the transmitted radio frequency Signalling amplitude has increased to a specified level, usually 90% of its key-on steady-state value....
– Transmitter-studio link – Transparent latch – Triangle wave

Triangle wave

A triangle wave is a non-sinusoidal waveform named for its triangular shape.Like a square wave, the triangle wave contains only odd harmonics....
– Trimline telephone

Trimline telephone

The Western Electric Trimline telephone is a variety of telephone set designed by Henry Dreyfuss for the Bell System . It was built by the Bell System's manufacturing arm, Western Electric....
– Troposphere

Troposphere

The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and almost all of its water vapor and particulate....
– Tropospheric ducting – Tropospheric wave

Tropospheric wave

In telecommunication, a tropospheric wave is a radio wave that is propagated by Reflection from a place of abrupt change in the dielectric constant, or its gradient, in the troposphere....
– Transponder

Transponder

In telecommunication, the term transponder has the following meanings:* An automatic information appliance that receiver , amplifier, and Transmission a Signalling on a different frequency ....
–