List of academic disciplines

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Overview

Humanities

Humanities

The humanities are academic disciplines which study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytic, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural science and social sciences....

History

HIStory

HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I is a double album by Michael Jackson, released on June 20, 1995, and is Jackson's ninth. The first disc, named "HIStory Begins" consists of a selection of Jackson's greatest hits from the singer's past fifteen years, while the second, named "HIStory Continues" features new songs, with the...

• African history
• American history
• Ancient history
  Ancient history
  
  Ancient history is the history from the History of writing until the Early Middle Ages in Europe, the Qin Dynasty in China, the Chola Empire in India, and some less defined point in the rest of the world ....
  
• Chinese history
  History of China
  
  China civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River valley in the Neolithic era. The written history of China begins with the Shang Dynasty ....
  
• Diplomatic history
• Ethnohistory
  Ethnohistory
  
  Ethnohistory is the study of Ethnography cultures and Indigenous peoples customs by examining History. It is also the study of the history of various Ethnic group that may or may not exist today....
  
• European history
• History of science and technology
  History of science and technology
  
  The history of science and technology is a field of history which examines how humanity's understanding of nature and ability to manipulate it have changed over the millennia....
  
• Military history
  Military history
  
  Military history is a humanities List of academic disciplines within the scope of History recording of War in the Human history, and its impact on the societies, their cultures, economies and changing Politics and international relationships....
  
• Modern history
  Modern history
  
  Modern history describes the history of the Modern period, the era after the Middle Ages....
  
• Intellectual history
  Intellectual history
  
  Intellectual history refers to the history of the people who create, discuss, write about and in other ways propagate ideas. Although the field emerged from European discourses of Kulturgeschichte and Geistesgeschichte, the historical study of ideas has engaged not only western intellectual traditions, but others as well including, but no...
  
• Cultural history
  Cultural history
  
  The term cultural history refers both to an academic discipline and to its subject matter.Cultural history, as a discipline, at least in its common definition since the 1970s, often combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look at popular culture traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience....
  
• Economic history
  Economic history
  
  Economic history is the study of how economy evolved in the past. Analysis in economic history is undertaken using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and by applying economic theory to historical situations....
  
• World history
  World History
  
  World History is a field of historiography that emerged as a distinct academic field in the 1980s. It examines history from a global perspective....
  

See also Branches of history

List of basic history topics

The list of basic history topics includes various historical topics and other collected sets of information about the past. When used as the name of a field of study, history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of humans, Family history, and Society as preserved primarily through written sources....

Languages and linguistics

Linguistics

Linguistics is the science study of natural language. Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure and the study of Meaning ....

See also List of languages

List of languages

This list of languages is alphabetical by English name of the language.Ethnologue lists about 7,300 main languages in its language name index and distinguishes about 39,491 alternate language names and dialects....
, Branches of linguistics, Anthropological linguistics

Literature

Literature

Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" . In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and non-fiction....

• English literature
  English literature
  
  The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V.S....
  
• American literature
  American literature
  
  American literature refers to written or literature produced in the area of the United States and Colonial America. For more specific discussions of poetry and theater, see Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United States....
  
• African American literature
  African American literature
  
  African American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. The genre traces its origins to the works of such late 18th century writers as Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano, reaching early high points with slave narratives and the Harlem Renaissance, and continuing today with author...
  
• Jewish American literature
  Jewish American literature
  
  Jewish American literature holds an essential place in the American literature. It encompasses traditions of writing in American English, primarily, as well as in other languages, the most important of which has been Yiddish literature....
  
• Southern literature
  Southern literature
  
  Southern literature is defined as American literature about the Southern United States or by writers from this region. Characteristics of Southern literature include a focus on a common American history, the significance of family, a sense of community and one?s role within it, the region's dominant religion and the burdens/rewards religion...
  
• Australian literature
  Australian literature
  
  Australian literature began soon after the settlement of the country by Europeans. Common themes include indigenous and settler identity, alienation, exile and relationship to place - but it is a varied and contested area....
  
• British literature
  British literature
  
  British literature refers to literature associated with the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well as to literature from England, Wales and Scotland prior to the formation of the United Kingdom....
  
• English literature
  English literature
  
  The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V.S....
  
• Scottish literature
  Scottish literature
  
  Scottish literature is literature written in Scotland or by List of Scottish writers. It includes literature written in English language, Scottish Gaelic language, Scots language, Brythonic languages, French language, Latin language and any other language in which a piece of literature was ever written within the boundaries of modern Sc...
  
• Welsh literature
  Welsh literature
  
  Welsh literature may be used to refer to any literature originating from Wales or by List of Welsh writers:*See Literature of Wales for literature in the Welsh language...
  
• Canadian literature
  Canadian literature
  
  Criticism of Canadian literature has focused on nationalistic and regional themes. Critics against such thematic criticism in Canadian literature, such as Frank Davey, have argued that a focus on theme diminishes the appreciation of complexity of the literature produced in the country, and creates the impression that Canadian literature is so...
  
• Indian literature
  Indian literature
  
  Indian literature refers to the literature produced on the Indian subcontinent until 1947 and in the Republic of India thereafter. The Republic of India has 22 officially recognized Languages of India....
  
• Irish literature
  Irish literature
  
  For a comparatively small island, Ireland has made a disproportionate contribution to world literature in all its branches. Irish Literature encompasses the Irish Language and English Language languages....
  
• New Zealand literature
  New Zealand literature
  
  New Zealand claims as its own many writers, even those immigrants born overseas, like South African-born Robin Hyde, or those emigrants who went into exile but wrote about New Zealand, like Dan Davin and Katherine Mansfield....
  
• Nigerian literature
  Nigerian literature
  
  Nigeria has produced many prolific writers. Many have won accolades for their writing abilities, including Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Cyprian Ekwensi, Buchi Emecheta, Elechi Amadi and Ben Okri....
  
• Medieval literature
  Medieval literature
  
  Medieval literature is a broad subject, encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe beyond and during the Middle Ages . The literature of this time was composed of religious writings as well as secular works....
  
• Post-colonial literature
  Post-colonial literature
  
  Post-colonial literature , is a body of literature that reacts to the discourse of colonization. Post-colonial literature often involves writings that deal with issues of de-colonization or the political and cultural independence of people formerly subjugated to Colonialism rule....
  
• Post-modern literature

• World literature
  World literature
  
  World literature refers to literature from all over the world, including African literature, Arabic literature, American literature, Asian literature, European literature and Oceanian literature....
  s
• Arabic literature
  Arabic literature
  
  Arabic literature is the writing produced, both prose and poetry, by writers of the Arabic language. It does not usually include works written using the Arabic alphabet but not in the Arabic language such as Persian literature and Urdu literature....
  
• Classics
  Classics
  
  Classics is the branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, and other culture of the ancient Mediterranean World; especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome during Classical Antiquity ....
  
• Comparative literature
  Comparative literature
  
  Comparative literature is literary criticism dealing with the literature of two or more different linguistic, cultural or national groups. While most frequently practiced with works of different languages, it may also be performed on works of the same language if the works originate from different nations or cultures among which that languag...
  
• Chinese literature
  Chinese literature
  
  Chinese literature extends back thousands of years, from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature fictional novel that arose during the Ming Dynasty to entertain the masses of literate Chinese....
  
• French literature
  French literature
  
  French literature is, generally speaking, literature written in the French language, particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak other traditional languages of France....
  
• Gaelic literature
  Gaelic literature
  
  Gaelic literature is literature in the native tongue of Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.Gaelic literature is recognised as one of the oldest literature traditions of Europe, excepting Latin and Greek....
  
• German literature
  German literature
  
  German literature comprises those literature texts written in the German language.This includes literature written in Germany itself as well as German-language Swiss literature and Austrian literature, and to a lesser extent works of the German diaspora....
  
• Hindi literature
  Hindi literature
  
  Hindi literature, is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles, being Bhakti ; Shringar ; Veer-Gatha ; and Adhunik ....
  
• Hebrew literature
  Hebrew literature
  
  Hebrew literature consists of ancient, medieval, and modern writings in the Hebrew language. Beyond comparison, the most important such work is the Hebrew Bible ....
  
• Japanese literature
  Japanese literature
  
  Japanese literature spans a period of almost two millennia. Early works were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature, often written in Classical Chinese....
  
• Italian literature
  Italian literature
  
  Italian literature is literature written in the Italian language, particularly within Italy. It may also refer to literature written by Italian people or in Italy in other languages spoken in Italy, often languages that are closely related to modern Italian....
  
• Latin American literature
  Latin American literature
  
  Latin American literature rose to particular prominence during the second half of the 20th century, largely thanks to the international success of the style known as magical realism....
  
• Portuguese
  Portuguese literature
  
  This is a survey of Portuguese literature.The Portuguese language was developed gradually from the Vulgar language spoken in the countries which formed part of the Roman Empire and, both in morphology and syntax, it represents an organic transformation of Latin without the direct intervention of any foreign tongue....
   and Brazilian literature
• Russian literature
  Russian literature
  
  This article is about literature from Russia. For the song by Max?mo Park, see Our Earthly Pleasures. Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia or its ?migr?s, and to the Russian language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Russia or the Soviet Union....
  
• Spanish literature
  Spanish literature
  
  This article refers to the literature of Spain. It includes Spanish poetry, prose and novels. For Spanish American literature specifically, see Latin American literature....
  
• Yiddish literature
  Yiddish literature
  
  Yiddish literature encompasses all belles lettres written in Yiddish, the language of Ashkenazic Jewry which is related to Middle High German. The history of the Yiddish language, with its roots in central Europe and its centuries of locus in Eastern Europe, is evident in the literature produced in this language....
  
• Tamil literature
  Tamil literature
  
  Tamil literature refers to the literature in the Tamil language. Tamil literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than two thousand years....
  

• Literary theory
  Literary theory
  
  Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for analyzing literature. However, literary scholarship since the 19th century often includes?in addition to, or even instead of literary theory in the strict sense?considerations of intellectual history, moral philosophy, social prophecy,...
  
• Critical theory
  Critical theory
  
  In the humanities and social sciences, critical theory is the examination and critique of society and literature, drawing from knowledge across social sciences and humanities disciplines....
  
• Literary criticism
  Literary criticism
  
  Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals....
  
• Poetics
  Poetics
  
  Aristotle's Poetics aims to give an account of what he calls 'poetry' . Aristotle attempts to explain 'poetry' through 'first principles' and by discerning its different genres and component elements....
  
• Rhetoric
  Rhetoric
  
  Rhetoric is the art of using language as a means to persuade. Along with logic and dialectic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse....
  

• Creative writing
  Creative writing
  
  Creative writing is considered to be any writing, fiction or non-fiction, that goes outside the bounds of normal professional writing, journalistic, Academic writing, and technical forms of literature....
  
• Creative nonfiction
  Creative nonfiction
  
  Creative nonfiction is a genre of writing truth which uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Creative nonfiction contrasts with other nonfiction, such as technical writing or journalism, which is also rooted in accurate fact, but is not primarily written in service to its craft....
  
• Fiction
  Fiction
  
  Fiction is an imaginative form of narrative, one of the four basic rhetorical modes. Although the word fiction is derived from the Latin fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum, "to form, create", works of fiction need not be entirely imaginary and may include real people, places, and events....
   writing
• Non-fiction
  Non-fiction
  
  Non-fiction is an document or representation of a subject which is presented as fact. This presentation may be accurate or not; that is, it can give either a true or a false account of the subject in question....
   writing
• Literary journalism
• Poetry
  Poetry
  
  Poetry is a form of literature art in which language is used for its aesthetics and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning ....
   composition
• Screenwriting
  Screenwriting
  
  Screenwriting is the art and craft of writing Screenplay for film, television or video games.Writing for film is potentially one of the most high-profile and best-paying careers available to a writer and, as such, is also perhaps the most sought after....
  
• Playwrighting

Performing arts

Performing arts

The performing arts are those forms of art which differ from the plastic arts insofar as the former uses the artist's own body, face and presence as a medium, and the latter uses materials such as clay, metal or paint which can be molded or transformed to create some physical work of art....

• Arts administration
  Arts administration
  
  Arts administration is a college or university discipline which prepares people for careers as arts administrators and managers of arts and cultural organizations such as orchestras, theater companies, or museums....
  

• Music
  Music
  
  Music is an art form whose media is sound organized in time. Common elements of music are pitch , rhythm , dynamics , and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture ....
  
• Accompanying
  Accompaniment
  
  In music, accompaniment is the art of playing along with a solo ist or Musical ensemble, often known as the lead, in a supporting manner as well as the music thus played....
  
• Chamber music
  Chamber music
  
  Chamber music is a form of classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber....
  
• Church music
  Church music
  
  ----------------Church music may be defined as music written for performance in church, or any musical setting of ecclestiacal liturgy, or music set to words expressing propositions of a sacred nature, such as a hymn....
  
• Musical composition
  Musical composition
  
  Musical composition is:* an original piece of music* the musical form of a musical piece* the process of creating a new piece of music...
  
• Conducting
  Conducting
  
  Conducting is the act of directing a musical performance by way of visible gestures. Orchestras, choirs, concert bands and other musical ensembles often have conductors....
  
• Choral conducting
  Choir
  
  A choir, chorale, or chorus is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral Music, in turn, is the music written specifically for a choir to perform....
  
• Orchestral conducting
  Orchestra
  
  An orchestra is an Musical ensemble, usually fairly large with string, brass, woodwind sections, and possibly a percussion section as well. The term orchestra derives from the name for the area in front of an theatre of ancient Greece reserved for the Greek chorus....
  
• Wind ensemble conducting
  Concert band
  
  A concert band, also called wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, or wind ensemble, is a performing ensemble consisting of several members of the woodwind instrument family, brass instrument family and percussion instrument family....
  
• Early music
  Early music
  
  Early music is commonly defined as European classical music from the Medieval music and the Renaissance music.The Early Music Movement as a trend in history is the study and performance of music from composers before our own era and began in 1829 when Felix Mendelssohn conducted Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion ....
  
• Jazz studies
  Jazz
  
  Jazz is a primarily American musical art form which originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions....
  
• Music education
  Music education
  
  Music education is a field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music. More than merely teaching notes and rhythms, music education seeks to develop the whole person....
  
• Music history
  Music history
  
  The field of music history, sometimes called historical musicology, is the highly diverse subfield of the broader discipline of musicology that studies the composition, performance, reception, and criticism of music over time....
  
• Music theory
  Music theory
  
  Music theory is the field of study that deals with how music works. It examines the language and notation of music. It identifies patterns that govern composer techniques....
  
• Musicology
  Musicology
  
  Musicology is the scholarly study of music. The word is used in narrow, broad and intermediate senses. In the narrow sense, musicology is confined to the music history of Western culture....
  
• Ethnomusicology
  Ethnomusicology
  
  Ethnomusicology is a branch of musicology defined as "the study of social and cultural aspects of music and dance in local and global contexts." ...
  

• • Performance
    Performance
    
    A performance, in performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people behave in a particular way for another group of people ....
     and literature
    Literature
    
    Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" . In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and non-fiction....
    
  • Organ
    Organ (music)
    
    The organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more divisions, each played with its own keyboard played either Manual or Pedal clavier. The organ is one of the oldest musical instruments in the European classical music....
     and historical keyboards
    Keyboard instrument
    
    A keyboard instrument is any musical instrument played using a musical keyboard. The most common of these is the piano. Other widely used keyboard instruments include various types of organ s as well as other mechanical, electromechanical and electronic musical instrument....
    
  • Piano
    Piano
    
    The piano is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard instrument. Widely used in Western music for solo performance, ensemble use, chamber music, and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to musical composition and rehearsal....
    
  • Strings
    String instrument
    
    A string instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, they are called chordophones....
    , harp
    Harp
    
    The 'harp' is a stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the Sounding board. It is also considered to be a percussion instrument....
    , and guitar
    Guitar
    
    The guitar is a musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles. It typically has six Strings , but Tenor guitar, Seven-string guitar, Eight-string guitar, Ten-string guitar, Eleven-string guitar, Twelve-string guitar, Thirteen-string guitar and doubleneck guitar string guitars also exist....
    
  • Voice (Singing
    Singing
    
    Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the human voice, which is often contrasted with regular speech. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist....
    )
  • Woodwinds
    Woodwind instrument
    
    A woodwind instrument is a musical instrument which produces sound when the player blows air against an edge of, or opening in, the instrument, causing the air to vibrate within a resonator....
    , brass
    Brass instrument
    
    A brass instrument is a musical instrument whose tone is produced by vibration of the lips as the player blows into a tubular resonator. They are also called labrosones, literally meaning "lip-vibrated instruments" ....
    , and percussion
    Percussion instrument
    
    A percussion instrument is any object which produces a sound by being hit with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration....
    
  • Orchestral studies
    Orchestra
    
    An orchestra is an Musical ensemble, usually fairly large with string, brass, woodwind sections, and possibly a percussion section as well. The term orchestra derives from the name for the area in front of an theatre of ancient Greece reserved for the Greek chorus....
    

• Dance
  Dance
  
  Dance is an art form that generally refers to Motion of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of Emotional expression, social social interaction or presented in a spirituality or performance setting....
  
• Choreography
  Choreography
  
  Choreography , is the art of making structures in which movement occurs. The term dance composition may also refer to the navigation or connection of these movement structures....
  
• Dance notation
  Dance notation
  
  Dance notation is the symbolic representation of dance movement, it is analogous to movement notation but can be limited to representing human movement and specific forms of dance such as Tap dance....
  
• Ethnochoreology
  Ethnochoreology
  
  Ethnochoreology is the study of dance through the application of a number of disciplines such as Anthropology, Musicology, Ethnography, etc. The word, itself, is relatively recent and means, literally, ?the study of folk dance?, as opposed to, say, the formalized entertainment of classical ballet....
  
• History of dance
  History of dance
  
  File:Veiled dancer Louvre Myr660.jpgThis is Dance History.Dance does not often leave behind clearly identifiable physical artifacts that last over millennia, such as stone tools, hunting implements or cave paintings....
  

• Film and television
  Television
  
  Television is a widely used telecommunication mass-media for transmitting and receiving moving , either monochrome or color, usually accompanied by sound....
  
• Animation
  Animation
  
  Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. It is an optical illusion of Motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in a number of ways....
  
• Film
  Film
  
  Film encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the film industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects....
  
• Film criticism
  Film criticism
  
  Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films, individually and collectively. In general, this can be divided into journalistic criticism that appears regularly in newspapers, and other popular, mass-media outlets and academic criticism by film scholars that is informed by film theory and published in journals....
  
• Film theory
  Film theory
  
  Film theory debates the essence of the film and provides conceptual frameworks for understanding film's relationship to reality, the other arts, individual viewers, and society at large....
  
• Television studies
  Television studies
  
  Television studies is an academic discipline that deals with critical approaches to television. Usually, it is distinguished from mass-communication research, which tends to approach the topic from an Empiricism perspective....
  

• Theatre
  Theatre
  
  Theatre is the branch of the performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one or more actor, isolated in time and/or Theater , present themselves to Audience." By this broad definition, theatre has existed since the dawn of man, as a result of human tendency for story telling....
  
• History
• Acting
  Acting
  
  Acting is the work of an actor or actress, which is a person in theatre, television, film, or any other storytelling medium who tells the story by portraying a Fictional character and, usually, Speech communication or singing the written text or Play ....
  
• Directing
• Design
  Design
  
  Design is used both as a noun and a verb. The term is often tied to the various applied arts and engineering . As a verb, "to design" refers to the process of originating and planning for a product, structure, system, or component with intention....
  
• Dramaturgy
  Dramaturgy
  
  Dramaturgy is the art of dramatic composition and the representation of the main elements of drama on the stage. Some dramatists combine writing and dramaturgy when creating a drama....
  
• Playwrighting
• Scenography
  Scenography
  
  Scenography is the practice of making theatre including sets, costumes and texts from a theoretical and practical point of view. Scenographers work from the premise of a space that is constructed, updated, transformed and filled....
  
• Musical theatre
  Musical theatre
  
  Musical theatre is a form of theatre combining music, songs, spoken dialogue and dance. The emotional content of the piece ? humor, pathos, love, anger ? as well as the story itself, is communicated through the words, music, movement and technical aspects of the entertainment as an integrated whole....
  

Philosophy

Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language....

• Meta-philosophy
• Metaphysics
  Metaphysics
  
  Metaphysics investigates principles of reality transcending those of any particular science. cosmology and ontology are traditional branches of metaphysics....
  
• Ontology
  Ontology
  
  Ontology in philosophy is the study of the nature of being, existence or reality in general, as well as of the basic category of being and their relations....
  
• Teleology
  Teleology
  
  Teleology is the philosophy study of design and purpose. A teleological school of thought is one that holds all things to be designed for or directed toward a final result, that there is an inherent purpose or final cause for all that exists....
  
• Philosophy of mind
  Philosophy of mind
  
  Philosophy of mind is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental property, consciousness and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain....
  
• Philosophy of artificial intelligence
  Philosophy of artificial intelligence
  
  The philosophy of artificial intelligence considers the relationship between machines and thought and attempts to answer such question as:...
  
• Philosophy of perception
  Philosophy of perception
  
  The philosophy of perception concerns how mental processes and symbols depend on the world internal and external to the perceiver.Our perception of the external world begins with the senses, which lead us to generate empirical concepts representing the world around us, within a mental framework relating new concepts to preexisting ones....
  
• Philosophy of space and time
  Philosophy of space and time
  
  Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time....
  
• Philosophy of Action
  Action (philosophy)
  
  In philosophy, action has developed into a sub-field called philosophy of action. Action is what an Agency can do.For example, throwing a ball is an instance of action; it involves an intention, a goal, and a bodily movement guided by the agent....
  
• Epistemology
  Epistemology
  
  Epistemology or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. It addresses the questions:...
  
• Logic
  Logic
  
  Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and inference. Logic is a branch of philosophy, a part of the classical Trivium . The word derives from Greek language ?????? , fem....
  
• Philosophical logic
  Philosophical logic
  
  Philosophical logic is the study of the more specifically philosophical aspects of logic. The term contrasts with philosophy of logic, metalogic, and mathematical logic; and since the development of mathematical logic in the late nineteenth century, it has come to include most of those topics traditionally treated by logic in gene...
  
• Mathematical logic
  Mathematical logic
  
  Mathematical logic is a subfield of mathematics and logic with close connections to computer science and philosophical logic. The field includes the mathematical study of logic and the applications of formal logic to other areas of mathematics....
  
• Ethics
  Ethics
  
  Ethics is a word for a philosophy that encompasses proper conduct and good living. It is significantly broader than the common conception of ethics as the analyzing of right and wrong....
  
• Bioethics
  Bioethics
  
  Bioethics is the philosophical study of the ethics controversies brought about by advances in biology and medicine. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, philosophy, and theology....
  
• Normative ethics
  Normative ethics
  
  Normative ethics is the branch of Philosophy ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when we think about the question ?how ought one act morally speaking?? Normative ethics is distinct from meta-ethics because it examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions, while meta-ethics studies the meaning of moral lang...
  
• Meta-ethics
  Meta-ethics
  
  In philosophy, meta-ethics is the branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical property , and ethical statements, attitudes, and judgments....
  
• Theory of value
  Theory of value
  
  Theory of value is an ambiguous term, and may mean:*Theory of value , where value is meant as economic worth of goods and services.*Value theory, where value is meant in the philosophical sense....
  
• Moral psychology
  Moral psychology
  
  Moral psychology is a field of study in both philosophy and psychology. Some use the term "moral psychology" relatively narrowly to refer to the study of moral development....
  
• Applied Ethics
  Applied ethics
  
  Applied ethics is, in the words of Brenda Almond, co-founder of the Society for Applied Philosophy, "the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment"....
  
• Political Philosophy
  Political philosophy
  
  Political philosophy is the study of questions about the city, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why they are needed, what makes a The purpose of government, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what t...
  
• Philosophy of Law
• Decision
  Decision
  
  The term decision may refer to:* Decision, as the outcome of a legal case* Decision , a statistical credit earned by a baseball pitcher.* Decision making...
  , Rational Choice and Game Theory
  Game theory
  
  Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that is used in the social sciences , biology, engineering, political science, international relations, computer science , and philosophy....
  
• Aesthetics
  Aesthetics
  
  Aesthetics or esthetics is commonly known as the study of senses or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste ....
  /Philosophy of Art
• Social philosophy
  Social philosophy
  
  Social philosophy is the philosophy study of questions about social behavior . Social philosophy addresses a wide range of subjects, from individual meanings to legitimacy of laws, from the social contract to criteria for revolution, from the functions of everyday actions to the effects of science on culture, from changes in human demography...
   and political philosophy
  Political philosophy
  
  Political philosophy is the study of questions about the city, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why they are needed, what makes a The purpose of government, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what t...
  
• Feminist philosophy
  Feminist philosophy
  
  Feminist philosophy refers to philosophy approached from a feminist perspective. Feminist philosophy involves both attempts to use the methods of philosophy to further the cause of the feminist movements, and attempts to criticise or re-evaluate the ideas of traditional philosophy from within a feminist framework....
  
• Anarchism
  Anarchism
  
  Anarchism is a political philosophy encompassing anarchist schools of thought which consider the state to be unnecessary, harmful, and/or undesirable....
  
• Marxism
  Marxism
  
  Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism holds at its core a Marxist analysis of Critique of capitalism and a theory of social change....
  
• Philosophical traditions and schools
  Philosophical movement
  
  A philosophical movement is either the appearance or increased popularity of a specific school of philosophy, or a fairly broad but identifiable sea-change in philosophical thought on a particular subject....
  
• African philosophy
  African philosophy
  
  African Philosophy is used in different ways by different philosophers. Although African philosophers spend their time doing work in many different areas, such as metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and political philosophy, a great deal of the literature is taken up with a debate concerning the nature of African philosophy itself....
  
• Analytic philosophy
  Analytic philosophy
  
  Analytic philosophy is a generic term for a style of philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century. In the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Scandinavia, Australia, and New Zealand the overwhelming majority of university philosophy departments identify themselves as "analytic" departments....
  
• Continental philosophy
  Continental philosophy
  
  Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage, refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe. This sense of the term originated among English-speaking philosophers in the second half of the 20th century, who found it useful for referring to a range of thinkers and traditions outside the analytic philo...
  
• Eastern philosophy
  Eastern philosophy
  
  Eastern philosophy includes the various philosophy of Asia, including Indian philosophy, Chinese philosophy, Iranian philosophy, Japanese philosophy, and Korean philosophy....
  
• Feminist philosophy
  Feminist philosophy
  
  Feminist philosophy refers to philosophy approached from a feminist perspective. Feminist philosophy involves both attempts to use the methods of philosophy to further the cause of the feminist movements, and attempts to criticise or re-evaluate the ideas of traditional philosophy from within a feminist framework....
  
• History of philosophy
  History of philosophy
  
  The history of philosophy is the study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time. Issues specifically related to history of philosophy might include : How can changes in philosophy be accounted for historically? What drives the development of thought in its historical context? To what degree can philosophical texts from prior historic...
  
• Ancient philosophy
  Ancient philosophy
  
  This page lists some links to ancient philosophy. In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire marked the end of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of Medieval philosophy, whereas in Eastern philosophy, the spread of Islam through the Arab Empire marked the end of Old Iranian philosophy and ushe...
  
• Medieval philosophy
  Medieval philosophy
  
  Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Europe and the Middle East in the era now known as medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century A.D....
  
• Modern philosophy
  Modern philosophy
  
  Modern philosophy is philosophy done in Europe and North America between the 17th and early 20th centuries. It is not a specific doctrine or school, although there are certain assumptions common to much of it, which helps to distinguish it from earlier philosophy....
  
• Contemporary philosophy
  Contemporary philosophy
  
  Contemporary philosophy is the period in the history of philosophy that began at the end of the nineteenth century with the rise of Analytic Philosophy and Continental Philosophy philosophy and that extends into the present....
  
• Applied philosophy
  Philosophy
  
  Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language....
  
• Animal rights
  Animal rights
  
  Animal rights, also known as animal liberation, is the idea that the most basic interests of animals should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of human beings....
  
• Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
• Philosophy of education
  Philosophy of education
  
  Philosophy of education is the philosophy study of the purpose, process, nature and ideals of education. Philosophy of education can naturally be considered a branch of both philosophy and education....
  
• Philosophy of history
  Philosophy of history
  
  Philosophy of history is an area of philosophy concerning the eventual significance, if any, of human history. Furthermore, it speculates as to a possible teleology end to its development?that is, it asks if there is a design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the processes of human history....
  
• Philosophy of religion
  Philosophy of religion
  
  Philosophy of religion' is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the philosophical study of religion, including arguments over the nature and existence of God, religious language, miracles, prayer, the problem of evil, and the relationship between religion and other value-systems such as ethics.'...
  
• Philosophy of language
  Philosophy of language
  
  Philosophy of language is the reasoned inquiry into the nature, origins, and usage of language. As a topic, the philosophy of language for Analytic philosophys is concerned with four central problems: the nature of Meaning , language use, language cognition, and the relationship between language and reality....
  
• Philosophy of mathematics
  Philosophy of mathematics
  
  The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies the philosophical assumptions, foundations, and implications of mathematics....
  
• Philosophy of music
  Philosophy of music
  
  Philosophy of music is the study of fundamental questions regarding music. The philosophical study of music has many connections with philosophical questions in metaphysics and aesthetics....
  
• Philosophy of science
  Philosophy of science
  
  The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science. The field is defined by an interest in one of a set of "traditional" problems or an interest in central or foundational concerns in science....
  
• Philosophy of social science
  Philosophy of social science
  
  Philosophy of social science considers the nature of confirmation and explanation in the social sciences, such as history, economics, and sociology....
  
• Philosophy of Physics
  Philosophy of physics
  
  In philosophy, the philosophy of physics studies the fundamental philosophy questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interaction....
  
• Philosophy of Biology
  Philosophy of biology
  
  The philosophy of biology is a subfield of philosophy of science, which deals with epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics issues in the biological and biomedical sciences....
  
• Philosophy of Chemistry
  Philosophy of chemistry
  
  The philosophy of chemistry considers the methodology and underlying assumptions of the science of chemistry. It is explored by philosophers, chemists, and philosopher-chemist teams....
  
• Philosophy of economics
  Philosophy of economics
  
  The philosophy of economics is the branch of philosophy which studies philosophical issues relating to economics. It can also be defined as the branch of economics which studies its own foundations and status as a moral science....
  
• Philosophy of Psychology
  Philosophy of psychology
  
  Philosophy of psychology refers to issues at the theoretical foundations of modern psychology. Some of these issues are epistemological concerns about the methodology of psychological investigation....
  
• # Philosophy of engineering
  Philosophy of engineering
  
  The philosophy of engineering is an emerging discipline that considers what engineering is, what engineers do and how their work impacts on society....
  
• Environmental ethics
  Environmental ethics
  
  Environmental ethics is the part of environmental philosophy which considers extending the tradional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to including the non-human world....
  
• Systems philosophy
  Systems Philosophy
  
  Systems philosophy is the study of the development of systems, with an emphasis on design and root cause analysis. Systems philosophy is a form of systems thinking....
  

See also Branches of philosophy

List of basic philosophy topics

Philosophy is an ongoing discussion about knowledge; it is a broad field of inquiry in which the definition of knowledge itself is one of the subjects investigated....

Religion

Religious studies

Religious studies, or Religious education, is the academia field of multi-disciplinary, secular study of religion beliefs, behaviors, and institutions....

• Abrahamic religions
  Abrahamic religions
  
  Abrahamic religions are monotheistic faiths which recognize a spiritual tradition identified with Abraham. The term is mostly used to refer collectively to Judaism, Christianity and Islam....
  
• Christianity
  Christianity
  
  Christianity is a Monotheistic religion #Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as New Testament view on Jesus' life....
  
• Christian Theology
  Christian theology
  
  Christian theology is discourse concerning Christianity faith. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rationality analysis and argument to understanding, explanation, test, critic#critique, defend or promote Christianity....
  
• Bibliology
• Hermeneutics
  Hermeneutics
  
  Hermeneutics is the study of interpretation theory. Traditional hermeneutics - which includes Biblical hermeneutics - refers to the study of the interpretation of written texts, especially texts in the areas of literature, religion and law....
  
• Theology Proper
  Theology Proper
  
  Theology Proper is the study of God in a Christianity Trinitarian system, and includes the study of the Holy Spirit and the study of Jesus Christ ....
  
• Christology
  Christology
  
  Christology is a field of study within Christian theology which is concerned with the nature of Jesus the Christ, particularly with how the divine and human are related in his person....
  
• Pneumatology
  Pneumatology
  
  Pneumatology is the study of spirituality and phenomena, especially the interactions between humans and God.Pneuma is Greek language for "breath", which metaphorically describes a non-material being or influence....
  
• Theological anthropology
  Theological anthropology
  
  Theological anthropology is the branch of theology which is concerned with the study of humankind, or anthropology, in relation to the divine. In a theological context, it is usually referred to simply as anthropology....
  
• Soteriology
  Soteriology
  
  Christian Soteriology is the branch of Christian theology that deals with salvation. It is derived from the Greek language soterion + English -logy....
  
• Nomology
  Biblical law in Christianity
  
  Biblical law in Christianity generally refers to a discussion of the applicability of Biblical law in a Christianity. This is also referred to as God's Law or Divine Law....
  
• Ecclesiology
  Ecclesiology
  
  Ecclesiology is the study of the Christian theology understanding of the Christian church. Specific areas of concern include the church's role in salvation, its origin, its relationship to the historical Jesus, its discipline, its eschatology, and its clergy....
  
• Escathology
• Gnosticism
  Gnosticism
  
  Gnosticism refers to diverse, syncretistic religious movements in antiquity consisting of various belief systems generally united in the teaching that humans are divine souls trapped in a Nature created by an imperfect god, the demiurge; this being is frequently identified with the Abrahamic God, and is contrasted with a superior entity, ref...
  
• Islam
  Islam
  
  Islam is a Monotheism, Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Prophets of Islam Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure....
   / Islamic studies
  Islamic studies
  
  Islamic studies is an ambiguous term. In a Muslim context, "Islamic studies" can be an umbrella term for all virtually all of academia, both originally researched and as defined by the Islamization of knowledge....
  
• Judaism
  Judaism
  
  Judaism is a set of beliefs and practices originating in the Hebrew Bible , as later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other texts....
   / Jewish studies
  Jewish studies
  
  Jewish studies is an List of academic disciplines centered on the study of Jews and Judaism. Jewish studies is Interdisciplinarity and combines aspects of history , religious studies, archeology, sociology, languages , political science, area studies, women's studies, and ethnic studies....
  
• Indian religions
• Buddhism
  Buddhism
  
  Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religionand is based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" , who was born in what is today Nepal....
  
• Hinduism
  Hinduism
  
  'Hinduism' is the predominant religion of the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is often referred to as , a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the eternal dharma", by its practitioners....
  
• Jainism
  Jainism
  
  Jainism is one of the oldest Indian religions that originated in India. Jains believe that every soul is divine and has the potential to achieve God-consciousness....
  
• Sikhism
  Sikhism
  
  Sikhism , founded on the teachings of Guru Nanak and ten successive Sikh Gurus in fifteenth century Punjab region, is the Major religious groups organized religion in the world....
  

• Taoic religions
• Chinese folk religion
  Chinese folk religion
  
  Chinese folk religion is a collective label given to various folklore beliefs that draws heavily from Chinese mythology. This labeling is similar to how non-monotheistic religions are collectively called paganism in the West....
  
• Confucianism
  Confucianism
  
  Confucianism is a China Ethics and Philosophy developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius . It focuses on human morality and right action....
  
• Shinto
  Shinto
  
  is the former state religion of Japan and remains the most common name for the nation's non-Buddhist ethnic religion practices. It was formed from disparate local mythologies, beginning with the Kojiki of 712, into an imperial cult called State Shinto that solidified in the Meiji period....
  
• Taoism
  Taoism
  
  Taoism refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions and concepts. These traditions have influenced East Asia for over two thousand years and some have spread to the West....
  
• Other religions
• African religions
  Religion in Africa
  
  Religion in Africa is multifaceted. Most Africans adhere to either Christianity in Africa or Islam in Africa. Islam and Christianity contest which is larger, but many people that are adherents of both religions also practice African traditional religions, with traditions of folk religion or syncretism practised alongside an adherent's Ch...
  
• Ancient Egyptian religion
• Native American
  Indigenous peoples of the Americas
  
  The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas, their descendants, and many ethnic groups who identify with those peoples....
   religions
• New religious movements
• Sumerian religion
• Zoroastrianism
  Zoroastrianism
  
  Zoroastrianism is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster, after whom the religion is named. The term Zoroastrianism is in general usage, essentially synonymous with Mazdaism, i.e., the worship of Ahura Mazda, exalted by Zoroaster as the supreme divine authority....
  

• Atheism
  Atheism
  
  Atheism is the absence or rejection of belief in deity, or the explicit view that Existence of God.Many list of atheists are Skepticism of all supernatural beings and cite a lack of empiricism evidence for the existence of deities....
   and Humanism
  Humanism
  
  Humanism is a broad category of ethics that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities, particularly rationalism, without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts....
  
• Comparative religion
  Comparative religion
  
  Comparative religion is a field of religious study that analyzes the similarities and differences of themes, myths, rituals and concepts among the Religions of the world....
  
• Mythology
  Mythology
  
  The word mythology refers to a body of folklore/myths/legends that a particular culture believes to be true and that often use the supernatural to interpret natural events and to explain the nature of the universe and humanity....
   and Folklore
  Folklore
  
  Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, superstitions, customs, and so forth within a particular population comprising the traditions of that culture, subculture, or group ....
  
• Western Esotericism (academia)
  Western Esotericism (academia)
  
  Western Esotericism is an academic field of research, scholarship, and education that focuses on the history of European and Middle Eastern Esotericism....
  

See also List of religions

List of religions

The following is a partial list of religions and spiritual traditions....

Visual arts

Visual arts

The visual arts are Art#Art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily visual in nature, such as drawing, painting, photography, printmaking, and filmmaking....

• Art history
  Art history
  
  Art history has historically been understood as the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, i.e.genre, design, format, and look.This includes the "major" arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture as well as the "minor" arts of ceramics, furniture, and other decorative objects....
  
• Calligraphy
  Calligraphy
  
  Calligraphy is the art of writing . A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner" ....
  
• Creative arts
  Creative Arts
  
  Creative arts is the term used to describe multi-disciplinary forms of creative expression. It is generally used as an umbrella for Dramaturgy, Music , Graphic Arts/Cartooning, Mathematics, Performing Arts, Film and Publishing, Contemporary art gallery and Art museum and the Visual arts....
  
• Drawing
  Drawing
  
  Drawing is a visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Common instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, marker pens, stylus, or various metals like silverpoint....
  
• Fine arts
• Painting
  Painting
  
  Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface . In art, the term describes both the act and the result, which is called a painting....
  
• Photography
  Photography
  
  Photography is the process, activity and art of creating still or moving by recording radiation on a sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or an ....
  
• Printmaking
  Printmaking
  
  Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper. Except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a 'print....
  
• Studio art
  Studio art
  
  Studio art is made of art and studio, and the term has several implications depending on the context used. The term encompasses all art forms, be they performing arts or visual arts....
  
• Sculpture
  Sculpture
  
  Sculpture is Three-dimensional space artwork created by shaping or combining hard and or plastic material, sound, and or text and or light, commonly Stone sculpture , metal, glass, or wood....
  
• Art conservation

Social sciences

Anthropology

Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humans and humanity in its totality. Anthropology has origins in the natural sciences, and the humanities. In Great Britain it was originally divided into physical anthropology and cultural anthropology, which itself was divided into archaeology, technology, ethnology and sociology ....

• Biological anthropology
• Forensic anthropology
  Forensic anthropology
  
  'Forensic anthropology' is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human osteology in a legal setting, most often in criminal cases where the victim's remains are more or less skeletonized....
  
• Gene-culture coevolution
  Dual inheritance theory
  
  Dual Inheritance Theory , also known as Gene-Culture Coevolution, was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution....
  
• Human behavioral ecology
  Human behavioral ecology
  
  Human behavioral ecology or human evolutionary ecology applies the principles of evolutionary theory and Optimization to the study of human behavioral and cultural diversity....
  
• Human evolution
  Human evolution
  
  Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental mammals....
  
• Paleoanthropology
  Paleoanthropology
  
  Paleoanthropology, which combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology, is the study of ancient humans as found in fossil Hominidae evidence such as Petrifaction bones and footprints....
  
• Population genetics
  Population genetics
  
  Population genetics is the study of the allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow....
  
• Primatology
  Primatology
  
  Primatology is the study of primates. It is a diverse discipline and primatologists can be found in departments of biology, anthropology, psychology and many others....
  
• Anthropological linguistics
  Anthropological linguistics
  
  Anthropological linguistics is the study of the relations between language and culture, and the relations between human biology, cognition and language....
  
• Synchronic linguistics
  Descriptive linguistics
  
  Descriptive linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing how language is spoken by a group of people in a speech community. All scholarly research in linguistics is descriptive; like all other sciences, its aim is to observe the linguistic world as it is, without the bias of preconceived ideas about how it ought to be....
   (or Descriptive linguistics
  Descriptive linguistics
  
  Descriptive linguistics is the work of analyzing and describing how language is spoken by a group of people in a speech community. All scholarly research in linguistics is descriptive; like all other sciences, its aim is to observe the linguistic world as it is, without the bias of preconceived ideas about how it ought to be....
  )
• Diachronic linguistics (or Historical linguistics
  Historical linguistics
  
  Historical linguistics is the study of language change. It has five main concerns:* to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages;...
  )
• Educational
• Ethnolinguistics
  Ethnolinguistics
  
  Ethnolinguistics is a field of anthropological linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture, and the way different ethnic groups perceive the world....
  
• Sociolinguistics
  Sociolinguistics
  
  Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used....
  
• Cultural anthropology
  Cultural anthropology
  
  Cultural anthropology is one of four fields of anthropology as it developed in the United States. It is the branch of anthropology that has developed and promoted "culture" as a meaningful scientific concept, studied cultural variation among humans, and examined the impact of global economic and political processes on local cultural realiti...
  
• Anthropology of religion
  Anthropology of religion
  
  The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures....
  
• Economic anthropology
  Economic anthropology
  
  Economic anthropology is a scholarly field that attempts to explain human economic behavior using the tools of both economics and anthropology. It is practiced by anthropologists and has a complex relationship with economics....
  
• Ethnography
  Ethnography
  
  Ethnography is a genre of writing that uses fieldwork to provide a descriptive study of human societies. Ethnography presents the results of a holism research method founded on the idea that a system's properties cannot necessarily be accurately understood independently of each other....
  
• Ethnohistory
  Ethnohistory
  
  Ethnohistory is the study of Ethnography cultures and Indigenous peoples customs by examining History. It is also the study of the history of various Ethnic group that may or may not exist today....
  
• Ethnology
  Ethnology
  
  Ethnology is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnicity, Race , and/or national divisions of humanity....
  
• Ethnomusicology
  Ethnomusicology
  
  Ethnomusicology is a branch of musicology defined as "the study of social and cultural aspects of music and dance in local and global contexts." ...
  
• Folklore
  Folklore
  
  Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, superstitions, customs, and so forth within a particular population comprising the traditions of that culture, subculture, or group ....
  
• Mythology
  Mythology
  
  The word mythology refers to a body of folklore/myths/legends that a particular culture believes to be true and that often use the supernatural to interpret natural events and to explain the nature of the universe and humanity....
  
• Political anthropology
  Political anthropology
  
  Political anthropology concerns the structure of Form of government, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropologists include Pierre Clastres, E....
  
• Psychological anthropology
  Psychological anthropology
  
  Psychological anthropology is a interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural anthropology and psychology....
  
• Medical anthropology
  Medical anthropology
  
  Medical anthropology is a subfield of social anthropology and cultural anthropology. It is a term which has been used since 1963 as a label for empirical research and theoretical production by anthropologists into the social processes and cultural representations of health, illness and the nursing/care practices associated with these....
  

See also Branches of anthropology

Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humans and humanity in its totality. Anthropology has origins in the natural sciences, and the humanities. In Great Britain it was originally divided into physical anthropology and cultural anthropology, which itself was divided into archaeology, technology, ethnology and sociology ....

Archaeology

Archaeology

Archaeology, archeology, or arch?ology is the science that studies Homo cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, Artifact , features, Biofact s, and cultural landscape....

• Classical archaeology
  Classical archaeology
  
  Classical archaeology is the archaeological investigation of the great Mediterranean civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Nineteenth century archaeologists such as Heinrich Schliemann were drawn to study the societies they had read about in Latin and Greek texts....
  
• Egyptology
  Egyptology
  
  Egyptology is a major field of archaeology, the study of ancient Egyptian History of Egypt, Egyptian language, Ancient Egyptian literature, Ancient Egyptian religion, and Art of ancient Egypt from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the AD 4th century....
  
• Experimental archaeology
  Experimental archaeology
  
  Experimental archaeology employs a number of different methods, techniques, analyses, and approaches in order to generate and test hypotheses or an interpretation, based upon archaeological source material, like ancient structures or Artifact ....
  
• Maritime archaeology
  Maritime archaeology
  
  Maritime archaeology is a discipline that studies human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers through the study of vessels, shore side facilities, cargoes, human remains and submerged landscapes....
  
• Near Eastern archaeology
  Near Eastern archaeology
  
  Near Eastern Archaeology is a regional branch of the wider, global discipline of Archaeology. It refers generally to the excavation and study of Artifact and material culture of the Near East from antiquity to the recent past....
  
• Paleoanthropology
  Paleoanthropology
  
  Paleoanthropology, which combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology, is the study of ancient humans as found in fossil Hominidae evidence such as Petrifaction bones and footprints....
  
• Prehistoric archaeology
  Prehistoric archaeology
  
  History is the study of the past using written records. Archaeology can also be used to study the past alongside history. Prehistoric archaeology is the study of the past before historical records began....
  

See also Branches of archaeology

Archaeological sub-disciplines

As with most academia disciplines, there are a number of archaeological sub-disciplines typically characterised by a focus on a specific method or type of material, geographical or chronological focus, or other thematic concern....

Area studies

Area studies

In the humanities and social sciences, area studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to a particular geography, national/Federal government, or culture region....

• American studies
  American studies
  
  American studies or American civilization is an Interdisciplinarity dealing with the study of the United States. It incorporates the study of Economy of the United States, History of the United States, American literature, art of the United States, Mass media, American cinema, urban studies, women's studies, and culture of the United St...
  
• Appalachian studies
  Appalachian studies
  
  Appalachian studies is the area studies field concerned with the Appalachian region of the United States....
  
• African studies
  African studies
  
  African studies is the study of Africa, and can encompass such fields as social development and economic development, politics, history, culture, sociology, anthropology or linguistics....
  
• Asian studies
  Asian studies
  
  Asian studies, a term that has largely replaced the older Oriental studies, is concerned with the Asian peoples, their cultures, languages, history and politics....
  
• Canadian studies
  Canadian Studies
  
  Canada Studies is a College study of Canadian culture, spoken languages of Canada, Canadian literature, Quebec, agriculture in Canada, History of Canada, and their Canadian government and politics....
  
• Celtic studies
  Celtic Studies
  
  Celtic Studies is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to a Celtic people. This ranges from archaeology to history, the focus lying on the study of the various Celtic languages, living and extinct....
  
• European studies
  European studies
  
  European studies is a field of study offered by many academic colleges and university that focuses on current developments in European integration....
  
• German studies
  German studies
  
  German studies is the field of humanities that researches, documents, and disseminates German language and German literature in both its historic and present forms....
  
• Indology
  Indology
  
  Indology is the academic study of the languages, texts, history and cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and as such a subset of Asian studies....
   (Indian studies)
• Iranian studies
  Iranian Studies
  
  Iranian Studies is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the study of history, literature, art and culture of the Greater Iran . It is a part of the wider field of Oriental Studies....
  
• Japanology
  Japanology
  
  Japanese Studies is a term generally used in Europe to describe the historical and cultural study of Japan; in North America, the academic field is usually referred to as Japanese studies, which includes contemporary social sciences as well as classical humanistic fields....
   (Japanese studies)
• Latin American studies
  Latin American Studies
  
  Latin American studies is an academic discipline dealing with the study of Latin America and Latin Americans....
  
• Sinology
  Sinology
  
  Sinology in general use is the study of China and things related to China, but, especially in the American academic context, refers more strictly to the study of classical language and literature, and the philological approach....
   (Chinese studies)
• Scandinavian studies
  Scandinavian studies
  
  Scandinavian studies is an interdisciplinary academic field of area studies that covers topics related to Scandinavia and the Nordic countries, including their languages, literature, history, culture and society, in countries other than these....
  
• Slavic studies

See also Branches of area studies

Area studies

In the humanities and social sciences, area studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to a particular geography, national/Federal government, or culture region....

Cultural studies

Cultural studies

Cultural studies is an academic discipline which combines political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, Media influence, film theory, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history/art criticism to study culture phenomena in various societies....
 and ethnic studies

Ethnic studies

Ethnic studies is the interdisciplinary study of racialized peoples in the United States and elsewhere. It evolved in the second half of the 20th century partly in response to charges that traditional disciplines such as anthropology, history, English language, ethnology, Asian Studies, and orientalism were imbued with an inherently eurocentr...

• Asian studies
  Asian studies
  
  Asian studies, a term that has largely replaced the older Oriental studies, is concerned with the Asian peoples, their cultures, languages, history and politics....
  
• Black studies or African American studies
  African American studies
  
  African American studies is a subset of Black studies or Africana studies. It is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of African Americans....
  
• Chicano studies
  Chicano Studies
  
  Chicano studies is an academic discipline dealing with the study of Mexico. Like most branches of Ethnic studies, it incorporates aspects of various other disciplines, including history, sociology, psychology, and literary and textual analyses from the academic studies of the English studies and Spanish languages....
  
• Childhood studies
  Childhood studies
  
  Children and Childhood Studies is an interdisciplinary field that utilizes areas of contemporary study to ask the questions, understand the problems, and find the solutions toward improving the quality of childhood experienced by the world?s community of children....
  
• Latino studies
• Native American studies
  Native American Studies
  
  Native American Studies is an interdisciplinary academic field that examines the history, culture, politics, issues and contemporary experience of Native Americans in the United States peoples in North America....
  
• Persian studies
  Persian studies
  
  Persian Studies is the study of the Persian language and its Persian literature specifically. It is differentiated from Iranian Studies which is a broader, more interdisciplinary subject that focuses more on the History of Iran and Culture of Iran of all Iranian peoples....
  

Economics

Economics

File:Ballard Farmers' Market - vegetables.jpgEconomics is the Social sciences that studies the Production theory basics, Distribution , and Consumption of Good and Service ....

• Agricultural economics
  Agricultural economics
  
  Agricultural economics originally applied the principles of economics to the production of crops and livestock ? a discipline known as agronomics....
  
• Austrian economics
• Behavioural economics
• Bioeconomics
  Bioeconomics
  
  Bioeconomics is the study of the dynamics of living resources using Economics models. It is an attempt apply the methods of environmental economics and ecological economics to empirical biology....
  
• Computational economics
  Computational economics
  
  Computational economics explores the intersection of economics and computation.Areas encompassed under computational economics include Agent-Based Computational Economics, computational econometrics and statistics, computational finance, computational modeling of Model , of transaction costs, computational tools for the design...
  
• Consumer economics
  Consumer economics
  
  Consumer economics is a branch of economics. It is a broad field, principally concerned with microeconomics analysis behavior in units of consumers, family, or individuals ....
  
• Development economics
  Development economics
  
  Development economics is a branch of economics which deals with economic aspects of the development process in developing countries. Its focus is not only on methods of promoting economic growth and structural change but also on improving the potential for the mass of the population, for example, through health and education and workplace c...
  
• Ecological economics
  Ecological economics
  
  Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that aims to address the interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems....
  
• Econometrics
  Econometrics
  
  Econometrics is concerned with the tasks of developing and applying quantitative or statistical methods to the study and elucidation of economic principles....
  
• Economic geography
  Economic geography
  
  Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the Earth. The subject matter investigated is strongly influenced by the researcher's methodological approach....
  
• Economic history
  Economic history
  
  Economic history is the study of how economy evolved in the past. Analysis in economic history is undertaken using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and by applying economic theory to historical situations....
  
• Economic sociology
  Economic sociology
  
  Economic sociology is the sociological analysis of economic phenomena. As the earliest economists recognised, economic institutions are of profound importance to society as a whole and the social context affects the nature of local economic institutions....
  
• Economic systems
• Energy economics
  Energy economics
  
  Energy economics is a broad science subject area which includes topics related to energy supply and energy demand of energy in society. Due to diversity of issues and methods applied and shared with a number of academic disciplines, energy economics does not present itself as a self contained academic discipline, but it is an applied subdisci...
  
• Entrepreneurial economics
  Entrepreneurial Economics
  
  The accumulation of factors of production per se ? be they knowledge, physical or human capital ? cannot alone explain economic development. They are necessary inputs in production, but they are not in themselves sufficient for economic growth to occur....
  
• Environmental economics
  Environmental economics
  
  Environmental economics is a subfield of economics concerned with environmental issues. Quoting from the National Bureau of Economic Research Environmental Economics program:...
  
• Evolutionary economics
  Evolutionary economics
  
  Evolutionary economics is a heterodox economics school of economics thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology. Much like mainstream economics, it stresses complex interdependencies, competition, growth, structural change, and resource constraints but differs in the approaches which are used to analyze these phenomena....
  
• Experimental economics
  Experimental economics
  
  Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods to study economic questions. Experiments are used to test the validity of economic theories and test-bed new market mechanisms....
  
• Feminist economics
  Feminist economics
  
  Feminist economics broadly refers to a developing branch of economics that applies feminist lenses to economics. Research under this heading is often interdisciplinary or heterodox....
  
• Financial economics
  Financial economics
  
  Financial economics is the branch of economics concerned with "the allocation and deployment of economic resources, both spatially and across time, in an uncertain environment" ....
  
• Game theory
  Game theory
  
  Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that is used in the social sciences , biology, engineering, political science, international relations, computer science , and philosophy....
  
• Green economics
• Growth economics
  Economic growth
  
  Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economics over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP....
  
• Human development theory
  Human development theory
  
  Human development theory is a theory that merges older ideas from ecological economics, sustainable development, welfare economics, and feminist economics....
  
• Industrial organization
  Industrial organization
  
  Industrial organization is a field of economics that studies the strategic behavior of firms, the structure of markets and their interactions. The study of industrial organization adds to the perfectly competitive model real-world frictions such as limited information, transaction cost, cost of adjusting prices, government actions, and barrie...
  
• Information economics
  Information economics
  
  Information economics or the economics of informationis a branch of microeconomics that studies how information affects an economy and economic decisions....
  
• Institutional economics
  Institutional economics
  
  Institutional economics, known by some as institutionalist political economy, focuses on understanding the role of human-made institutions in shaping economic behaviour....
  
• International economics
  International economics
  
  International economics is a branch of economics with three main subdisciplines international trade, monetary economics and international finance....
  
• Islamic economics
  Islamic economics
  
  Islamic economics is economics in accordance with Sharia. Islamic economics can refer to the application of Islamic law to economic activity either where Islamic rule is in force or where it is not; i.e....
  
• Labor economics
• Law and economics
  Law and economics
  
  Law and Economics, or economic analysis of law, is an approach to legal theory that applies methods of economics to law. It includes the use of economic concepts to explain the effects of laws, to assess which legal rules are economic efficiency, and to predict which legal rules will be Promulgation....
  
• Macroeconomics
  Macroeconomics
  
  Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of a national or regional economy as a whole....
  
• Managerial economics
  Managerial economics
  
  Managerial economics , is a branch of economics that applies microeconomic analysis to decision methods of businesses or other management units....
  
• Mathematical economics
  Mathematical economics
  
  Mathematical economics refers to the application of mathematical methods to represent economic theories and analyze problems posed in economics....
  
• Microeconomics
  Microeconomics
  
  Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how individuals, households and firms and some states make decisions to allocate limited resources, typically in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold....
  
• Monetary economics
• Neuroeconomics
  Neuroeconomics
  
  Neuroeconomics combines neuroscience, economics, and psychology to study how people make decisions. It looks at the role of the brain when we evaluate decisions, categorize risks and rewards, and interact with each other....
  
• Political economy
  Political economy
  
  Political economy originally was the term for studying production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government. Political economy originated in moral philosophy....
  
• Public finance
  Public finance
  
  Public finance is a field of economics concerned with paying for collective or governmental activities, and with the administration and design of those activities....
  
• Public economics
• Real estate economics
  Real estate economics
  
  Real estate economics is the application of economic techniques to real estate markets. It tries to describe, explain, and predict patterns of prices, supply, and demand....
  
• Resource economics
• Socialist economics
  Socialist economics
  
  Socialist economics is a broad, and sometimes controversial, term. A normative definition held by many socialists states that all socialist economic theories and arrangements are united by the desire to produce for use rather than profit, achieve greater egalitarianism and give the workers greater control of the means of production ....
  
• Socioeconomics
  Socioeconomics
  
  Socioeconomics or socio-economics is the study of the relationship between economics and social life. The field is often considered multidisciplinary, using theories and Scientific method from sociology, economics, history, psychology, and many others....
  
• Transport economics
  Transport economics
  
  Transport economics is a branch of economics that deals with the allocation of resources within the transport sector and has strong linkages with civil engineering....
  
• Welfare economics
  Welfare economics
  
  Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomics techniques to simultaneously determine allocative efficiency within an economy and the income Distribution associated with it....
  

Gender and Sexuality studies

• Feminine psychology
  Feminine psychology
  
  Feminine psychology is a term sometimes used to describe and categorize issues concerning the gender related psychology of female human Identity , as well as the issues that women confront during their lives....
  
• Gender studies
  Gender studies
  
  Gender studies is a Field of study of interdisciplinary study which analyzes the phenomenon of gender. Gender Studies is sometimes related to studies of Social class, Race , ethnicity, sexuality and Location ....
  /Gender theory
• Heterosexism
  Heterosexism
  
  Heterosexism is a term that applies to negative Attitude , bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. It can include the presumption that everyone is Heterosexuality or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the norm and therefore superior....
  
• Human sexual behavior
  Human sexual behavior
  
  Human sexual behavior or human sexual practices refers to the manner in which humans experience and express their human sexuality. It encompass a wide range of activities such as strategies to find or attract partners , interactions between individuals, physical intimacy or emotional intimacy, and sexual contact....
  
• Human sexuality
  Human sexuality
  
  Human sexuality is how people experience and express themselves as sexual beings. Human sexuality has many aspects. Biology, sexuality refers to the reproductive mechanism as well as the basic biological drive that exists in all species and can encompass sexual intercourse and sexual contact in all its forms....
  
• Masculine psychology
  Masculine psychology
  
  Masculine psychology is a term sometimes used to describe and categorize issues concerning the gender related psychology of male human Identity , as well as the issues that men confront during their lives....
  
• Men's studies
  Men's studies
  
  Men's studies - sometimes called masculinity studies - is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to topics concerning men, masculinity, gender, and politics....
  
• Queer studies
  Queer studies
  
  "Queer studies" is the study of issues relating to sexual orientation and gender identity. Universities have also labelled this area of analysis Sexual Diversity Studies, Sexualities Studies or LGBTQ Studies....
  /Queer theory
  Queer theory
  
  Queer theory is a field of gender studies that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of Gay and lesbian studies and feminist studies. Heavily influenced by the work of Michel Foucault, queer theory builds both upon feminist challenges to the idea that gender is part of the Essentialism self and upon gay/lesbian studies' close examinat...
  
• Sex education
  Sex education
  
  Sex education is a broad term used to describe education about human sex organ, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, contraception, and other aspects of human sexual behavior....
  
• Sexology
  Sexology
  
  Sexology is the study of sexual interests, behavior, and function. In modern sexology, researchers apply tools from several academic fields, including biology, medicine, psychology, statistics, epidemiology, pedagogics, sociology, anthropology, and criminology....
  
• Women's studies
  Women's studies
  
  Women's studies is an interdisciplinary List of academic disciplines devoted to topics concerning women, feminism, gender identity, and politics....
  

Geography

Geography

Geography is the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth"....

• Cartography
  Cartography
  
  File:Mediterranean chart fourteenth century2.jpgCartography is the study and practice of making Geography Map. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that we can model reality in ways that communicate spatial information effectively....
  
• Human geography
  Human geography
  
  Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the Space#Geography of human activity on the Earth's surface....