List of Roman auxiliary regiments
Encyclopedia
This article lists Roman auxiliary regiments attested in the epigraphic record, by province of deployment in the early 2nd century AD, the period with the most abundant evidence. For the history, organisation and equipment of these regiments, see Roman auxiliaries.
In addition, an index of regimental names is provided that explains the origin of the names, most of which are based on the names of the subject tribes or cities of the empire where they were originally recruited. (As time went by, they became staffed by recruits from anywhere, especially from the province where they were deployed.)
s, who were recruited from Roman citizens only. Auxilia were mostly recruited from the peregrini
, i.e. subjects of the Roman empire
who did not hold Roman citizenship: the vast majority of the empire's inhabitants in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD (in 212 AD, all the inhabitants of the empire were granted Roman citizenship).
There were three basic types of auxiliary regiment: alae (lit: "wings"), which contained cavalry only (official strength: 480 men); cohortes ("cohorts"), which contained infantry only (480); and cohortes equitatae, which were infantry cohorts with a cavalry contingent attached (600 men, of which 480 infantry and 120 cavalry). A number of regiments, of all three types, were designated sagittariorum, indicating that their members were equipped as archers. After ca. AD 80, a minority of regiments (ca. 12%) were enlarged and designated milliariae, nominally 1000-strong, but in reality containing 720, 800 and 1,040 effectives respectively.
(AD 117-38), for which there is the most comprehensive evidence. The table does not show regiments that were attested to in the 1st century but that, according to Holder, dissolved by 117, nor those that were probably founded after 138. The precise number of regiments that existed at this time is disputed (e.g., 327 per Spaul; 367 per Holder). This discrepancy is due to the existence of several units with the same serial number and name, but attested in various provinces: were they different units, or the same unit moved around? In the table, Holder's estimate has been followed. In addition, 14 units attested until ca. 100, which Holder considers likely but not certain to have survived into Hadrian's reign are also included to present all possible units (making a total of 381 units). The regiments are listed by the Roman province
where they were deployed in ca. 130.
Table II is a glossary of regimental names, the majority of which were ethnic, i.e., derived from the name of the native tribe or city-state of the empire where the regiment was originally raised. The table gives the tribe's name, territory and language-group.
(30 BC - AD 14) saw the foundation of the majority of the regiments attested in Hadrian's time. In the earlier part of this period, regiments were raised from, and named after, individual tribes e.g. Campagonum, Trevirorum and Bessorum. Later, units were raised from and named after broad national groups e.g. Hispanorum, Gallorum, Thracum.
There is very little evidence concerning the organisation and policies of auxiliary recruitment. The ethnic origins of auxiliary recruits are attested in only a tiny fraction of cases. For example, the
Cohors II Gallorum veterana equitata
must have recruited ca. 8,000 effectives over its probable lifespan of ca. 250 years (assuming an average performed service of 15 years). But the origins of only 2 rankers are known. Conclusions about auxiliary recruitment drawn by scholars from the available evidence must therefore be regarded as tentative.
According to Holder, during the Julio-Claudian era (14-68) , a regiment's ethnic identity was preserved to some extent, with evidence of continued recruitment from the original people. By the time of Hadrian, however, a regiment's name, in most cases, probably represented the ethnic origin of few, if any, of its members. This is because in the Flavian
era (69-96), as a matter of deliberate policy, most regiments were deployed in provinces far from their original home and drew the majority of their recruits from local natives and the rest from all parts of the empire. In most cases, therefore, a regiment's name had become an identification tag devoid of ethnic significance. A regiment deployed long-term in the same province would thus, over time, acquire the ethnic character of its host population.
There are exceptions to this rule:
KEY:
c.R. = civium Romanorum ("of Roman citizens"): an honorific title
eq = equitata (i.e. contains a cavalry contingent)
sagitt = sagittariorum (archer unit)
unit in bold type = milliaria (double-strength) regiment
GLOSSARY OF NON-ETHNIC REGIMENTAL NAMES
NB: Where a regiment carries the name of a person (other than an imperial name, see below), e.g. ala Sulpicia, the name in most cases is that of the regiment's first, or early, praefectus (regimental commander). In the Augustan era, commanders of auxiliary units were often Roman legionary centurion
s, or native chieftains e.g. ala Gallorum Atectorigiana, which was probably once commanded by a Gallic chieftain named Atectorix. (Later, the emperor Claudius restricted auxiliary commands to Roman knights only).
(1) imperial dedications
N.B. In the 4th century, Valeria referred to emperor Diocletian
(Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, r.284-305) and Flavia to Constantine I
(Flavius Valerius Constantinus, r.312-337) or some of his successors.
(2) names of regiments originally raised by the emperor Augustus during the Illyrian revolt crisis (AD 6-9) from Roman citizens not admissible to legion
s (i.e. vagrants, convicts, debtors and freed slaves):
PS: After their initial recruitment of Roman citizens, these regiments recruited non-citizens (peregrini) like all other regiments.
(3) other non-ethnic regimental names:
(4) regimental epithets:
In addition, an index of regimental names is provided that explains the origin of the names, most of which are based on the names of the subject tribes or cities of the empire where they were originally recruited. (As time went by, they became staffed by recruits from anywhere, especially from the province where they were deployed.)
Sources
The sources used for this article are the most comprehensive and up-to-date general surveys on this subject, namely:- Holder, Paul: Auxiliary Deployment in the Reign of Hadrian (2003)
- Spaul, John: COHORS 2 (2000)
- Spaul, John: ALA (1994)
Types of regiment
Auxiliary regiments, called auxilia by the Romans, were formations kept separate from the legionRoman legion
A Roman legion normally indicates the basic ancient Roman army unit recruited specifically from Roman citizens. The organization of legions varied greatly over time but they were typically composed of perhaps 5,000 soldiers, divided into maniples and later into "cohorts"...
s, who were recruited from Roman citizens only. Auxilia were mostly recruited from the peregrini
Peregrinus (Roman)
Peregrinus was the term used during the early Roman empire, from 30 BC to 212 AD, to denote a free provincial subject of the Empire who was not a Roman citizen. Peregrini constituted the vast majority of the Empire's inhabitants in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD...
, i.e. subjects of the Roman empire
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
who did not hold Roman citizenship: the vast majority of the empire's inhabitants in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD (in 212 AD, all the inhabitants of the empire were granted Roman citizenship).
There were three basic types of auxiliary regiment: alae (lit: "wings"), which contained cavalry only (official strength: 480 men); cohortes ("cohorts"), which contained infantry only (480); and cohortes equitatae, which were infantry cohorts with a cavalry contingent attached (600 men, of which 480 infantry and 120 cavalry). A number of regiments, of all three types, were designated sagittariorum, indicating that their members were equipped as archers. After ca. AD 80, a minority of regiments (ca. 12%) were enlarged and designated milliariae, nominally 1000-strong, but in reality containing 720, 800 and 1,040 effectives respectively.
Contents of tables
Table I below lists auxiliary regiments during the rule of the emperor HadrianHadrian
Hadrian , was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain. In Rome, he re-built the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and was philhellene in...
(AD 117-38), for which there is the most comprehensive evidence. The table does not show regiments that were attested to in the 1st century but that, according to Holder, dissolved by 117, nor those that were probably founded after 138. The precise number of regiments that existed at this time is disputed (e.g., 327 per Spaul; 367 per Holder). This discrepancy is due to the existence of several units with the same serial number and name, but attested in various provinces: were they different units, or the same unit moved around? In the table, Holder's estimate has been followed. In addition, 14 units attested until ca. 100, which Holder considers likely but not certain to have survived into Hadrian's reign are also included to present all possible units (making a total of 381 units). The regiments are listed by the Roman province
Roman province
In Ancient Rome, a province was the basic, and, until the Tetrarchy , largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of Italy...
where they were deployed in ca. 130.
Table II is a glossary of regimental names, the majority of which were ethnic, i.e., derived from the name of the native tribe or city-state of the empire where the regiment was originally raised. The table gives the tribe's name, territory and language-group.
Ethnic composition of regiments
The rule of the founder-emperor AugustusAugustus
Augustus ;23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the Roman Republican until 45 BC, and the Julian...
(30 BC - AD 14) saw the foundation of the majority of the regiments attested in Hadrian's time. In the earlier part of this period, regiments were raised from, and named after, individual tribes e.g. Campagonum, Trevirorum and Bessorum. Later, units were raised from and named after broad national groups e.g. Hispanorum, Gallorum, Thracum.
There is very little evidence concerning the organisation and policies of auxiliary recruitment. The ethnic origins of auxiliary recruits are attested in only a tiny fraction of cases. For example, the
Cohors II Gallorum veterana equitata
Cohors II Gallorum veterana equitata
Cohors secunda Gallorum veterana equitata was a Roman auxiliary mixed infantry and cavalry regiment.The regiment was probably constituted under Augustus, the founder of the Roman empire...
must have recruited ca. 8,000 effectives over its probable lifespan of ca. 250 years (assuming an average performed service of 15 years). But the origins of only 2 rankers are known. Conclusions about auxiliary recruitment drawn by scholars from the available evidence must therefore be regarded as tentative.
According to Holder, during the Julio-Claudian era (14-68) , a regiment's ethnic identity was preserved to some extent, with evidence of continued recruitment from the original people. By the time of Hadrian, however, a regiment's name, in most cases, probably represented the ethnic origin of few, if any, of its members. This is because in the Flavian
Flavian dynasty
The Flavian dynasty was a Roman Imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96 AD, encompassing the reigns of Vespasian , and his two sons Titus and Domitian . The Flavians rose to power during the civil war of 69, known as the Year of the Four Emperors...
era (69-96), as a matter of deliberate policy, most regiments were deployed in provinces far from their original home and drew the majority of their recruits from local natives and the rest from all parts of the empire. In most cases, therefore, a regiment's name had become an identification tag devoid of ethnic significance. A regiment deployed long-term in the same province would thus, over time, acquire the ethnic character of its host population.
There are exceptions to this rule:
- A minority of regiments remained stationed in their original home province, e.g., cohors I Delmatarum mill eq, still attested in DalmatiaDalmatia (Roman province)Dalmatia was an ancient Roman province. Its name is probably derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae which lived in the area of the eastern Adriatic coast in Classical antiquity....
in 130. - Regiments founded a relatively short period before 130, e.g., the cohors I Aelia Dacorum stationed in Britain in 130 would probably still have contained mostly Dacian recruits at this time, as it had been established by Hadrian only about a decade earlier.
- Some specialised regiments (e.g., Syrian archers) and the elite BataviBatavi (military unit)The Batavi was an auxilia palatina unit of the Late Roman army, active between the 4th and the 5th century. It was composed by 500 soldiers and was the heir of those ethnic groups that were initially used as auxiliary units of the Roman army and later integrated in the Roman Empire after the...
show some evidence of continued preferential recruitment from their original province.
TABLE I: Regiments attested in the early 2nd century
To access the table of auxiliary regiments for the province of your interest, click on the relevant note.- Britannia (England/Wales)
- Germania InferiorGermania InferiorGermania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in today's Luxembourg, southern Netherlands, parts of Belgium, and North Rhine-Westphalia left of the Rhine....
(S Netherlands/NW Rhineland) - Germania SuperiorGermania SuperiorGermania Superior , so called for the reason that it lay upstream of Germania Inferior, was a province of the Roman Empire. It comprised an area of western Switzerland, the French Jura and Alsace regions, and southwestern Germany...
(S Rheinland/Alsace-Lorraine) - RaetiaRaetiaRaetia was a province of the Roman Empire, named after the Rhaetian people. It was bounded on the west by the country of the Helvetii, on the east by Noricum, on the north by Vindelicia, on the west by Cisalpine Gaul and on south by Venetia et Histria...
/NoricumNoricumNoricum, in ancient geography, was a Celtic kingdom stretching over the area of today's Austria and a part of Slovenia. It became a province of the Roman Empire...
(Germany S of Danube/Switzerland/Austria) - PannoniaPannoniaPannonia was an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia....
Sup & Inf (W Hungary/Slovenia) - Moesia Superior (Serbia)
- Moesia Inferior (N Bulgaria, coastal Romania)
- Dacia (Romania)
- CappadociaCappadocia (Roman province)Cappadocia was a province of the Roman empire in Anatolia , with its capital at Caesarea. It was established in 17 AD by the emperor Tiberius , following the death of Cappadocia's last king, Archelaus. It was an imperial province, meaning that its governor was directly appointed by the emperor...
(Central/East Turkey) - SyriaSyria (Roman province)Syria was a Roman province, annexed in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursuing victory in the Third Mithridatic War. It remained under Roman, and subsequently Byzantine, rule for seven centuries, until 637 when it fell to the Islamic conquests.- Principate :The...
inc Judaea, Arabia (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine/Israel, Jordan) - AegyptusAegyptus (Roman province)The Roman province of Egypt was established in 30 BC after Octavian defeated his rival Mark Antony, deposed his lover Queen Cleopatra VII and annexed the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt to the Roman Empire. The province encompassed most of modern-day Egypt except for the Sinai Peninsula...
(Egypt) - Mauretania inc Africa Pro (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco)
- Other provinces
KEY:
c.R. = civium Romanorum ("of Roman citizens"): an honorific title
eq = equitata (i.e. contains a cavalry contingent)
sagitt = sagittariorum (archer unit)
unit in bold type = milliaria (double-strength) regiment
| Agrippina Miniata I Hispanorum Asturum II Asturum Augusta Gallorum Petriana c.R. Augusta Gallorum Proculeiana Picentiana Gallorum II Gallorum Sebosiana Gallorum et Thracum classiana I Pannoniorum Sabiniana I Pannoniorum Tampiana I Thracum I Tungrorum Hispanorum Vettonum Augusta Vocontiorum |
I Aquitanorum II Asturum eq IV Breucorum I Augusta Bracarum III Bracaraugustanorum I Baetasiorum c.R. I Batavorum eq I Celtiberorum I Aelia classica I Ulpia Cugernorum c.R. I Aelia Dacorum I Delmatarum II Delmatarum IV Delmatarum I Frisiavonum |
II Gallorum veterana eq IV Gallorum eq V Gallorum VI Gallorum I Hispanorum eq I Aelia Hispanorum eq I Lingonum eq II Lingonum eq III Lingonum eq IV Lingonum eq I Menapiorum I Morinorum I nauticarum I Augusta Nerviana Germanorum eq I Nerviorum II Nerviorum |
III Nerviorum IV Nerviorum II Pannoniorum V Raetorum I Sunucorum I Thracum II Thracum veterana VII Thracum I Tungrorum II Tungrorum c.L. eq I Vangionum eq I Vardulorum c.R. eq II Vasconum c.R. I Hamiorum sagitt |
| Afrorum veterana Longiniana Gallorum Gallorum et Thracum classiana Moesica felix I Noricorum c.R. Sulpicia c.R. I Thracum |
II Asturum III Breucorum VI Breucorum VI Brittonum I civium Romanorum eq II civium Romanorum eq I classica II Hispanorum I Flavia Hispanorum eq |
VI ingenuorum c.R. I Latobicorum et Varcianorum I Lucensium I Pannoniorum et Delmatarum eq I Raetorum eq c.R. VI Raetorum IV Thracum eq II Varcianorum eq XV voluntariorum c.R. |
| Gallorum Indiana I Scubulorum |
I Aquitanorum veterana III Aquitanorum eq c.R. IV Aquitanorum eq c.R. I Asturum equitata eq I Biturigum Augusta Cyrenaica eq II Augusta Cyrenaica I Flavia Damascenorum III Delmatarum eq V Delmatarum I Germanorum c.R. Capidava Capidava is a South American spider genus of the Salticidae family .-Species:* Capidava annulipes Caporiacco, 1947 — Guyana* Capidava auriculata Simon, 1902 — Brazil* Capidava biuncata Simon, 1902 — Brazil... |
I Helvetiorum II Hispanorum eq Ituraeorum c.R. I Ligurum et Hispanorum c.R. II Raetorum c.R. VII Raetorum eq IV Vindelicorum XXIV voluntariorum c.R. XXVI voluntariorum c.R. XXX voluntariorum c.R. XXXII voluntariorum c.R. |
| I Hispanorum Auriana I Commagenorum II Flavia I Flavia gemina c.R. I Flavia singularium |
II Aquitanorum eq c.R. I Asturum II Batavorum IX Batavorum eq V Bracaraugustanorum I Breucorum c.R. V Breucorum c.R. eq III Britannorum I Aelia Brittonum I Raetorum II Raetorum |
II Thracum III Thracum c.R. III Thracum veterana IV Tungrorum veterana I Flavia Canathenorum sagitt |
| I Hispanorum Aravacorum I Flavia Britannica c.R. I Brittonum c.R. I Cananefatium I civium Romanorum I Augusta Ituraeorum I Praetoria singularium c.R. I Thracum victrix II Augusta Thracum I Ulpia contariorum I Thracum veterana sagitt III Augusta Thracum sagitt |
I Alpinorum eq I Alpinorum peditata II Alpinorum eq II Asturum et Callaecorum eq III Batavorum eq VII Breucorum c.R. eq I Brittonum V Callaecorum Lucensium eq I Campanorum voluntariorum c.R. II Augusta Dacorum eq I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica III Lusitanorum I Montanorum eq |
I Noricorum eq I Ulpia Pannoniorum eq I Thracum c.R. I Thracum Germanica I Thracum Syriaca equitata eq II Augusta Thracum eq I Aelia Caesariensis sagitt I Aelia Gaesatorum sagitt |
| I Claudia nova miscellanea Gallorum Flaviana |
III Brittonum veterana eq III campestris c.R. V Gallorum eq V Gallorum et Pannoniorum V Hispanorum eq I Pannoniorum veterana eq |
I Antiochensium sagitt I Cretum eq sagitt |
| II Hispanorum Aravacorum I Vespasiana Dardanorum I Flavia Gaetulorum Gallorum Atectorigiana I Claudia Gallorum Capitoniana I Gallorum et Pannoniorum cataphractaria |
I Bracarorum c.R. II Bracaraugustanorum eq II Flavia Brittonum eq I Lepidiana c.R. II Lucensium I Lusitanorum II Mattiacorum eq |
I Flavia Numidarum eq I Sugambrorum tironum I Claudia Sugambrorum veterana eq I Thracum Syriaca II Chalcidenorum sagitt I Cilicum eq sagitt |
| I Asturum I Batavorum I Bosporanorum I Hispanorum Campagonum I Gallorum et Bosporanorum II Gallorum et Pannoniorum I Hispanorum II Pannoniorum II Pannoniorum veterana I Tungrorum Frontoniana I Flavia Commagenorum sagitt numerus equitum Illyricorum |
I Afrorum c.R. eq I Batavorum c.R. II Flavia Bessorum I Bracaraugustanorum I Britannica c.R. eq II Britannorum c.R. I Flavia Brittonum eq I Ulpia Brittonum I Augusta Brittonum Nerviana II Augusta Brittonum Nerviana I Cananefatium I Flavia Commagenorum IV Baetica Cohors IV Baetica It was originally recruited from natives of Hispania Baetica, Roman province created on 29 BC, after the division of province Hispania Ulterior.In a bronze inscription dated 51-74 AD, which found in Bergamo on 1871, it is mentioned a member of the cohors "MSempronius Fuscus praefectus cohortis... |
I Cypria c.R. II Gallorum II Gallorum Dacica II Gallorum Macedonica eq II Gallorum Pannonica III Gallorum I Hispanorum I Hispanorum veterana eq I Flavia Ulpia Hispanorum c.R. eq II Hispanorum scutata c.R. IV Hispanorum eq V Lingonum |
II Flavia Numidarum VIII Raetorum eq c.R. VI Thracum eq Ubiorum eq I Ubiorum Capidava Capidava is a South American spider genus of the Salticidae family .-Species:* Capidava annulipes Caporiacco, 1947 — Guyana* Capidava auriculata Simon, 1902 — Brazil* Capidava biuncata Simon, 1902 — Brazil... I Vindelicorum c.R. eq I Augusta Ituraerorum sagitt I Thracum sagitt I Tyriorum sagitt |
| II Ulpia Auriana I Augusta gemina colonorum I Ulpia Dacorum II Gallorum I Parthorum veterana |
Apula c.R. I Bosporanorum I Claudia eq II Claudia I Hamiorum c.R. I Italica voluntariorum c.R. milliaria c.R. eq I Numidarum |
II Ulpia Petreorum eq III Ulpia Petreorum eq I Raetorum eq IV Raetorum eq III Augusta Cyrenaica sagitt |
| I Flavia Agrippiana II Flavia Agrippiana Gaetulorum veterana I Phrygum VII Phrygum I Ulpia singularium I Thracum Herculanea Augusta Xoitana I Ulpia dromedariorum Gallorum et Thracum Antiana sagitt |
III Bracarum IV Bracarugustanorum III Callaecorum Bracarum IV Callaecorum Lucensium II Cantabrorum II classica I Ulpia Dacorum III Dacorum I Damascena Armeniaca II equitum eq II Ulpia equitatum eq I Flavia I Gaetulorum I Ulpia Galatarum |
II Ulpia Galatarum VII Gallorum eq V gemella c.R. VI Hispanorum II Ligurum et Corsorum I Lucensium I Augusta Lusitanorum I Montanorum I Augusta Pannoniorum II Ulpia Paphlagonum III Ulpia Paphlagonum eq IV Ulpia Petreorum V Ulpia Petreorum eq VI Ulpia Petreorum |
I Sebastena I Thracum III Augusta Thracum II Thracum Syriaca III Thracum Syriaca IV Thracum Syriaca I Ascalonitanorum sagitt I Flavia Chalcidenorum eq sagitt I Damascenorum sagitt II Italica voluntariorum c.R. sagitt I Ulpia Petreorum eq sagitt I Ulpia c.R. sagitt I Augusta Thracum eq sagitt XX Palmyrenorum equitata |
| Apriana Augusta Syriaca Commagenorum Gallorum veterana I Thracum Macedonica Vocontiorum |
I Ulpia Afrorum eq I Flavia Cilicum eq II Ituraeorum III Ituraeorum I Aug. praetoria Lusitanorum eq I Macedonica eq |
I Pannoniorum I Thebaeorum eq II Thebaeorum scutata c.R. I Apamenorum eq sagitt |
| III Asturum I Augusta c.R. I Augusta Gallorum I Gallorum Tauriana victrix Gemelliana c.R. I Flavia Numidica I Augusta Nerviana I Pannoniorum II Augusta Thracum I Hamiorum sagitt Parthorum sagitt I Syrorum sagitt II Syrorum sagitt |
I Flavia Afrorum II Flavia Afrorum I Asturum et Callaecorum III Asturum c.R. eq II Breucorum II Brittonum eq I Chalcidenorum eq VI Commagenorum eq I Corsorum c.R. V Delmatarum c.R. |
Aelia expedita I Flavia eq III Gallorum felix IV Gallorum c.R. II Hamiorum I Flavia Hispanorum II Hispanorum c.R. eq I Ituraeorum c.R. I Lemavorum c.R. VII Lusitanorum eq |
I Flavia Musulamiorum eq I Nurritanorum II Sardorum IV Sugambrorum IV Tungrorum I Syrorum sagitt II Syrorum eq sagitt |
| II Flavia Hispanorum (HISP) | III Alpinorum eq (DLM) I Aelia Athoitarum (THR) I Ausetanorum (HISP?) I Flavia Bessorum (MCD) Callaecorum (?) I Celtiberorum eq (HISP) I Cisipadensium c.R. (THR) Dacorum (?) I Gallica c.R. eq (HISP) I Delmatarum mill eq (DLM) |
I Ligurum (AS?) maritima (BAE) Maurorum et Afrorum (?) I Musulamiorum (LYC) VI praetoria (BYT) III sagittariorum (?) I/II nova tironum (HISP) VIII voluntariorum (DLM) XXV voluntariorum (HISP?) |
GLOSSARY OF NON-ETHNIC REGIMENTAL NAMES
NB: Where a regiment carries the name of a person (other than an imperial name, see below), e.g. ala Sulpicia, the name in most cases is that of the regiment's first, or early, praefectus (regimental commander). In the Augustan era, commanders of auxiliary units were often Roman legionary centurion
Centurion
A centurion was a professional officer of the Roman army .Centurion may also refer to:-Military:* Centurion tank, British battle tank* HMS Centurion, name of several ships and a shore base of the British Royal Navy...
s, or native chieftains e.g. ala Gallorum Atectorigiana, which was probably once commanded by a Gallic chieftain named Atectorix. (Later, the emperor Claudius restricted auxiliary commands to Roman knights only).
(1) imperial dedications
- Augusta: founded by emperor AugustusAugustusAugustus ;23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the Roman Republican until 45 BC, and the Julian...
(r. 30 BC - AD 14), or honoured with this title by any of his successors - Claudia: founded by, or honoured by, one of: TiberiusTiberiusTiberius , was Roman Emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD. Tiberius was by birth a Claudian, son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. His mother divorced Nero and married Augustus in 39 BC, making him a step-son of Octavian...
(r.14-37), CaligulaCaligulaCaligula , also known as Gaius, was Roman Emperor from 37 AD to 41 AD. Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Caligula's father Germanicus, the nephew and adopted son of Emperor Tiberius, was a very successful general and one of Rome's most...
(37-41) or ClaudiusClaudiusClaudius , was Roman Emperor from 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor. He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul and was the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy...
(41-54), all of whom were members of the Claudii clan - Flavia: VespasianVespasianVespasian , was Roman Emperor from 69 AD to 79 AD. Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for a quarter century. Vespasian was descended from a family of equestrians, who rose into the senatorial rank under the Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty...
(Titus Flavius Vespasianus r.69-79) or one of his two sons and successors, TitusTitusTitus , was Roman Emperor from 79 to 81. A member of the Flavian dynasty, Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death, thus becoming the first Roman Emperor to come to the throne after his own father....
(79-81) or DomitianDomitianDomitian was Roman Emperor from 81 to 96. Domitian was the third and last emperor of the Flavian dynasty.Domitian's youth and early career were largely spent in the shadow of his brother Titus, who gained military renown during the First Jewish-Roman War...
(81-96) - Ulpia: TrajanTrajanTrajan , was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD. Born into a non-patrician family in the province of Hispania Baetica, in Spain Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian. Serving as a legatus legionis in Hispania Tarraconensis, in Spain, in 89 Trajan supported the emperor against...
(Marcus Ulpius Traianus r.98-117) - Aelia: HadrianHadrianHadrian , was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain. In Rome, he re-built the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and was philhellene in...
(Publius Aelius Hadrianus r.117-138) - Aurelia: Marcus Aurelius (r.161-180)
- Septimia: Septimius SeverusSeptimius SeverusSeptimius Severus , also known as Severus, was Roman Emperor from 193 to 211. Severus was born in Leptis Magna in the province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through the customary succession of offices under the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. Severus seized power after the death of...
(r.197-211)
N.B. In the 4th century, Valeria referred to emperor Diocletian
Diocletian
Diocletian |latinized]] upon his accession to Diocletian . c. 22 December 244 – 3 December 311), was a Roman Emperor from 284 to 305....
(Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, r.284-305) and Flavia to Constantine I
Constantine I
Constantine the Great , also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine, was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Well known for being the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, Constantine and co-Emperor Licinius issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of all...
(Flavius Valerius Constantinus, r.312-337) or some of his successors.
(2) names of regiments originally raised by the emperor Augustus during the Illyrian revolt crisis (AD 6-9) from Roman citizens not admissible to legion
Roman legion
A Roman legion normally indicates the basic ancient Roman army unit recruited specifically from Roman citizens. The organization of legions varied greatly over time but they were typically composed of perhaps 5,000 soldiers, divided into maniples and later into "cohorts"...
s (i.e. vagrants, convicts, debtors and freed slaves):
- civium Romanorum: regiment originally composed of Roman citizens (inc freed slaves)
- ingenuorum: regiment originally free-born (ingenuiIngenuiIngenui or ingenuitas , was a legal term of ancient Rome indicating those freemen who were born free, as distinct from, for example, freedmen, who were freemen who had once been slaves....
) Roman citizens - voluntariorum: regiment originally volunteers (voluntarii), in reality slaves freed in return for military service during the Illyrian revolt crisis
PS: After their initial recruitment of Roman citizens, these regiments recruited non-citizens (peregrini) like all other regiments.
(3) other non-ethnic regimental names:
- classica: the regiment was originally recruited, probably in the Illyrian emergency, from naval personnel (from classis = "fleet"), who were mostly non-citizens. Also nauticarum (from nautae= "sailors") and maritima.
- praetoria: originally a cohort of the Praetorian GuardPraetorian GuardThe Praetorian Guard was a force of bodyguards used by Roman Emperors. The title was already used during the Roman Republic for the guards of Roman generals, at least since the rise to prominence of the Scipio family around 275 BC...
in Rome. Apparently a detachment of the cohort was left behind at the end of an imperial campaign, presumably to form the core of a new auxiliary cohort, retaining the prestigious name. - singularium: ala formed around members of the elite equites singulares AugustiEquites singulares AugustiThe equites singulares Augusti during the Principate period of imperial Rome. Based in Rome, they escorted the Roman emperor whenever he left the City on campaign or on tours of the provinces.The regiment was reconstituted in the late 1st century AD as a milliary ala, under the command of a...
(imperial horseguards) , left behind to reinforce frontier at the end of an imperial campaign. - contariorum: specialised regiment of lancers (contarii) from contus (a long lance)
- dromedariorum: specialised regiment of camel-mounted troops for desert warfare
(4) regimental epithets:
- civium Romanorum (c.R. for short): title awarded by the emperor to a regiment for signal valour. All current (but not future) members would be granted Roman citizenship, and the regiment would retain the title in perpetuity.
- veterana: uncertain meaning: may have been used to distinguish older unit from a newer unit with the same serial number and name
- tironum: from tirones ("trainees")
TABLE II: Index of ethnic regimental names
Linguistic group code- C = CelticCeltic languagesThe Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic"; a branch of the greater Indo-European language family...
language group - X = non Indo-EuropeanIndo-European languagesThe Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major current languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and South Asia and also historically predominant in Anatolia...
language - X/C = non Indo-European base with strong Celtic influence
- X/S = SemiticSemitic languagesThe Semitic languages are a group of related languages whose living representatives are spoken by more than 270 million people across much of the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa...
language group
| Afrorum | Afri Afri Afri was a Latin name for the Carthaginians. It was received by the Romans from the Carthaginians, as a native term for their country.... |
Africa | Tunisia | Berber (X) | ||
| Alpinorum | Salassi Salassi The Salassi were an Alpine tribe whose lands lay on the Italian side of the Little St Bernard Pass across the Graian Alps to Lyons, and the Great St Bernard Pass over the Pennine Alps... |
Alpes Tres Alpes Cottiae Alpes Cottiae was a province of the Roman Empire, one of three small provinces straddling the Alps between modern France and Italy. Its name survives in the modern Cottian Alps. In antiquity, the province's most important duty was the safeguarding of communications over the Alpine passes... |
Val d'Aosta, NW It | Ligurian (X/C) | Alpine regiments of the Roman army | |
| Antiochensium | Antiochenses | Syria Syria (Roman province) Syria was a Roman province, annexed in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursuing victory in the Third Mithridatic War. It remained under Roman, and subsequently Byzantine, rule for seven centuries, until 637 when it fell to the Islamic conquests.- Principate :The... |
Antakya Antakya Antakya is the seat of the Hatay Province in southern Turkey, near the border with Syria. The mayor is Lütfü Savaş.Known as Antioch in ancient times, the city has historical significance for Christianity, as it was the place where the followers of Jesus Christ were called Christians for the first... Turkey |
Aramaic Aramaic language Aramaic is a group of languages belonging to the Afroasiatic language phylum. The name of the language is based on the name of Aram, an ancient region in central Syria. Within this family, Aramaic belongs to the Semitic family, and more specifically, is a part of the Northwest Semitic subfamily,... (X/S) |
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| Aquitanorum | Aquitani Aquitani The Aquitani were a people living in what is now Aquitaine, France, in the region between the Pyrenees, the Atlantic ocean and the Garonne... |
Aquitania Gallia Aquitania Gallia Aquitania was a province of the Roman Empire, bordered by the provinces of Gallia Lugdunensis, Gallia Narbonensis, and Hispania Tarraconensis... |
Aquitaine, SW Fr | Aquitanian Aquitanian language The Aquitanian language was spoken in ancient Aquitaine before the Roman conquest and, probably much later, until the Early Middle Ages.... (X) |
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| Apamenorum | Apameni | Syria | Apamea Apamea (Syria) Apamea was a treasure city and stud-depot of the Seleucid kings, was capital of Apamene, on the right bank of the Orontes River. . Its site is found about to the northwest of Hama, Syria, overlooking the Ghab valley... , Syria |
Aramaic (X/S) | ||
| Aravacorum | Aravaci Arevaci The Arevaci or ‘Aravaci’ , were a pre-Roman Celtic people who settled in the Meseta Central of northern Hispania and which dominated most of Celtiberia from the 4th to late 2nd centuries BC... |
Hispania Hispania Tarraconensis Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. It encompassed much of the Mediterranean coast of Spain along with the central plateau. Southern Spain, the region now called Andalusia, was the province of Hispania Baetica... |
Burgos pr Spain | Celtiberian Celtiberian language Celtiberian is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians in an area of the Iberian Peninsula lyingbetween the headwaters of the Duero, Tajo, Júcar and Turia rivers and the Ebro river... (C) |
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| Ascalonitanorum | Ascalonitani | Judaea Iudaea Province Judaea or Iudaea are terms used by historians to refer to the Roman province that extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Israel... |
Ascalon Ashkelon Ashkelon is a coastal city in the South District of Israel on the Mediterranean coast, south of Tel Aviv, and north of the border with the Gaza Strip. The ancient seaport of Ashkelon dates back to the Neolithic Age... , Israel |
Aramaic (X/S) | ||
| Asturum | Astures | Hispania | Asturias Asturias The Principality of Asturias is an autonomous community of the Kingdom of Spain, coextensive with the former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages... N Sp |
Celtiberian (C) | ||
| Athoitarum | Autariatae Autariatae The Autariatae or Autariates were an ancient people that eventually became the most powerful Illyrian tribe. Their territory was called... |
Dalmatia Dalmatia (Roman province) Dalmatia was an ancient Roman province. Its name is probably derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae which lived in the area of the eastern Adriatic coast in Classical antiquity.... |
Bosnia | Illyrian | ||
| Ausetanorum | Ausetani Ausetani The Ausetani were an ancient Iberian people of the Iberian peninsula . They are believed to be of Iberian language... |
Hispania | N Barcelona pr Sp | Iberian Iberian language The Iberian language was the language of a people identified by Greek and Roman sources who lived in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Iberian peninsula. The ancient Iberians can be identified as a rather nebulous local culture between the 7th and 1st century BC... (X) |
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| Baetasiorum | Baetasii | Germania Inf Germania Inferior Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in today's Luxembourg, southern Netherlands, parts of Belgium, and North Rhine-Westphalia left of the Rhine.... |
S Netherlands | W Germanic West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... |
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| Batavorum | Batavi | Germania Inf | Betuwe Betuwe The Betuwe is an area in the Netherlands in the province of Gelderland... E Neth |
W Germanic | ||
| Bessorum | Bessi Bessi The Bessi were an independent Thracian tribe who lived in a territory ranging from Moesia to Mount Rhodope in southern Thrace, but are often mentioned as dwelling about Haemus, the mountain range that separates Moesia from Thrace and from Mount Rhodope to the northern part of Hebrus... |
Thracia Thracia Thracia is a Web-Based computer game created and developed by an exclusively Romanian team, part of Infotrend Consulting, and launched in 2009. At the time, it was the first endeavor of its kind. All browser games were text based, made up mostly of static content... |
Mid Bulgaria | Thracian Thracian language The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times in Southeastern Europe by the Thracians, the northern neighbors of the Ancient Greeks. The Thracian language exhibits satemization: it either belonged to the Satem group of Indo-European languages or it was strongly... |
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| Biturigum | Bituriges Bituriges The Bituriges was a tribe with its capital at Bourges .Early in the 1st century BCE, they had been one of the main tribes, especially in terms of Druids and their political influence. But they soon declined in power as the Druids were an important target for Julius Caesar in his conquest of Gaul... |
Lugdunensis Gallia Lugdunensis Gallia Lugdunensis was a province of the Roman Empire in what is now the modern country of France, part of the Celtic territory of Gaul. It is named after its capital Lugdunum , possibly Roman Europe's major city west of Italy, and a major imperial mint... |
Berry Berry The botanical definition of a berry is a fleshy fruit produced from a single ovary. Grapes are an example. The berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire ovary wall ripens into an edible pericarp. They may have one or more carpels with a thin covering and fleshy interiors.... , C France |
Gaulish Gaulish language The Gaulish language is an extinct Celtic language that was spoken by the Gauls, a people who inhabited the region known as Gaul from the Iron Age through the Roman period... (C) |
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| Bosporanorum | Bosporani | Moesia Inf Moesia Moesia was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans, along the south bank of the Danube River. It included territories of modern-day Southern Serbia , Northern Republic of Macedonia, Northern Bulgaria, Romanian Dobrudja, Southern Moldova, and Budjak .-History:In ancient... |
NE Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east... |
Sarmatian | ||
| Bracarorum (Bracarum) (Bracaraugust.) |
Bracari Bracari The Bracari were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, akin to the Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the northwest of modern Portugal, in the province of Minho, between the rivers Tâmega and Cávado, around the area of the modern city of Braga .Appian wrote they were a very warlike people... |
Gallaecia Gallaecia Gallaecia or Callaecia, also known as Hispania Gallaecia, was the name of a Roman province and an early Mediaeval kingdom that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania... |
Minho Minho River The Minho or Miño is the longest river in Galicia, Spain, with an extension of 340 km.Both names come from Latin Minius... , Portugal |
Gallaecian Gallaecian language The Northwestern Hispano-Celtic, Gallaecian or Gallaic, is classified as a Q-Celtic language under the P-Q system and was closely related to Celtiberian... (C) |
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| Breucorum | Breuci | Dalmatia | N Bosnia | Illyrian | ||
| Brittonum (Britannorum) |
Brittones (Britanni) |
Britannia Britannia Britannia is an ancient term for Great Britain, and also a female personification of the island. The name is Latin, and derives from the Greek form Prettanike or Brettaniai, which originally designated a collection of islands with individual names, including Albion or Great Britain. However, by the... |
N Britain | Brythonic (C) | ||
| Gallaecorum | Gallaeci | Gallaecia Gallaecia Gallaecia or Callaecia, also known as Hispania Gallaecia, was the name of a Roman province and an early Mediaeval kingdom that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania... |
Galicia NW Spain | Gallaecian Gallaecian language The Northwestern Hispano-Celtic, Gallaecian or Gallaic, is classified as a Q-Celtic language under the P-Q system and was closely related to Celtiberian... (C) |
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| Campagonum | Campagones | Hispania | N Spain | Celtiberian | ||
| Campanorum | (Roman cit) | Italia Italia (Roman province) Italia was the name of the Italian peninsula of the Roman Empire.-Under the Republic and Augustan organization:During the Republic and the first centuries of the empire, Italia was not a province, but rather the territory of the city of Rome, thus having a special status: for example, military... |
Campania It. | Latin | ||
| Canathenorum | Canatheni | Syria | Canatha Canatha Qanawat , the ancient Roman city of Canatha , is a village in Syria, located 7 km north-east of As Suwayda. It stands at a height of about 1,200 m, near a river and surrounded by woods.-History:... , Syria |
Aramaic X/S | ||
| Cannanefatium | Cananefates | Germania Inf | S Holland, Neth | W Germanic | ||
| Cantabrorum | Cantabri Cantabri The Cantabri were a pre-Roman Celtic people which lived in the northern Atlantic coastal region of ancient Hispania, from the 4th to late 1st centuries BC.-Origins:... |
Hispania | Cantabria Cantabria Cantabria is a Spanish historical region and autonomous community with Santander as its capital city. It is bordered on the east by the Basque Autonomous Community , on the south by Castile and León , on the west by the Principality of Asturias, and on the north by the Cantabrian Sea.Cantabria... N Sp. |
Celtiberian (C) | ||
| Celtiberorum | Celtiberi | Hispania | Guadalajara Spain | Celtiberian (C) | ||
| Chalcidenorum | Chalcideni | Bithynia Bithynia Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine .-Description:... |
Chalcedon Chalcedon Chalcedon , sometimes transliterated as Chalkedon) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari . It is now a district of the city of Istanbul named Kadıköy... , Turk |
Greek Greek language Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;... |
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| Cilicum | Cilices | Cilicia Cilicia In antiquity, Cilicia was the south coastal region of Asia Minor, south of the central Anatolian plateau. It existed as a political entity from Hittite times into the Byzantine empire... |
Icel/Adana pr Turk | Lydian Lydian language Lydian was an Indo-European language spoken in the region of Lydia in western Anatolia . It belongs to the Anatolian group of the Indo-European language family.... |
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| Cisipadensium | (Roman cit) | Italia (Aemilia) | Emilia-Romagna, It | Latin | ||
| Commagenorum | Commagene | Cappadocia Cappadocia Cappadocia is a historical region in Central Anatolia, largely in Nevşehir Province.In the time of Herodotus, the Cappadocians were reported as occupying the whole region from Mount Taurus to the vicinity of the Euxine... |
Gaziantep pr Turk | Greek | ||
| Corsorum | Corsi Corsi The Corsi were an ancient people of Sardinia, noted by Ptolemy . They dwelt at the extreme north of the island, near the Tibulati and immediately north of the Coracenses. The Corsi gave their name to the island of Corsica.-References:*... |
Sardinia Sardinia Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[],... |
N Sardinia, It | Sardinian Sardinian language Sardinian is a Romance language spoken and written on most of the island of Sardinia . It is considered the most conservative of the Romance languages in terms of phonology and is noted for its Paleosardinian substratum.... |
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| Cretum | Cretes | Creta | Crete Crete Crete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits... , Greece |
Greek | ||
| Cugernorum | Cugerni Cugerni The Cugerni was a tribal grouping with a particular territory within the Roman province of Germania Inferior, which later became Germania Secunda. More precisely they lived near modern Xanten, and the old Castra Vetera, on the Rhine... |
Germania Inf | NW Rhineland Ger | W Germanic | ||
| Dardanorum | Dardani Dardani Dardania was the region of the Dardani .Located at the Thraco-Illyrian contact zone, their identification as either an Illyrian or Thracian tribe is uncertain. Their territory itself was not considered part of Illyria by Strabo. The term used for their territory was , while for other tribes had... |
Macedonia Macedonia (Roman province) The Roman province of Macedonia was officially established in 146 BC, after the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus defeated Andriscus of Macedon, the last Ancient King of Macedon in 148 BC, and after the four client republics established by Rome in the region were dissolved... |
S Serbia/Kosovo | Illyrian | ||
| Dacorum | Daci Dacians The Dacians were an Indo-European people, very close or part of the Thracians. Dacians were the ancient inhabitants of Dacia... |
Dacia Dacia In ancient geography, especially in Roman sources, Dacia was the land inhabited by the Dacians or Getae as they were known by the Greeks—the branch of the Thracians north of the Haemus range... |
Romania | Dacian Dacian language The extinct Dacian language may have developed from proto-Indo-European in the Carpathian region around 2,500 BC and probably died out by AD 600. In the 1st century AD, it was the predominant language of the ancient regions of Dacia and Moesia and, possibly, of some surrounding regions.It belonged... |
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| Damascenorum | Damasceni | Syria | Damascus Damascus Damascus , commonly known in Syria as Al Sham , and as the City of Jasmine , is the capital and the second largest city of Syria after Aleppo, both are part of the country's 14 governorates. In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major... , Syria |
Aramaic (X/S) | ||
| Delmatarum | Dalmatae Dalmatae The Dalmatae or Delmatae were an ancient people who inhabited the core of what would then become known as Dalmatia after the Roman conquest - now the eastern Adriatic coast in Croatia, between the rivers Krka and Neretva... |
Dalmatia | Dalmacja, Croatia | Illyrian | ||
| Frisiavonum | Frisiavones Frisiavones The Frisiavones were a Germanic tribe sometimes considered as a subdivision of the Frisii, who in turn are traditionally considered to be ancestors of modern Frisians. Pliny the Elder, however, appeared to distinguish them from the Frisii. They also appear in inscriptions found in Roman Britain... |
Germania Inf | N Brabant S Neth | W Germanic | ||
| Gaesatorum | Gaesati | Belgica Gallia Belgica Gallia Belgica was a Roman province located in what is now the southern part of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northeastern France, and western Germany. The indigenous population of Gallia Belgica, the Belgae, consisted of a mixture of Celtic and Germanic tribes... |
Alsace, Fr | Gaulish | ||
| Gaetulorum | Gaetuli Gaetuli Gaetuli was the Romanised name of an ancient Berber tribe inhabiting Getulia, covering the desert region south of the Atlas Mountains, bordering the Sahara. Other sources place Getulia in pre-Roman times along the Mediterranean coasts of what is now Algeria and Tunisia, and north of the Atlas... |
Mauretania Mauretania Tingitana Mauretania Tingitana was a Roman province located in northwestern Africa, coinciding roughly with the northern part of present-day Morocco. The province extended from the northern peninsula, opposite Gibraltar, to Chellah and Volubilis to the south, and as far east as the Oued Laou river. Its... |
Algeria | Berber (X) | ||
| Galatarum | Galatae | Galatia Galatia Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Galatia was named for the immigrant Gauls from Thrace , who settled here and became its ruling caste in the 3rd century BC, following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC. It has been called the "Gallia" of... |
Ankara pr C Turk | Galatian Galatian language Galatian is an extinct Celtic language once spoken in Galatia in Asia Minor from the 3rd century BC up to at least the 4th century AD, although ancient sources suggest it was still spoken in the 6th century.... (C) |
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| Gallorum | Gauls Gauls The Gauls were a Celtic people living in Gaul, the region roughly corresponding to what is now France, Belgium, Switzerland and Northern Italy, from the Iron Age through the Roman period. They mostly spoke the Continental Celtic language called Gaulish.... |
Lugdunensis | NE France | Gaulish (C) | ||
| Hamiorum | Hamii | Syria | Hama Hama Hama is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria north of Damascus. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate. Hama is the fourth-largest city in Syria—behind Aleppo, Damascus, and Homs—with a population of 696,863... , Syria |
Aramaic (X/S) | ||
| Helvetiorum | Helvetii Helvetii The Helvetii were a Celtic tribe or tribal confederation occupying most of the Swiss plateau at the time of their contact with the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC... |
Belgica | SW Switzerland | Gaulish (C) | ||
| Hispanorum | Hispani | Hispani | N Spain | Celtiberian (C) | ||
| Illyricorum | Illyrici | Dalmatia | Bosnia | Illyrian | ||
| Ituraeorum | Ituraei | Syria | S Lebanon | Aramaic (X/S) | ||
| Latobicorum | Latobici Latobici Latobici were a Celtic tribe settling in modern-day Slovenia mentioned by Ptolemy. In Roman times, their cities were Praetorium Latobicorum and Municipium Latobicorum, or later Neviodunum... |
Pannonia Pannonia Pannonia was an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia.... |
C Bosnia | Illyrian | ||
| Lemavorum | Lemavi Lemavi The Lemavi were an ancient Gallaecian Celtic tribe, living in the center-east of the modern Galicia, in the Monforte de Lemos's county.-External links:*... |
Gallaecia Gallaecia Gallaecia or Callaecia, also known as Hispania Gallaecia, was the name of a Roman province and an early Mediaeval kingdom that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania... |
Monforte de Lemos Monforte de Lemos Monforte de Lemos is a city and municipality in northwestern Spain, in the province of Lugo, Galicia. It covers an area of 200 km² and lies 62 km from Lugo. As of 2005 it had a population of 19,472. It is located in a valley between the shores of Sil River and Miño River, in the area... (Spain) |
Gallaecian Gallaecian language The Northwestern Hispano-Celtic, Gallaecian or Gallaic, is classified as a Q-Celtic language under the P-Q system and was closely related to Celtiberian... (C) |
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| Ligurum | Ligures Ligures The Ligures were an ancient people who gave their name to Liguria, a region of north-western Italy.-Classical sources:... |
Italia (Liguria) | Liguria, It | Ligurian (X/C) | Alpine regiments of the Roman army | |
| Lingonum | Lingones Lingones Lingones were a Celtic tribe that originally lived in Gaul in the area of the headwaters of the Seine and Marne rivers. Some of the Lingones migrated across the Alps and settled near the mouth of the Po River in Cisalpine Gaul of northern Italy around 400 BCE. These Lingones were part of a wave of... |
Belgica | Langres Langres Langres is a commune in north-eastern France. It is a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne département in the Champagne-Ardenne region.-History:As the capital of the Romanized Gallic tribe the Lingones, it was called Andematunnum, then Lingones, and now Langres.The town is built on a limestone... , NE Fr |
Gaulish (C) | ||
| Lucensium | Lucenses | Gallaecia Gallaecia Gallaecia or Callaecia, also known as Hispania Gallaecia, was the name of a Roman province and an early Mediaeval kingdom that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania... |
cLugo Lugo Lugo is a city in northwestern Spain, in the autonomous community of Galicia. It is the capital of the province of Lugo. The municipality had a population of 97,635 in 2010, which makes is the fourth most populated city in Galicia.-Population:... Galicia |
Gallaecian Gallaecian language The Northwestern Hispano-Celtic, Gallaecian or Gallaic, is classified as a Q-Celtic language under the P-Q system and was closely related to Celtiberian... (C) |
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| Lusitanorum | Lusitani | Lusitania | Portugal | Celtiberian (C) | ||
| Mattiacorum | Mattiaci Mattiaci The Mattiaci were an ancient Germanic tribe. They were possibly a branch of the Chatti, their Germanic neighbors to the east. The Mattiaci were settled on border of the Roman Empire on the right side of the Rhine in the area of present-day Wiesbaden , the southern Taunus, and the Wetterau.Tacitus... |
Germania Sup Germania Superior Germania Superior , so called for the reason that it lay upstream of Germania Inferior, was a province of the Roman Empire. It comprised an area of western Switzerland, the French Jura and Alsace regions, and southwestern Germany... |
Rhineland Pfalz | W Germanic | ||
| Maurorum | Mauri Mauri (people) The Mauri were an ancient Berber people inhabiting the territory of modern Algeria and Morocco. Much of that territory was annexed to the Roman empire in 44 AD, as the province of Mauretania... |
Mauretania | Algeria | Berber (X) | ||
| Menapiorum | Menapii Menapii The Menapii were a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul in pre-Roman and Roman times. Their territory according to Strabo, Caesar and Ptolemy stretched from the mouth of the Rhine in the north, and southwards along the west of the Schelde. Their civitas under the Roman empire was Cassel , near Thérouanne... |
Belgica | W Flanders, Bel | Gaulish (C) | ||
| Morinorum | Morini Morini The Morini were a Belgic tribe in the time of the Roman Empire. We know little about their language but one of their cities, Boulogne-sur-Mer was called Bononia by Zosimus and Bonen in the Middle Ages. Zosimus mentioned the Low Germanic character of the city... |
Belgica | Pas-de-Calais Fr | Gaulish (C) | ||
| Montanorum | Montani | Pannonia Pannonia Pannonia was an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia.... |
Julian Alps Julian Alps The Julian Alps are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps that stretches from northeastern Italy to Slovenia, where they rise to 2,864 m at Mount Triglav. They are named after Julius Caesar, who founded the municipium of Cividale del Friuli at the foot of the mountains... , Slov |
Raetian (X/C) | Alpine regiments of the Roman army | |
| Musulamiorum | Musulamii Musulamii The Roman empire under Hadrian , showing the location of the Musulamii Mauri tribe, then inhabiting the desert regions of mod. Tunisia and Algeria... |
Mauretania | E Algeria | Berber (X) | ||
| Nerviorum | Nervii Nervii The Nervii were an ancient Germanic tribe, and one of the most powerful Belgic tribes; living in the northeastern hinterlands of Gaul, they were known to trek long distances to engage in various wars and functions... |
Belgica | Flandres, Fr | Gaulish (C) | ||
| Noricorum | Taurisci Noricum Noricum, in ancient geography, was a Celtic kingdom stretching over the area of today's Austria and a part of Slovenia. It became a province of the Roman Empire... |
Noricum Noricum Noricum, in ancient geography, was a Celtic kingdom stretching over the area of today's Austria and a part of Slovenia. It became a province of the Roman Empire... |
Mid Austria | (C) | Alpine regiments of the Roman army | |
| Numidarum | Numidae | Numidia Numidia Numidia was an ancient Berber kingdom in part of present-day Eastern Algeria and Western Tunisia in North Africa. It is known today as the Chawi-land, the land of the Chawi people , the direct descendants of the historical Numidians or the Massyles The kingdom began as a sovereign state and later... |
NE Algeria | Berber (X) | ||
| Nurritanorum | Nurritani | Sardinia | cNuoro Nuoro Nuoro is a city and comune in central-eastern Sardinia, Italy, situated on the slopes of the Monte Ortobene. It is the capital of the Province of Nuoro. With a population of 36,443 Nuoro is a city and comune (municipality) in central-eastern Sardinia, Italy, situated on the slopes of the Monte... , N Sardinia |
Sardinian | ||
| Palmyrenorum | Palmyra Palmyra Palmyra was an ancient city in Syria. In the age of antiquity, it was an important city of central Syria, located in an oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus and 180 km southwest of the Euphrates at Deir ez-Zor. It had long been a vital caravan city for travellers crossing the Syrian desert... |
Syria | Central Syria | Palmyrene | Possibly mounted archers | |
| Pannoniorum | Pannonii | Pannonia | W Hungary | Illyrian | ||
| Parthorum | Parthi | Cappadocia | E Turkey | Parthian Parthian language The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlavanik, is a now-extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Parthia, a region of northeastern ancient Persia during the rule of the Parthian empire.... |
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| Petreorum | Nabataei Nabataeans Thamudi3.jpgThe Nabataeans, also Nabateans , were ancient peoples of southern Canaan and the northern part of Arabia, whose oasis settlements in the time of Josephus , gave the name of Nabatene to the borderland between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates to the Red Sea... |
Arabia Pet. Arabia Petraea Arabia Petraea, also called Provincia Arabia or simply Arabia, was a frontier province of the Roman Empire beginning in the 2nd century; it consisted of the former Nabataean kingdom in modern Jordan, southern modern Syria, the Sinai Peninsula and northwestern Saudi Arabia. Its capital was Petra... |
cPetra Petra Petra is a historical and archaeological city in the Jordanian governorate of Ma'an that is famous for its rock cut architecture and water conduits system. Established sometime around the 6th century BC as the capital city of the Nabataeans, it is a symbol of Jordan as well as its most visited... Jordan |
Arabic Arabic language Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book... (X/S) |
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| Phrygum | Phryges | Galatia | Eskisehir W Turk | Phrygian Phrygian language The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, spoken in Asia Minor during Classical Antiquity .Phrygian is considered to have been closely related to Greek.... |
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| Raetorum | Raeti Raetia Raetia was a province of the Roman Empire, named after the Rhaetian people. It was bounded on the west by the country of the Helvetii, on the east by Noricum, on the north by Vindelicia, on the west by Cisalpine Gaul and on south by Venetia et Histria... |
Raetia Raetia Raetia was a province of the Roman Empire, named after the Rhaetian people. It was bounded on the west by the country of the Helvetii, on the east by Noricum, on the north by Vindelicia, on the west by Cisalpine Gaul and on south by Venetia et Histria... |
S Ger/Switz | Raetian (X/C) | Alpine regiments of the Roman army | |
| Sardorum | Sardi Sardinian people The Sardinian people or Sardinians are the people from or with origins in the island of Sardinia , in the Mediterranean sea, which forms part of southern Europe.-Origin and influences:... |
Sardinia | S Sardinia | Sardinian | ||
| Scubulorum | Scubuli | Macedonia | cSkopje Skopje Skopje is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia with about a third of the total population. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre... Mac |
Illyrian | ||
| Sequanorum | Sequani Sequani Sequani, in ancient geography, were a Gallic people who occupied the upper river basin of the Arar , the valley of the Doubs and the Jura Mountains, their territory corresponding to Franche-Comté and part of Burgundy.-Etymology:... |
Belgica | Franche-Comté Fr | Gaulish (C) | ||
| Sugambrorum | Sicambri Sicambri The Sicambri were a Germanic people living on the right bank of the Rhine river, near where it passes out of Germany and enters what is now called the Netherlands at the turn of the first millennium.... |
Germania Inf | NW Rhineland | W Germanic | ||
| Sunucorum | Sunici Sunici The Sunuci was the name of a tribal grouping with a particular territory within the Roman province of Germania Inferior, which later became Germania Secunda. Within this province, they were in the Civitas Agrippinenses, with its capital at Cologne... |
Germania Inf | E Neth | W Germanic | ||
| Syrorum | Syri | Syria | Syria | Aramaic (X/S) | ||
| Thebaeorum | Thebaei | Aegyptus Aegyptus - Aegyptus, King of Egypt and Arabia :In Greek mythology, Aegyptus is a descendant of the heifer maiden, Io, and the river-god Nilus, and was a king in Egypt. Aegyptos was the son of Belus and Achiroe, a naiad daughter of Nile. Aegyptus fathered fifty sons, who were all but one murdered by the... |
Thebes Thebes, Egypt Thebes is the Greek name for a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile within the modern city of Luxor. The Theban Necropolis is situated nearby on the west bank of the Nile.-History:... , Egypt |
Egyptian Egyptian language Egyptian is the oldest known indigenous language of Egypt and a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. Written records of the Egyptian language have been dated from about 3400 BC, making it one of the oldest recorded languages known. Egyptian was spoken until the late 17th century AD in the... (X) |
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| Thracum | Thraces | Thracia | Bulgaria | Thracian | ||
| Trevirorum | Treviri | Belgica | cTrier Trier Trier, historically called in English Treves is a city in Germany on the banks of the Moselle. It is the oldest city in Germany, founded in or before 16 BC.... Ger |
Gaulish (C) | ||
| Tungrorum | Tungri Tungri The Tungri were a tribe, or group of tribes, who lived in the Belgic part Gaul, during the times of the Roman empire. They were described by Tacitus as being the same people who were first called "Germani" , meaning that all other tribes who were later referred to this way, including those in... |
Belgica | cTongeren (Tongres) Bel | Gaulish (C) | ||
| Tyriorum | Tyrii | Syria | Tyre, S Lebanon | Phoenician | ||
| Ubiorum | Ubii Ubii thumb|right|350px|The Ubii around AD 30The Ubii were a Germanic tribe first encountered dwelling on the right bank of the Rhine in the time of Julius Caesar, who formed an alliance with them in 55 BC in order to launch attacks across the river... |
Germania Inf | NW Rhineland | W Germanic | ||
| Vangionum | Vangiones Vangiones The Vangiones appear first in history as an ancient Germanic tribe of unknown provenience. They threw in their lot with Ariovistus in his bid of 58 BC to invade Gaul through the Doubs river valley and lost to Julius Caesar in a battle probably near Belfort... |
Germania Sup | Mainz/Worms Ger | W Germanic | ||
| Varcianorum | Varciani | Pannonia | E Croatia | Illyrian | ||
| Vardulorum | Varduli Varduli The Varduli were a tribe that Roman historians reported in Northern Hispania, west of the Vascones and east of the Caristii and the Deba river, comprising the main part of the current Basque province of Gipuzkoa and parts of Alava and Navarre. Their main city was Ara-Caeli... |
Hispania | Guipuzcoa, Spain | Old Basque Basque language Basque is the ancestral language of the Basque people, who inhabit the Basque Country, a region spanning an area in northeastern Spain and southwestern France. It is spoken by 25.7% of Basques in all territories... (X) |
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| Vasconum | Vascones | Hispania | Navarra, Spain | Old Basque | ||
| Vettonum | Vettones Vettones The Vettones were one of the pre-Roman Celtic peoples of the Iberian Peninsula .- Origins :... |
Lusitania | Salamanca pr Sp | Celtiberian (C) | ||
| Vindelicorum | Vindelici | Raetia | Black Forest, Ger | Celtic/German | Alpine regiments of the Roman army | |
| Vocontiorum | Vocontii Vocontii The Vocontii were a Gallic people who lived on the east bank of the Rhône.-Location:Their main towns were Lucus Augusti and Vasio , but they occupied an extensive territory stretching from Vercors in the north, the buttresses of Mont Ventoux in the south-west, Manosque in the south-east and... |
Lugdunensis | Dauphiné Dauphiné The Dauphiné or Dauphiné Viennois is a former province in southeastern France, whose area roughly corresponded to that of the present departments of :Isère, :Drôme, and :Hautes-Alpes.... , Fr |
Gaulish (C) |