List of Muslim scientists
Encyclopedia
Islamic science
Islamic science
Science in the medieval Islamic world, also known as Islamic science or Arabic science, is the science developed and practised in the Islamic world during the Islamic Golden Age . During this time, Indian, Iranian and especially Greek knowledge was translated into Arabic...

 has played a significant role in the history of science
History of science
The history of science is the study of the historical development of human understandings of the natural world and the domains of the social sciences....

. There have been hundreds of notable Muslim scientists that have made a great contribution to civilization and society. The following is an incomplete list of notable Muslim scientists.

Astronomers and astrophysicists

  • Ibrahim al-Fazari
    Ibrahim al-Fazari
    Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Habib ibn Sulaiman ibn Samura ibn Jundab al-Fazari was an 8th-century Muslim mathematician and astronomer of Persian background....

  • Muhammad al-Fazari
    Muhammad al-Fazari
    Abu abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari was a Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. He is not to be confused with his father Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī, also an astronomer and mathematician....

  • Naubakht
    Naubakht
    Nobakht Ahvazi also transliterated 'Naubakht') and his sons were astrologers from Ahvaz .Nobakht was particularly famous for having led a group of astrologers who picked an auspicious electional chart for the founding of Baghdad. His family also helped design the city...

  • Al-Khwarizmi, mathematician
  • Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
    Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
    Abū Maʿshar, Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad al-Balkhī , was a Persian astrologer, astronomer, and Islamic philosopher, thought to be the greatest astrologer of the Abbasid court in Baghdad...

     (Albumasar)
  • Al-Farghani
    Al-Farghani
    ' also known as Alfraganus in the West was a Persian astronomer and one of the famous astronomers in 9th century. The crater Alfraganus on the Moon is named after him.-Life:...

  • Banū Mūsā
    Banu Musa
    The Banū Mūsā brothers , namely Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir , Abū al‐Qāsim Aḥmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir and Al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir , were three 9th-century Persian scholars of Baghdad who are known for their Book of Ingenious Devices on automata and mechanical devices...

     (Ben Mousa)
    • Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
    • Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
    • Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
  • Al-Majriti
  • Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
  • Al-Farabi
    Al-Farabi
    ' known in the West as Alpharabius , was a scientist and philosopher of the Islamic world...

     (Abunaser)
  • Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
    Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
    Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi was a Persian astronomer also known as Abd ar-Rahman as-Sufi, or Abd al-Rahman Abu al-Husayn, Abdul Rahman Sufi, Abdurrahman Sufi and known in the west as Azophi; the lunar crater Azophi and the minor planet 12621 Alsufi are named after him...

  • Abu Sa'id Gorgani
    Abu Sa'id Gorgani
    Abu Sa'id Zarir Gorgani , also spelled Gorgani, was a 9th-century muslim mathematician and astronomer from Gorgan, Iran. He wrote a treatise on geometrical problems and another on the drawing of the meridian.-Sources:...

  • Kushyar ibn Labban
    Kushyar ibn Labban
    Abul-Hasan Kūshyār ibn Labbān ibn Bashahri Gilani , also known as Kūshyār Gīlānī , was a Persian mathematician, geographer, and astronomer from Gilan, south of the Caspian Sea, Iran....

  • Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
  • Al-Mahani
    Al-Mahani
    Abu-Abdullah Muhammad ibn Īsa Māhānī was a Persian mathematician and astronomer from Mahan, Kermān, Persia.A series of observations of lunar and solar eclipses and planetary conjunctions, made by him from 853 to 866, was in fact used by Ibn Yunus....

  • Al-Marwazi
    Al-Marwazi
    Ahmad ibn 'Abdallah Habash Hasib Marwazi was an astronomer, geographer, and mathematician from Merv in Khorasan.He flourished in Baghdad, and died a centenarian after 869...

  • Al-Nayrizi
    Al-Nayrizi
    Abū’l-‘Abbās al-Faḍl ibn Ḥātim al-Nairīzī was a 9th-10th century Persian mathematician and astronomer from Nayriz, Fars, Iran.He flourished under al-Mu'tadid, Caliph from 892 to 902, and compiled astronomical tables, writing a book for al-Mu'tadid on atmospheric phenomena.Nayrizi wrote...

  • Al-Saghani
    Al-saghani
    Abu Hamid Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Saghani al-Asturlabi was a Persian astronomer and historian of science. He flourished in Baghdad, where he died in 990 AD....

  • Al-Farghani
    Al-Farghani
    ' also known as Alfraganus in the West was a Persian astronomer and one of the famous astronomers in 9th century. The crater Alfraganus on the Moon is named after him.-Life:...

  • Abu Nasr Mansur
    Abu Nasr Mansur
    Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq was a Persian Muslim mathematician. He is well known for his work with the spherical sine law....

  • Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi)
  • Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
  • Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
  • Ibn Yunus
    Ibn Yunus
    Ibn Yunus was an important Egyptian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, whose works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on meticulous calculations and attention to detail.The crater Ibn Yunus on the Moon is named after...

  • Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
  • Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
  • Avicenna
    Avicenna
    Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā , commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived...

  • Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
  • Omar Khayyám
    Omar Khayyám
    Omar Khayyám was aPersian polymath: philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and poet. He also wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, mineralogy, music, climatology and theology....

  • Al-Khazini
    Al-Khazini
    Abu al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansour al-Khāzini or simply Abu al-Fath Khāzini was a Muslim astronomer of Greek ethnicity from Merv, then in the Khorasan province of Persia .-References:...

  • Ibn Bajjah
    Ibn Bajjah
    Abū-Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Sāyigh , known as Ibn Bājjah , was an Andalusian polymath: an astronomer, logician, musician, philosopher, physician, physicist, psychologist, botanist, poet and scientist. He was known in the West by his Latinized name, Avempace...

     (Avempace)
  • Ibn Tufail
    Ibn Tufail
    Ibn Tufail was an Andalusian Muslim polymath: an Arabic writer, novelist, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, vizier,...

     (Abubacer)
  • Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi
    Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi
    Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji was an astronomer and a Qadi from Al-Andalus...

     (Alpetragius)
  • Averroes
    Averroes
    ' , better known just as Ibn Rushd , and in European literature as Averroes , was a Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy,...

  • Al-Jazari
    Al-Jazari
    Abū al-'Iz Ibn Ismā'īl ibn al-Razāz al-Jazarī was a Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, craftsman, artist, mathematician and astronomer from Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia, who lived during the Islamic Golden Age...

  • Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
  • Anvari
    Anvari
    Anvari , full name Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani or Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mahmud was one of the greatest Persian poets....

  • Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
    Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
    Mu’ayyad al-Din al-’Urdi was an Kurdish Muslim astronomer, mathematician, architect and engineer working at the Maragheh observatory...

  • Nasir al-Din Tusi
  • Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
    Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
    Qotb al-Din Shirazi or Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi was a 13th century Persian Muslim polymath and Persian poet who made contributions astronomy, mathematics, medicine, physics, music theory, philosophy and Sufism.- Biography :...

  • Ibn al-Shatir
    Ibn al-Shatir
    Ala Al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Shatir was an Arab Muslim astronomer, mathematician, engineer and inventor who worked as muwaqqit at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria.-Astronomy:...

  • Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
  • Jamshīd al-Kāshī
    Jamshid al-Kashi
    Ghiyāth al-Dīn Jamshīd Masʾūd al-Kāshī was a Persian astronomer and mathematician.-Biography:...

  • Ulugh Beg
    Ulugh Beg
    Ulugh Bek was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan. His commonly-known name is not truly a personal name, but rather a moniker, which can be loosely translated as "Great Ruler" or "Patriarch Ruler" and was the Turkic equivalent of Timur's Perso-Arabic title Amīr-e...

    , also a mathematician
  • Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman astronomer
  • Ahmad Nahavandi
    Ahmad Nahavandi
    Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Nahavandi was a Persian astronomer of the 8th and 9th centuries. His name indicates that he was from Nahavand, a city in Iran....

  • Haly Abenragel
    Haly Abenragel
    Abû l-Hasan 'Alî ibn Abî l-Rijâl was an Arab astrologer of the late 10th and early 11th century, best known for his Kitāb al-bāri' fi ahkām an-nujūm. He was a court astrologer to the Tunisian prince al-Mu'izz ibn Bâdis in the first half of the 11th century...

  • Abolfadl Harawi
    Abolfadl Harawi
    Abolfadl Harawi was a 10th-century astronomer from Rey, Persia who, along with al-Khujandi, studied under the patronage of the Buyid dynasty.-See also:* List of Iranian scientists...

  • Kerim Kerimov
    Kerim Kerimov
    Lieutenant-General Kerim Aliyevich Kerimov was an Azerbaijani-Soviet/Russian aerospace engineer and a renowned rocket scientist, one of the founders of the Soviet space industry, and for many years a central figure in the Soviet space program. Despite his prominent role, his identity was kept a...

    , a founder of Soviet space program
    Soviet space program
    The Soviet space program is the rocketry and space exploration programs conducted by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from the 1930s until its dissolution in 1991...

    , a lead architect behind first human spaceflight
    Human spaceflight
    Human spaceflight is spaceflight with humans on the spacecraft. When a spacecraft is manned, it can be piloted directly, as opposed to machine or robotic space probes and remotely-controlled satellites....

     (Vostok 1
    Vostok 1
    Vostok 1 was the first spaceflight in the Vostok program and the first human spaceflight in history. The Vostok 3KA spacecraft was launched on April 12, 1961. The flight took Yuri Gagarin, a cosmonaut from the Soviet Union, into space. The flight marked the first time that a human entered outer...

    ), and the lead architect of the first space station
    Space station
    A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a crew which is designed to remain in space for an extended period of time, and to which other spacecraft can dock. A space station is distinguished from other spacecraft used for human spaceflight by its lack of major propulsion or landing...

    s (Salyut
    Salyut
    The Salyut program was the first space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted of a series of nine space stations launched over a period of eleven years from 1971 to 1982...

     and Mir
    Mir
    Mir was a space station operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, at first by the Soviet Union and then by Russia. Assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996, Mir was the first modular space station and had a greater mass than that of any previous spacecraft, holding the record for the...

    )
  • Farouk El-Baz
    Farouk El-Baz
    Farouk El-Baz is an Egyptian American scientist who worked with NASA to assist in the planning of scientific exploration of the Moon, including the selection of landing sites for the Apollo missions and the training of astronauts in lunar observations and photography.Currently, El-Baz is Research...

    , a NASA
    NASA
    The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research...

     scientist involved in the first Moon landing
    Moon landing
    A moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon. This includes both manned and unmanned missions. The first human-made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2 mission on 13 September 1959. The United States's Apollo 11 was the first manned...

    s with the Apollo program
  • Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
  • Muhammed Faris
    Muhammed Faris
    Muhammed Ahmed Faris is a Syrian military aviator. He was the first Syrian and the second Arab in space.Born in Aleppo, Syria, he was a pilot in the Syrian Air Force with the rank of a colonel...

  • Abdul Ahad Mohmand
    Abdul Ahad Mohmand
    Abdul Ahad Momand is a former Afghan Air Force aviator who became the first Afghan in space when he spent nine days aboard the Mir space station in 1988 as a Intercosmos Research Cosmonaut...

  • Talgat Musabayev
    Talgat Musabayev
    Talgat Amangeldyuly Musabayev , is a Kazakh test pilot and former cosmonaut who flew on three spaceflights. His first two spaceflights were long-duration stays aboard the Russian space station Mir. His third spaceflight was a short duration visiting mission to the International Space Station, which...

  • Anousheh Ansari
    Anousheh Ansari
    Anousheh Ansari is an engineer and the Iranian-American co-founder and chairman of Prodea Systems. Her previous business accomplishments include serving as co-founder and CEO of Telecom Technologies, Inc. . The Ansari family is also the title sponsor of the Ansari X Prize. On September 18, 2006,...

  • Amir Ansari
    Amir Ansari
    Amir Ansari is co-founder of venture capital firm Prodea Systems, Inc. Along with his sister-in-law Anousheh Ansari, he made a multi-million dollar contribution to the X PRIZE foundation on May 5, 2004, the 43rd anniversary of Alan Shepard's sub-orbital spaceflight...


Chemists and alchemists

  • Khalid ibn Yazid
    Calid
    CalidAlso Kalid, possibly Galid. Haly or Hali is likely Haly Abenragel. is a medieval Latin transcription of the Arabic name Khalid .-Khalid ibn Yazid:...

     (Calid)
  • Jafar al-Sadiq
  • Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), father of chemistry
    Chemistry
    Chemistry is the science of matter, especially its chemical reactions, but also its composition, structure and properties. Chemistry is concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds....

  • Abbas Ibn Firnas
    Abbas Ibn Firnas
    Abbas Ibn Firnas , also known as Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas and عباس بن فرناس , was a Muslim Andalusian polymath: an inventor, engineer, aviator, physician, Arabic poet, and Andalusian musician. Of Berber descent, he was born in Izn-Rand Onda, Al-Andalus , and lived in the Emirate of Córdoba...

     (Armen Firman)
  • Al-Kindi
    Al-Kindi
    ' , known as "the Philosopher of the Arabs", was a Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy" for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion...

     (Alkindus)
  • Al-Majriti
  • Ibn Miskawayh
    Ibn Miskawayh
    Abu 'Ali Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ya'qub Ibn Miskawayh, also known as Ibn Miskawayh or Ebn Meskavayh was a Persian chancery official of the Buwayhid era, and philosopher and historian from Rey, Iran...

  • Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
  • Avicenna
    Avicenna
    Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā , commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived...

  • Al-Khazini
    Al-Khazini
    Abu al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansour al-Khāzini or simply Abu al-Fath Khāzini was a Muslim astronomer of Greek ethnicity from Merv, then in the Khorasan province of Persia .-References:...

  • Nasir al-Din Tusi
  • Ibn Khaldun
    Ibn Khaldun
    Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun was an Arab Tunisian historiographer and historian who is often viewed as one of the forerunners of modern historiography, sociology and economics...

  • Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
    Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
    Salimuzzaman Siddiqui , HI, MBE, SI, D.Phil., FPAS, FRS. was a leading Pakistani scientist in Natural Product Chemistry. He is credited for pioneering the isolation of unique chemical compounds from the Neem , Rauwolfia, and various other flora. As the founder director of H.E.J...

  • Al-Khwārizmī, Father of Al-Gabra, (Mathematics)
  • Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature,...

    , 1999
  • Mostafa El-Sayed
    Mostafa El-Sayed
    Mostafa A. El-Sayed is an Egyptian-American chemical physicist, a leading nanoscience researcher, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a US National Medal of Science laureate. He is also known for the spectroscopy rule named after him, the El-Sayed rule.- Academic career :He earned...

  • Atta ur Rahman
    Atta ur Rahman
    Atta-ur-Rahman, D.Phil., TI, SI HI, NI, is a leading scientist and scholar in the field of organic chemistry from Pakistan, especially renowned for his research in the various areas relating to natural product chemistry...

    , leading scholar in the field of Natural Product Chemistry

Economists and social scientists

  • Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man
    Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man
    Nuʿmān ibn Thābit ibn Zūṭā ibn Marzubān , better known as Imām Abū Ḥanīfah, was the founder of the Sunni Hanafi school of fiqh ....

     (699-767), economist
    Economist
    An economist is a professional in the social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy...

  • Abu Yusuf
    Abu Yusuf
    Yaqub ibn Ibrahim al-Ansari, better known as Abu Yusuf was a student of legist Abu Hanifah who helped spread the influence of the Hanafi school of Islamic law through his writings and the government positions he held.-Biography:...

     (731-798), economist
  • Al-Farabi
    Al-Farabi
    ' known in the West as Alpharabius , was a scientist and philosopher of the Islamic world...

     (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
  • Al-Saghani
    Al-saghani
    Abu Hamid Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Saghani al-Asturlabi was a Persian astronomer and historian of science. He flourished in Baghdad, where he died in 990 AD....

     (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science
    History of science
    The history of science is the study of the historical development of human understandings of the natural world and the domains of the social sciences....

  • Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir
    Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir
    Qabus ibn Wushmagir Qabus ibn Wushmagir Qabus ibn Wushmagir (full name and honorific abol-ḥasan qābūs ben wušmagīr ibn ziyar šams al-maʿālī, ; (r. 977–981; 997–1012, d. 1012) was the Ziyarid ruler of Gurgan and Tabaristan in medieval Iran...

     (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
  • Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist
    Anthropology
    Anthropology is the study of humanity. It has origins in the humanities, the natural sciences, and the social sciences. The term "anthropology" is from the Greek anthrōpos , "man", understood to mean mankind or humanity, and -logia , "discourse" or "study", and was first used in 1501 by German...

    " and father of Indology
    Indology
    Indology is the academic study of the history and cultures, languages, and literature of the Indian subcontinent , and as such is a subset of Asian studies....

  • Ibn Sina
    Avicenna
    Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā , commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived...

     (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
  • Ibn Miskawayh
    Ibn Miskawayh
    Abu 'Ali Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ya'qub Ibn Miskawayh, also known as Ibn Miskawayh or Ebn Meskavayh was a Persian chancery official of the Buwayhid era, and philosopher and historian from Rey, Iran...

     (b. 1030), economist
  • Al-Ghazali
    Al-Ghazali
    Abu Hāmed Mohammad ibn Mohammad al-Ghazzālī , known as Algazel to the western medieval world, born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia was a Persian Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, and mystic....

     (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
  • Al-Mawardi
    Al-Mawardi
    Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi , known in Latin as Alboacen , was an Arab Muslim jurist of the Shafi'i school most remembered for his works on religion, government, the caliphate, and public and constitutional law during a time of political turmoil...

     (1075–1158), economist
  • Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
    Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
    Khawaja Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṭūsī , better known as Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī , was a Persian polymath and prolific writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, physicist, scientist, theologian and Marja Taqleed...

     (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
  • Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
  • Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
  • Ibn Khaldun
    Ibn Khaldun
    Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun was an Arab Tunisian historiographer and historian who is often viewed as one of the forerunners of modern historiography, sociology and economics...

     (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences
    Social sciences
    Social science is the field of study concerned with society. "Social science" is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences usually exclusive of the administrative or managerial sciences...

     such as demography
    Demography
    Demography is the statistical study of human population. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic human population, that is, one that changes over time or space...

    , cultural history
    Cultural history
    The term cultural history refers both to an academic discipline and to its subject matter.Cultural history, as a discipline, at least in its common definition since the 1970s, often combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look at popular cultural traditions and cultural...

    , historiography
    Historiography
    Historiography refers either to the study of the history and methodology of history as a discipline, or to a body of historical work on a specialized topic...

    , philosophy of history
    Philosophy of history
    The term philosophy of history refers to the theoretical aspect of history, in two senses. It is customary to distinguish critical philosophy of history from speculative philosophy of history...

    , sociology
    Sociology
    Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity...

     and economics
    Economics
    Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...

  • Al-Maqrizi
    Al-Maqrizi
    Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn 'Ali ibn 'Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Maqrizi ; Arabic: , was an Egyptian historian more commonly known as al-Maqrizi or Makrizi...

     (1364–1442), economist
  • Akhtar Hameed Khan
    Akhtar Hameed Khan
    Akhtar Hameed Khan was a Pakistani development activist and social scientist credited for pioneering microcredit and microfinance initiatives, farmers' cooperatives, and rural training programmes in the developing world. He promoted participatory rural development in Pakistan and other developing...

    , Pakistan
    Pakistan
    Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...

    i social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
    Microcredit
    Microcredit is the extension of very small loans to those in poverty designed to spur entrepreneurship. These individuals lack collateral, steady employment and a verifiable credit history and therefore cannot meet even the most minimal qualifications to gain access to traditional credit...

  • Muhammad Yunus
    Muhammad Yunus
    Muhammad Yunus is a Bangladeshi economist and founder of the Grameen Bank, an institution that provides microcredit to help its clients establish creditworthiness and financial self-sufficiency. In 2006 Yunus and Grameen received the Nobel Peace Prize...

    , Nobel Prize winner Bangladeshi economist; pioneer of microfinance
    Microfinance
    Microfinance is the provision of financial services to low-income clients or solidarity lending groups including consumers and the self-employed, who traditionally lack access to banking and related services....

  • Mahbub ul Haq
    Mahbub ul Haq
    Mahbub ul Haq was an Pakistani economist who is known to be the pioneer of Human development theory and the founder of the Human Development Report...

    , Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index
    Human Development Index
    The Human Development Index is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of "human development" and separate "very high human development", "high human development", "medium human development", and "low human development" countries...

     and founder of Human Development Report
    Human Development Report
    The Human Development Report is an annual milestone publication by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme .-History:...


Geographers and earth scientists

  • Al-Masudi
    Al-Masudi
    Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Mas'udi , was an Arab historian and geographer, known as the "Herodotus of the Arabs." Al-Masudi was one of the first to combine history and scientific geography in a large-scale work, Muruj adh-dhahab...

    , the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography
    Historical geography
    Historical geography is the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past. Historical geography studies a wide variety of issues and topics. A common theme is the study of the geographies of the past and how a place or region changes through time...

  • Al-Kindi
    Al-Kindi
    ' , known as "the Philosopher of the Arabs", was a Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy" for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion...

    , pioneer of environmental science
    Environmental science
    Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences, to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems...

  • Ibn Al-Jazzar
    Ibn Al-Jazzar
    Ahmed Ben Jaafar Ben Brahim Ibn Al Jazzar Al-Qayrawani , was an influential 10th-century Muslim physician who became famous for his writings on Islamic medicine. He was born in Qayrawan in modern-day Tunisia...

  • Al-Tamimi
  • Al-Masihi
    Al-Masihi
    Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi al-Jurjani was a Persian Christian physician, from Gorgan, east of the Caspian Sea, in Iran.He was the teacher of Avicenna...

  • Ali ibn Ridwan
    Ali ibn Ridwan
    Abu'l Hasan Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Misri was an Egyptian Muslim physician, astrologer and astronomer, born in Giza.He was a commentator on ancient Greek medicine, and in particular on Galen; his commentary on Galen's Ars Parva was translated by Gerardo Cremonese...

  • Muhammad al-Idrisi
    Muhammad al-Idrisi
    Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti or simply Al Idrisi was a Moroccan Muslim geographer, cartographer, Egyptologist and traveller who lived in Sicily, at the court of King Roger II. Muhammed al-Idrisi was born in Ceuta then belonging to the Almoravid Empire and died in...

    , also a cartographer
  • Ahmad ibn Fadlan
    Ahmad ibn Fadlan
    Ahmad ibn Fadlān ibn al-Abbās ibn Rāšid ibn Hammād was a 10th century Arab traveler, famous for his account of his travels as a member of an embassy of the Arab Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad to the king of the Volga Bulgars...

  • Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy
    Geodesy
    Geodesy , also named geodetics, a branch of earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space. Geodesists also study geodynamical phenomena such as crustal...

    , considered the first geologist
    Geologist
    A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth as well as the processes and history that has shaped it. Geologists usually engage in studying geology. Geologists, studying more of an applied science than a theoretical one, must approach Geology using...

     and "first anthropologist
    Anthropology
    Anthropology is the study of humanity. It has origins in the humanities, the natural sciences, and the social sciences. The term "anthropology" is from the Greek anthrōpos , "man", understood to mean mankind or humanity, and -logia , "discourse" or "study", and was first used in 1501 by German...

    "
  • Avicenna
    Avicenna
    Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā , commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived...

  • Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
  • Averroes
    Averroes
    ' , better known just as Ibn Rushd , and in European literature as Averroes , was a Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy,...

  • Ibn al-Nafis
  • Ibn Jubayr
    Ibn Jubayr
    Ibn Jubayr was a geographer, traveler and poet from al-Andalus.-Early life:Born in Valencia in Spain, then the seat of an independent emirate. Ibn Jubayr was descendant of a tribe of Andalusian origins, Jubayr was the son of a civil servant...

  • Ibn Battuta
    Ibn Battuta
    Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta , or simply Ibn Battuta, also known as Shams ad–Din , was a Muslim Moroccan Berber explorer, known for his extensive travels published in the Rihla...

  • Ibn Khaldun
    Ibn Khaldun
    Ibn Khaldūn or Ibn Khaldoun was an Arab Tunisian historiographer and historian who is often viewed as one of the forerunners of modern historiography, sociology and economics...

  • Piri Reis
    Piri Reis
    Piri Reis was an Turkish Ottoman admiral, geographer and cartographer born between 1465 and 1470 and died in 1554 or 1555....

  • Evliya Çelebi
    Evliya Çelebi
    Evliya Çelebi was an Ottoman traveler who journeyed through the territory of the Ottoman Empire and neighboring lands over a period of forty years.- Life :...


Mathematicians

Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies

  • Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
    Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn Matar
    ' was an Arab mathematician who first translated Euclid's Elements from Greek into Arabic. His first translation was made for for Yaḥyā ibn Khālid, the Vizier of Caliph Hārūn al‐Rashīd. He made a second, improved, more concise translation for the Caliph al-Maʾmūn...

  • Khalid ibn Yazid
    Calid
    CalidAlso Kalid, possibly Galid. Haly or Hali is likely Haly Abenragel. is a medieval Latin transcription of the Arabic name Khalid .-Khalid ibn Yazid:...

     (Calid)
  • Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
    Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
    'There is some confusion in the literature on whether al-Khwārizmī's full name is ' or '. Ibn Khaldun notes in his encyclopedic work: "The first who wrote upon this branch was Abu ʿAbdallah al-Khowarizmi, after whom came Abu Kamil Shojaʿ ibn Aslam." . 'There is some confusion in the literature on...

     (Algorismi) - father of algebra
    Algebra
    Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and relations, and the constructions and concepts arising from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures...

     and algorithm
    Algorithm
    In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an effective method expressed as a finite list of well-defined instructions for calculating a function. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning...

    s
  • 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
    'Abd al-Hamid ibn Turk
    ' , known also as ' was a ninth century Turkic Muslim mathematician. Not much is known about his biography. The two records of him, one by Ibn Nadim and the other by al-Qifti are not identical. However al-Qifi mentions his name as ʿAbd al-Hamīd ibn Wase ibn Turk Jili...

  • Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī
    Abu al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi
    Abū al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Qalaṣādī was a Muslim mathematician from Al-Andalus specializing in Islamic inheritance jurisprudence...

     (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra
    Mathematical notation
    Mathematical notation is a system of symbolic representations of mathematical objects and ideas. Mathematical notations are used in mathematics, the physical sciences, engineering, and economics...

  • Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
  • Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
  • Al-Kindi
    Al-Kindi
    ' , known as "the Philosopher of the Arabs", was a Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy" for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion...

     (Alkindus)
  • Banū Mūsā
    Banu Musa
    The Banū Mūsā brothers , namely Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir , Abū al‐Qāsim Aḥmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir and Al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir , were three 9th-century Persian scholars of Baghdad who are known for their Book of Ingenious Devices on automata and mechanical devices...

     (Ben Mousa)
    • Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
    • Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
  • Al-Khwarizmi
  • Al-Mahani
    Al-Mahani
    Abu-Abdullah Muhammad ibn Īsa Māhānī was a Persian mathematician and astronomer from Mahan, Kermān, Persia.A series of observations of lunar and solar eclipses and planetary conjunctions, made by him from 853 to 866, was in fact used by Ibn Yunus....

  • Ahmed ibn Yusuf
    Ahmed ibn Yusuf
    Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Tammam al-Siddiq Al-Baghdadi , known in the West by his Latinized name Hametus, was an Arab mathematician, like his father Yusuf ibn Ibrahim .- Life :...

  • Al-Majriti
  • Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
  • Al-Farabi
    Al-Farabi
    ' known in the West as Alpharabius , was a scientist and philosopher of the Islamic world...

     (Abunaser)
  • Al-Khalili
    Al-Khalili
    ' was an astronomer of Syria who compiled extensive tables for astronomical use.Shams al-Din Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Khalili worked in Damascus, Syria at the Umayyad Mosque as a religious timekeeper for the majority of his life. Other than al-Khalili’s occupation, little is known...

  • Al-Nayrizi
    Al-Nayrizi
    Abū’l-‘Abbās al-Faḍl ibn Ḥātim al-Nairīzī was a 9th-10th century Persian mathematician and astronomer from Nayriz, Fars, Iran.He flourished under al-Mu'tadid, Caliph from 892 to 902, and compiled astronomical tables, writing a book for al-Mu'tadid on atmospheric phenomena.Nayrizi wrote...

  • Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
  • Brethren of Purity
    Brethren of Purity
    The Brethren of Purity were a secret society of Muslim philosophers in Basra, Iraq, in the 10th century CE....

  • Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
    Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
    Abu'l Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi was an Arab mathematician who was active in Damascus and Baghdad. As his surname indicates, he was a copyist of Euclid's works. He wrote the earliest surviving book on the positional use of the Arabic numerals, Kitab al-Fusul fi al-Hisab al-Hindi around 952...

  • Al-Saghani
    Al-saghani
    Abu Hamid Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Saghani al-Asturlabi was a Persian astronomer and historian of science. He flourished in Baghdad, where he died in 990 AD....

  • Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
  • Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
  • Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
  • Ibn Sahl
    Ibn Sahl
    This article is about the physicist. For the physician, see Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari. For the poet, see Ibn Sahl of Sevilla.Ibn Sahl was a Muslim Persian mathematician, physicist and optics engineer of the Islamic Golden Age associated with the Abbasid court of Baghdad...

  • Al-Sijzi
    Al-Sijzi
    Abu Sa'id Ahmed ibn Mohammed ibn Abd Jalil Sijzi was a Persian astronomer and mathematician from Sistan, a region lying in the south-west of Afghanistan and south-east of Iran....

  • Ibn Yunus
    Ibn Yunus
    Ibn Yunus was an important Egyptian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, whose works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on meticulous calculations and attention to detail.The crater Ibn Yunus on the Moon is named after...

  • Abu Nasr Mansur
    Abu Nasr Mansur
    Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq was a Persian Muslim mathematician. He is well known for his work with the spherical sine law....

  • Kushyar ibn Labban
    Kushyar ibn Labban
    Abul-Hasan Kūshyār ibn Labbān ibn Bashahri Gilani , also known as Kūshyār Gīlānī , was a Persian mathematician, geographer, and astronomer from Gilan, south of the Caspian Sea, Iran....

  • Al-Karaji
    Al-Karaji
    ' was a 10th century Persian Muslim mathematician and engineer. His three major works are Al-Badi' fi'l-hisab , Al-Fakhri fi'l-jabr wa'l-muqabala , and Al-Kafi fi'l-hisab .Because al-Karaji's original works in Arabic are lost, it is not...

  • Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
  • Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
  • Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
    Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
    Abu Mansur Abd al-Qahir ibn Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Tamimi al-Shaffi al-Baghdadi was an Arabian mathematician from Baghdad who is best known for his treatise al-Takmila fi'l-Hisab. It contains results in number theory, and comments on works by al-Khwarizmi which are now lost.-...

  • Al-Nasawi
  • Al-Jayyani
    Al-Jayyani
    Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Muʿādh al-Jayyānī was a mathematician, Islamic scholar, and Qadi from Al-Andalus...

  • Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
  • Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
  • Omar Khayyám
    Omar Khayyám
    Omar Khayyám was aPersian polymath: philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and poet. He also wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, mineralogy, music, climatology and theology....

  • Al-Khazini
    Al-Khazini
    Abu al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansour al-Khāzini or simply Abu al-Fath Khāzini was a Muslim astronomer of Greek ethnicity from Merv, then in the Khorasan province of Persia .-References:...

  • Ibn Bajjah
    Ibn Bajjah
    Abū-Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Sāyigh , known as Ibn Bājjah , was an Andalusian polymath: an astronomer, logician, musician, philosopher, physician, physicist, psychologist, botanist, poet and scientist. He was known in the West by his Latinized name, Avempace...

     (Avempace)
  • Al-Ghazali
    Al-Ghazali
    Abu Hāmed Mohammad ibn Mohammad al-Ghazzālī , known as Algazel to the western medieval world, born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia was a Persian Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, and mystic....

     (Algazel)
  • Al-Marrakushi
  • Al-Samawal
    Al-Samawal
    ' commonly known as Samau'al al-Maghribi was a Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physician of Jewish descent. Though born to a Jewish family, he converted to Islam in 1163 after he had a dream telling him to do so...

  • Averroes
    Averroes
    ' , better known just as Ibn Rushd , and in European literature as Averroes , was a Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy,...

  • Avicenna
    Avicenna
    Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā , commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived...

  • Hunayn ibn Ishaq
    Hunayn ibn Ishaq
    Hunayn ibn Ishaq was a famous and influential Assyrian Nestorian Christian scholar, physician, and scientist, known for his work in translating Greek scientific and medical works into Arabic and Syriac during the heyday of the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate.Ḥunayn ibn Isḥaq was the most productive...

  • Ibn al-Banna'
  • Ibn al-Shatir
    Ibn al-Shatir
    Ala Al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Shatir was an Arab Muslim astronomer, mathematician, engineer and inventor who worked as muwaqqit at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria.-Astronomy:...

  • Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
    Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
    Abū Maʿshar, Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad al-Balkhī , was a Persian astrologer, astronomer, and Islamic philosopher, thought to be the greatest astrologer of the Abbasid court in Baghdad...

     (Albumasar)
  • Jamshīd al-Kāshī
    Jamshid al-Kashi
    Ghiyāth al-Dīn Jamshīd Masʾūd al-Kāshī was a Persian astronomer and mathematician.-Biography:...

  • Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
  • Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
    Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
    ', was a Muslim astronomer and mathematician born in Spain, worked in Damascus, Syria and eventually in the Maragha observatory in Maragha, Ilkhanate of Persia, where he worked under the guidance of Nasir al-Din Tusi.Muhyi al-Din is most known for his works in trigonometry, Book on the theorem...

  • Maryam Mirzakhani
    Maryam Mirzakhani
    Maryam Mirzakhani is an Iranian mathematician, Professor of Mathematics at Stanford University...

  • Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
    Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
    Mu’ayyad al-Din al-’Urdi was an Kurdish Muslim astronomer, mathematician, architect and engineer working at the Maragheh observatory...

  • Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
    Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
    Muhammad Baqir Yazdi was an Iranian mathematician who lived in the 16th century. He gave the pair of amicable numbers 9,363,584 and 9,437,056 many years before Euler's contribution to amicable numbers....

  • Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
    Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
    Khawaja Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṭūsī , better known as Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī , was a Persian polymath and prolific writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, physicist, scientist, theologian and Marja Taqleed...

    , 13th century Persian
    Persian people
    The Persian people are part of the Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians and themselves part of...

     mathematician and philosopher
  • Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
  • Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
    Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
    Qotb al-Din Shirazi or Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi was a 13th century Persian Muslim polymath and Persian poet who made contributions astronomy, mathematics, medicine, physics, music theory, philosophy and Sufism.- Biography :...

  • Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
  • Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
  • Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
  • Ulugh Beg
    Ulugh Beg
    Ulugh Bek was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan. His commonly-known name is not truly a personal name, but rather a moniker, which can be loosely translated as "Great Ruler" or "Patriarch Ruler" and was the Turkic equivalent of Timur's Perso-Arabic title Amīr-e...


  • Cumrun Vafa
    Cumrun Vafa
    Cumrun Vafa is an Iranian-American leading string theorist from Harvard University where he started as a Harvard Junior Fellow. He is a recipient of the 2008 Dirac Medal.-Birth and education:...


Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists

  • Ibn Sirin
    Ibn Sirin
    Muhammad Ibn Sirin , was a Muslim interpreter of dreams who lived in the 8th century. He is a contemporary of Anas ibn Malik.-Biography:...

     (654–728), author of work on dream
    Dream
    Dreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep. The content and purpose of dreams are not definitively understood, though they have been a topic of scientific speculation, philosophical intrigue and religious...

    s and dream interpretation
    Dream interpretation
    Dream interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to dreams. In many ancient societies, such as those of Egypt and Greece, dreaming was considered a supernatural communication or a means of divine intervention, whose message could be unravelled by people with certain powers...

  • Al-Kindi
    Al-Kindi
    ' , known as "the Philosopher of the Arabs", was a Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy" for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion...

     (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy
    Psychotherapy
    Psychotherapy is a general term referring to any form of therapeutic interaction or treatment contracted between a trained professional and a client or patient; family, couple or group...

     and music therapy
    Music therapy
    Music therapy is an allied health profession and one of the expressive therapies, consisting of an interpersonal process in which a trained music therapist uses music and all of its facets—physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual—to help clients to improve or maintain their...

  • Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
    Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
    Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari also given as 810-855 and 783-858 was a Persian Muslim hakim, Islamic scholar, physician and psychologist of Zoroastrian descent, who produced one of the first encyclopedia of medicine. He was a pioneer of pediatrics and the field of child development...

    , pioneer of psychiatry
    Psychiatry
    Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities...

    , clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology
    Clinical psychology
    Clinical psychology is an integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development...

  • Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
    Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
    Abu Zayd Ahmed ibn Sahl Balkhi was a Persian Muslim polymath: a geographer, mathematician, physician, psychologist and scientist. Born in 850 CE in Shamistiyan, in the Persian province of Balkh, Khorasan , he was a disciple of al-Kindi...

    , pioneer of mental health
    Mental health
    Mental health describes either a level of cognitive or emotional well-being or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology or holism mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and...

    , medical psychology
    Medical psychology
    Medical psychology is a very broad field and has been defined in various ways. The Academy of Medical Psychology's definition applies to both the practices of consultation and prescribing in Medical Psychology, when allowed by statutes...

    , cognitive psychology
    Cognitive psychology
    Cognitive psychology is a subdiscipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes.It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems.Cognitive psychology differs from previous psychological approaches in two key ways....

    , cognitive therapy
    Cognitive therapy
    Cognitive behavioral therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach: a talking therapy. CBT aims to solve problems concerning dysfunctional emotions, behaviors and cognitions through a goal-oriented, systematic procedure in the present...

    , psychophysiology
    Psychophysiology
    Psychophysiology is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes. While psychophysiology was a general broad field of research in the 1960s and 1970s, it has now become quite specialized, and has branched into subspecializations...

     and psychosomatic medicine
  • Al-Farabi
    Al-Farabi
    ' known in the West as Alpharabius , was a scientist and philosopher of the Islamic world...

     (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology
    Social psychology
    Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. By this definition, scientific refers to the empirical method of investigation. The terms thoughts, feelings, and behaviors include all...

     and consciousness
    Consciousness
    Consciousness is a term that refers to the relationship between the mind and the world with which it interacts. It has been defined as: subjectivity, awareness, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive control system of the mind...

     studies
  • Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi
    Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi
    Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi , also known as Masoudi, or Latinized as Haly Abbas, was a Persian physician and psychologist most famous for the Kitab al-Maliki or Complete Book of the Medical Art, his textbook on medicine and psychology.-Biography:He was born in Ahvaz, southwestern Persia, and...

     (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy
    Neuroanatomy
    Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and organization of the nervous system. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can begin to speak of...

    , neurobiology and neurophysiology
    Neurophysiology
    Neurophysiology is a part of physiology. Neurophysiology is the study of nervous system function...

  • Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery
    Neurosurgery
    Neurosurgery is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spine, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.-In the United States:In...

  • Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology
    Experimental psychology
    Experimental psychology is a methodological approach, rather than a subject, and encompasses varied fields within psychology. Experimental psychologists have traditionally conducted research, published articles, and taught classes on neuroscience, developmental psychology, sensation, perception,...

    , psychophysics
    Psychophysics
    Psychophysics quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they effect. Psychophysics has been described as "the scientific study of the relation between stimulus and sensation" or, more completely, as "the analysis of perceptual...

    , phenomenology
    Phenomenology (psychology)
    Phenomenology is an approach to psychological subject matter that has its roots in the philosophical work of Edmund Husserl. Early phenomenologists such as Husserl, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty conducted their own psychological investigations in the early 20th century...

     and visual perception
    Visual perception
    Visual perception is the ability to interpret information and surroundings from the effects of visible light reaching the eye. The resulting perception is also known as eyesight, sight, or vision...

  • Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time
  • Avicenna
    Avicenna
    Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā , commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived...

     (Ibn Sina), pioneer of neuropsychiatry
    Neuropsychiatry
    Neuropsychiatry is the branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system. It preceded the current disciplines of psychiatry and neurology, in as much as psychiatrists and neurologists had a common training....

    , thought experiment
    Thought experiment
    A thought experiment or Gedankenexperiment considers some hypothesis, theory, or principle for the purpose of thinking through its consequences...

    , self-awareness
    Self-awareness
    Self-awareness is the capacity for introspection and the ability to reconcile oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals...

     and self-consciousness
    Self-consciousness
    Self-consciousness is an acute sense of self-awareness. It is a preoccupation with oneself, as opposed to the philosophical state of self-awareness, which is the awareness that one exists as an individual being; although some writers use both terms interchangeably or synonymously...

  • Ibn Zuhr
    Ibn Zuhr
    Abū Merwān ’Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr was a Muslim physician, surgeon and teacher in Al-Andalus.He was born at Seville...

     (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology
    Neurology
    Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...

     and neuropharmacology
    Neuropharmacology
    Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system. There are two main branches of neuropharmacology: behavioral and molecular. Behavioral neuropharmacology focuses on the study of how drugs affect human behavior , including the study of how drug dependence...

  • Averroes
    Averroes
    ' , better known just as Ibn Rushd , and in European literature as Averroes , was a Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy,...

    , pioneer of Parkinson's disease
    Parkinson's disease
    Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system...

  • Ibn Tufail
    Ibn Tufail
    Ibn Tufail was an Andalusian Muslim polymath: an Arabic writer, novelist, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, vizier,...

    , pioneer of tabula rasa
    Tabula rasa
    Tabula rasa is the epistemological theory that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that their knowledge comes from experience and perception. Generally proponents of the tabula rasa thesis favour the "nurture" side of the nature versus nurture debate, when it comes to aspects...

     and nature versus nurture
    Nature versus nurture
    The nature versus nurture debate concerns the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities versus personal experiences The nature versus nurture debate concerns the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities ("nature," i.e. nativism, or innatism) versus personal experiences...

  • Mir Sajad,Neuroscientist and pioneer in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.

Physicians and surgeons

  • Khalid ibn Yazid
    Calid
    CalidAlso Kalid, possibly Galid. Haly or Hali is likely Haly Abenragel. is a medieval Latin transcription of the Arabic name Khalid .-Khalid ibn Yazid:...

     (Calid)
  • Jafar al-Sadiq
  • Shapur ibn Sahl
    Shapur ibn Sahl
    Sābūr ibn Sahl was a 9th-century Persian Christian physician from the Academy of Gundishapur.Among other medical works, he wrote one of the first medical books on antidotes called Aqrabadhin, which was divided into 22 volumes, and which was possibly the earliest of its kind to influence Muslim...

     (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy
    Pharmacy
    Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs...

     and pharmacopoeia
    Pharmacopoeia
    Pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea, , in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society.In a broader sense it is...

  • Al-Kindi
    Al-Kindi
    ' , known as "the Philosopher of the Arabs", was a Muslim Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy" for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion...

     (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology
    Pharmacology
    Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function...

  • Abbas Ibn Firnas
    Abbas Ibn Firnas
    Abbas Ibn Firnas , also known as Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas and عباس بن فرناس , was a Muslim Andalusian polymath: an inventor, engineer, aviator, physician, Arabic poet, and Andalusian musician. Of Berber descent, he was born in Izn-Rand Onda, Al-Andalus , and lived in the Emirate of Córdoba...

     (Armen Firman) (810-887)
  • Al-Jahiz
    Al-Jahiz
    Al-Jāḥiẓ was an Arabic prose writer and author of works of literature, Mu'tazili theology, and politico-religious polemics.In biology, Al-Jahiz introduced the concept of food chains and also proposed a scheme of animal evolution that entailed...

    , pioneer of natural selection
    Natural selection
    Natural selection is the nonrandom process by which biologic traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution....

  • Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
    Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
    Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari also given as 810-855 and 783-858 was a Persian Muslim hakim, Islamic scholar, physician and psychologist of Zoroastrian descent, who produced one of the first encyclopedia of medicine. He was a pioneer of pediatrics and the field of child development...

    , pioneer of medical encyclopedia
    Encyclopedia
    An encyclopedia is a type of reference work, a compendium holding a summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge....

  • Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
    Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
    Abu Zayd Ahmed ibn Sahl Balkhi was a Persian Muslim polymath: a geographer, mathematician, physician, psychologist and scientist. Born in 850 CE in Shamistiyan, in the Persian province of Balkh, Khorasan , he was a disciple of al-Kindi...

  • Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review
    Peer review
    Peer review is a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance and provide credibility...

     and medical peer review
    Medical peer review
    Medical peer review is the process by which a committee of physicians examines the work of a peer and determines whether the physician under review has met accepted standards of care in rendering medical services. Depending on the specific institution, a medical peer review may be initiated at the...

  • Al-Farabi
    Al-Farabi
    ' known in the West as Alpharabius , was a scientist and philosopher of the Islamic world...

     (Alpharabius)
  • Ibn Al-Jazzar
    Ibn Al-Jazzar
    Ahmed Ben Jaafar Ben Brahim Ibn Al Jazzar Al-Qayrawani , was an influential 10th-century Muslim physician who became famous for his writings on Islamic medicine. He was born in Qayrawan in modern-day Tunisia...

     (circa 898-980)
  • Abul Hasan al-Tabari
    Abul Hasan al-Tabari
    Abu-l-Hasan Ahmad ibn Mohammad al-Tabari, born in Amol, was a 10th century Persian physician from Tabaristan.He was a physician of Rukn al-dawlah, a Buwayhid ruler....

     - physician
  • Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
    Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
    Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari also given as 810-855 and 783-858 was a Persian Muslim hakim, Islamic scholar, physician and psychologist of Zoroastrian descent, who produced one of the first encyclopedia of medicine. He was a pioneer of pediatrics and the field of child development...

     - physician
  • Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi
    Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi
    Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi , also known as Masoudi, or Latinized as Haly Abbas, was a Persian physician and psychologist most famous for the Kitab al-Maliki or Complete Book of the Medical Art, his textbook on medicine and psychology.-Biography:He was born in Ahvaz, southwestern Persia, and...

     (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics
    Obstetrics
    Obstetrics is the medical specialty dealing with the care of all women's reproductive tracts and their children during pregnancy , childbirth and the postnatal period...

     and perinatology
  • Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration
    Dental restoration
    A dental restoration or dental filling is a dental restorative material used to restore the function, integrity and morphology of missing tooth structure. The structural loss typically results from caries or external trauma. It is also lost intentionally during tooth preparation to improve the...

  • Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) - father of modern surgery
    Surgery
    Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...

    , and pioneer of neurosurgery
    Neurosurgery
    Neurosurgery is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spine, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.-In the United States:In...

    , craniotomy
    Craniotomy
    A craniotomy is a surgical operation in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain. Craniotomies are often a critical operation performed on patients recording, brain imaging, and for neurological manipulations such as electrical stimulation and chemical...

    , hematology
    Hematology
    Hematology, also spelled haematology , is the branch of biology physiology, internal medicine, pathology, clinical laboratory work, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases...

     and dental surgery
    Dental surgery
    Dental surgery is any of a number of medical procedures that involve artificially modifying dentition, in other words surgery of the teeth and jaw bones.-Types:Some of the more common are:...

  • Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery
    Eye surgery
    Eye surgery, also known as orogolomistician surgery or ocular surgery, is surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa, typically by an ophthalmologist.-Preparation and precautions:...

    , visual system
    Visual system
    The visual system is the part of the central nervous system which enables organisms to process visual detail, as well as enabling several non-image forming photoresponse functions. It interprets information from visible light to build a representation of the surrounding world...

     and visual perception
    Visual perception
    Visual perception is the ability to interpret information and surroundings from the effects of visible light reaching the eye. The resulting perception is also known as eyesight, sight, or vision...

  • Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
  • Avicenna
    Avicenna
    Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā , commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived...

     (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern medicine
    Medicine
    Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....

    , founder of Unani
    Unani
    Unani-tibb or Unani Medicine also spelled Yunani Medicine means "Greek Medicine", and is a form of traditional medicine widely practiced in South Asia...

     medicine, pioneer of experimental medicine
    Biomedical research
    Biomedical research , in general simply known as medical research, is the basic research, applied research, or translational research conducted to aid and support the body of knowledge in the field of medicine...

    , evidence-based medicine
    Evidence-based medicine
    Evidence-based medicine or evidence-based practice aims to apply the best available evidence gained from the scientific method to clinical decision making. It seeks to assess the strength of evidence of the risks and benefits of treatments and diagnostic tests...

    , pharmaceutical sciences
    Pharmaceutical sciences
    The pharmaceutical sciences are a group of interdisciplinary areas of study involved with the design, action, delivery, disposition, and use of drugs...

    , clinical pharmacology
    Clinical pharmacology
    Clinical pharmacology is the science of drugs and their clinical use. It is underpinned by the basic science of pharmacology, with added focus on the application of pharmacological principles and methods in the real world...

    , aromatherapy
    Aromatherapy
    Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine that uses volatile plant materials, known as essential oils, and other aromatic compounds for the purpose of altering a person's mind, mood, cognitive function or health....

    , pulsology and sphygmology
    Pulse
    In medicine, one's pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the heartbeat by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed against a bone, such as at the neck , at the wrist , behind the knee , on the inside of the elbow , and near the...

    , and also a philosopher
  • Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman
    Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman
    Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman , is well known for his contribution to Unani medicine. He founded Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences in 2000...

    , physician of Unani medicine
  • Ibn Miskawayh
    Ibn Miskawayh
    Abu 'Ali Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ya'qub Ibn Miskawayh, also known as Ibn Miskawayh or Ebn Meskavayh was a Persian chancery official of the Buwayhid era, and philosopher and historian from Rey, Iran...

  • Ibn Zuhr
    Ibn Zuhr
    Abū Merwān ’Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr was a Muslim physician, surgeon and teacher in Al-Andalus.He was born at Seville...

     (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery
    Surgery
    Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...

    , and pioneer of experimental anatomy
    Anatomy
    Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy , and plant anatomy...

    , experimental physiology
    Physiology
    Physiology is the science of the function of living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or...

    , human dissection
    Dissection
    Dissection is usually the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the functions and relationships of its components....

    , autopsy
    Autopsy
    An autopsy—also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy , autopsia cadaverum, or obduction—is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse to determine the cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present...

     and tracheotomy
    Tracheotomy
    Among the oldest described surgical procedures, tracheotomy consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea...

  • Ibn Bajjah
    Ibn Bajjah
    Abū-Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Sāyigh , known as Ibn Bājjah , was an Andalusian polymath: an astronomer, logician, musician, philosopher, physician, physicist, psychologist, botanist, poet and scientist. He was known in the West by his Latinized name, Avempace...

     (Avempace)
  • Ibn Tufail
    Ibn Tufail
    Ibn Tufail was an Andalusian Muslim polymath: an Arabic writer, novelist, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, vizier,...

     (Abubacer)
  • Averroes
    Averroes
    ' , better known just as Ibn Rushd , and in European literature as Averroes , was a Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy,...

  • Ibn al-Baitar
  • Ibn Jazla
    Ibn Jazla
    Abu ali Yahya ibn Isa Ibn Jazla Al Baghdadi or Ibn Jazlah , Latinized as Buhahylyha Bingezla, was an 11th-century physician of Baghdad and author of an influential treatise on regimen that was translated into Latin in 1280 AD by the Sicilian Jewish physician Faraj ben Salem.-Biography:Ibn Jazla...

  • Nasir al-Din Tusi
  • Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), father of circulatory physiology
    Circulatory system
    The circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients , gases, hormones, blood cells, etc...

    , pioneer of circulatory anatomy
    Anatomy
    Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy , and plant anatomy...

    , and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology
    Physiology
    Physiology is the science of the function of living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or...

    , pulsology and sphygmology
    Pulse
    In medicine, one's pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the heartbeat by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed against a bone, such as at the neck , at the wrist , behind the knee , on the inside of the elbow , and near the...

  • Ibn al-Quff
    Ibn al-Quff
    Amīn-ad-Daula Abu-'l-Faraǧ ibn Yaʻqūb ibn Isḥāq Ibn al-Quff al-Karaki was an Arab physician and surgeon and author of the earliest medieval Arabic treatise intended solely for surgeons....

     (1233–1305), pioneer of embryology
    Embryology
    Embryology is a science which is about the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage...

  • Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
  • Ibn al-Khatib
    Ibn al-Khatib
    Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib was a poet, writer, historian, philosopher, physician and politician from Emirate of Granada. Some of his poems decorate the walls of the Alhambra in Granada.He was born at Loja, near Granada...

     (1313–1374)
  • Mansur ibn Ilyas
  • Saghir Akhtar
    Saghir Akhtar
    Saghir Akhtar is professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, and editor in chief of the Journal of Drug Targeting. He was previously professor of Drug Delivery in the Welsh School of Pharmacy and Director for the Centre for Genome-based...

     - pharmacist
  • Syed Ziaur Rahman
    Syed Ziaur Rahman
    Dr Syed Ziaur Rahman is a faculty member in the discipline of Pharmacology and Chair of the Advisory Council , International Association of Medical Colleges.-Biography:...

    , pharmacologist
  • Toffy Musivand
    Toffy Musivand
    Tofy Mussivand is an Iranian physician and engineer and a cardiologist in Canada.He studied Medicine and Engineering at Tehran University and University of Alberta. Tofy Mussivand is known for the invention of Artificial Cardiac Pump. Cardiac pump or cardiac bypass pump or heart-lung machine...

  • Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of fibromyalgia
    Fibromyalgia
    Fibromyalgia is a medical disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain and allodynia, a heightened and painful response to pressure. It is an example of a diagnosis of exclusion...

    "
  • Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor
    Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor
    Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor is a Malaysian orthopaedic surgeon and was the first Malaysian to go into space. He was launched to the International Space Station aboard Soyuz TMA-11 with the Expedition 16 crew on October 10, 2007...

    , pioneer of biomedical research
    Biomedical research
    Biomedical research , in general simply known as medical research, is the basic research, applied research, or translational research conducted to aid and support the body of knowledge in the field of medicine...

     in space
  • Hulusi Behçet
    Hulusi Behçet
    Hulusi Behçet was a Turkish dermatologist and scientist. He described a disease of inflamed blood vessels in 1937, which is named after him as the Behçet's disease.- Professional works :...

    , known for the discovery of Behçet's disease
    Behçet's disease
    Behçet's disease is a rare immune-mediated systemic vasculitis that often presents with mucous membrane ulceration and ocular involvements...

  • Ibrahim B. Syed
    Ibrahim B. Syed
    Ibrahim Bijli Syed is an American Muslim and Radiologist. Dr. Syed is an educator and currently he is a Clinical Professor of Medicine at the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky - Education :...

     - radiologist
  • Mehmet Öz
    Mehmet Oz
    Mehmet Cengiz Oz , also known as Dr. Oz, is a Turkish-American cardiothoracic surgeon, author, talk show host, and commentator for The Dr. Oz Show, a daily television program focusing on medical issues/personal health....

    , cardiothoracic surgeon
  • Abdul Qayyum Rana, Neurologist known for his work on Parkinson's disease

Physicists and engineers

  • Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
  • Banū Mūsā
    Banu Musa
    The Banū Mūsā brothers , namely Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir , Abū al‐Qāsim Aḥmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir and Al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir , were three 9th-century Persian scholars of Baghdad who are known for their Book of Ingenious Devices on automata and mechanical devices...

     (Ben Mousa), 9th century
    • Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
    • Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
    • Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
  • Abbas Ibn Firnas
    Abbas Ibn Firnas
    Abbas Ibn Firnas , also known as Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas and عباس بن فرناس , was a Muslim Andalusian polymath: an inventor, engineer, aviator, physician, Arabic poet, and Andalusian musician. Of Berber descent, he was born in Izn-Rand Onda, Al-Andalus , and lived in the Emirate of Córdoba...

     (Armen Firman), 9th century
  • Al-Saghani
    Al-saghani
    Abu Hamid Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Saghani al-Asturlabi was a Persian astronomer and historian of science. He flourished in Baghdad, where he died in 990 AD....

    , 10th century
  • Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
  • Ibn Sahl
    Ibn Sahl
    This article is about the physicist. For the physician, see Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari. For the poet, see Ibn Sahl of Sevilla.Ibn Sahl was a Muslim Persian mathematician, physicist and optics engineer of the Islamic Golden Age associated with the Abbasid court of Baghdad...

    , 10th century
  • Ibn Yunus
    Ibn Yunus
    Ibn Yunus was an important Egyptian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, whose works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on meticulous calculations and attention to detail.The crater Ibn Yunus on the Moon is named after...

    , 10th century
  • Al-Karaji
    Al-Karaji
    ' was a 10th century Persian Muslim mathematician and engineer. His three major works are Al-Badi' fi'l-hisab , Al-Fakhri fi'l-jabr wa'l-muqabala , and Al-Kafi fi'l-hisab .Because al-Karaji's original works in Arabic are lost, it is not...

    , 10th century
  • Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraq
    Iraq
    Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....

    i scientist, father of optics
    Optics
    Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light...

    , pioneer of scientific method
    Scientific method
    Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of...

     and experimental physics
    Experimental physics
    Within the field of physics, experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines concerned with the observation of physical phenomena in order to gather data about the universe...

    , considered the "first scientist
    Scientist
    A scientist in a broad sense is one engaging in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge. In a more restricted sense, a scientist is an individual who uses the scientific method. The person may be an expert in one or more areas of science. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word...

    "
  • Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics
  • Avicenna
    Avicenna
    Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā , commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived...

    , 11th century
  • Al-Khazini
    Al-Khazini
    Abu al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansour al-Khāzini or simply Abu al-Fath Khāzini was a Muslim astronomer of Greek ethnicity from Merv, then in the Khorasan province of Persia .-References:...

    , 12th century
  • Ibn Bajjah
    Ibn Bajjah
    Abū-Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Sāyigh , known as Ibn Bājjah , was an Andalusian polymath: an astronomer, logician, musician, philosopher, physician, physicist, psychologist, botanist, poet and scientist. He was known in the West by his Latinized name, Avempace...

     (Avempace), 12th century
  • Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi
    Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi
    Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī was an Islamic philosopher and physician of Jewish-Arab descent from Baghdad, Iraq. Abu'l-Barakāt, an older contemporary and father-in-law of Maimonides, was originally known by his Hebrew birth name Nathanel before his conversion from Judaism to...

     (Nathanel), 12th century
  • Averroes
    Averroes
    ' , better known just as Ibn Rushd , and in European literature as Averroes , was a Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy,...

    , 12th century Andalusian
    Al-Andalus
    Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to a nation and territorial region also commonly referred to as Moorish Iberia. The name describes parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Muslims , at various times in the period between 711 and 1492, although the territorial boundaries...

     mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
  • Al-Jazari
    Al-Jazari
    Abū al-'Iz Ibn Ismā'īl ibn al-Razāz al-Jazarī was a Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, craftsman, artist, mathematician and astronomer from Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia, who lived during the Islamic Golden Age...

    , 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics
    Robotics
    Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots...

    ,
  • Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
  • Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
    Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
    Qotb al-Din Shirazi or Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi was a 13th century Persian Muslim polymath and Persian poet who made contributions astronomy, mathematics, medicine, physics, music theory, philosophy and Sufism.- Biography :...

    , 13th century
  • Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
  • Ibn al-Shatir
    Ibn al-Shatir
    Ala Al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Shatir was an Arab Muslim astronomer, mathematician, engineer and inventor who worked as muwaqqit at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria.-Astronomy:...

    , 14th century
  • Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th century
  • Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi
    Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi
    Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi was a legendary Ottoman aviator of 17th-century Constantinople , purported to have achieved sustained unpowered flight.-Alleged flight:...

    , 17th century
  • Lagari Hasan Çelebi
    Lagari Hasan Çelebi
    Lagari Hasan Çelebi was a legendary Ottoman aviator who, according to an account written by Evliya Çelebi, made a successful manned rocket flight.-Account:...

    , 17th century
  • Sake Dean Mahomet
    Sake Dean Mahomet
    Sake Dean Mahomed was a Bengali traveler, surgeon and entrepreneur who introduced the Indian curry house restaurant in Britain, and was the first Indian to have written a book in English. He also established "shampooing" baths in Great Britain, where he offered therapeutic massage,The word...

    , 18th century
  • Tipu Sultan, 18th century Indian mechanician
  • Fazlur Khan
    Fazlur Khan
    Fazlur Rahman Khan was a Bangladeshi born architect and structural engineer. He is a central figure behind the "Second Chicago School" of architecture, and is regarded as the "Father of tubular design for high-rises"...

    , 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
  • Mahmoud Hessaby
    Mahmoud Hessaby
    Sayyed Mahmoud Hessaby was a prominent Iranian scientist, researcher and distinguished professor of University of Tehran...

    , 20th century Iranian physicist
  • Ali Javan
    Ali Javan
    Ali Mortimer Javan , born December 26, 1926 in Tehran, Iran is an Iranian American inventor and physicist at MIT. He co-invented the gas laser in 1960, with William R. Bennett...

    , 20th century Iranian physicist
  • Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president
  • Abdul Kalam
    Abdul Kalam
    Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam usually referred to as A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, is a renowned aerospace engineer, professor , and first Chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram , who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007...

    , Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear scientist
  • Mehran Kardar
    Mehran Kardar
    Mehran Kardar is a prominent Iranian born physicist, full Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute. He received his B.A...

    , Iranian theoretical physicist
  • Cumrun Vafa
    Cumrun Vafa
    Cumrun Vafa is an Iranian-American leading string theorist from Harvard University where he started as a Harvard Junior Fellow. He is a recipient of the 2008 Dirac Medal.-Birth and education:...

    , Iranian mathematical physicist
  • Abdus Salam
    Abdus Salam
    Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk Mohammad Abdus Salam, NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced , (January 29, 1926– November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the...

    , Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel Laureate
  • Nima Arkani-Hamed
    Nima Arkani-Hamed
    Nima Arkani-Hamed is a leading Canadian American theoretical physicist with interests in high-energy physics, string theory and cosmology....

    , American-born Iranian physicist
  • Abdel Nasser Tawfik
    Abdel Nasser Tawfik
    Abdel Nasser Tawfik has been graduated from Assiut University in 1989, where he also completed his Master Degree in Theoretical Physics before his change to the University of Marburg , Germany for the Dr.rer.Nat...

    , Egyptian-born German particle physicist
  • Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American particle physicist
  • Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist
  • Abdul Qadeer Khan
    Abdul Qadeer Khan
    Abdul Qadeer Khan , also known in Pakistan as Mohsin-e-Pakistan , D.Eng, Sc.D, HI, NI , FPAS; more widely known as Dr. A. Q...

    , Pakistani nuclear scientist
  • Ali Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
  • Sameera Moussa
    Sameera Moussa
    Sameera Moussa was an Egyptian nuclear scientist who held a doctorate in atomic radiation and worked to make the medical use of nuclear technology affordable to all...

    , Egyptian nuclear physicist
  • Munir Ahmad Khan
    Munir Ahmad Khan
    Munir Ahmad Khan , HI, was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a scientist who served as the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission from 1972 to 1991...

    , Father of Pakistan's nuclear program

Political scientists

  • Syed Qutb
  • Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
  • Abul Ala Maududi
    Abul Ala Maududi
    Syed Abul A'ala Maududi , also known as Molana or Shaikh Syed Abul A'ala Mawdudi, was a Sunni Pakistani journalist, theologian, Muslim revivalist leader and political philosopher, and a major 20th century Islamist thinker. He was also a prominent political figure in Pakistan and was the first...

  • Hasan al-Turabi
  • Hassan al-Banna
    Hassan al-Banna
    Sheikh Hasan Ahmed Abdel Rahman Muhammed al-Banna known as Hasan al-Banna was a schoolteacher and imam, best known for founding the Muslim Brotherhood, one of the largest and most influential 20th century Muslim revivalist organizations.-Early life:Banna was born in 1906 in Mahmoudiyah, Egypt...

  • Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
    Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
    Mohamed Hassanein Heikal is a leading Egyptian journalist. For 17 years he was editor-in-chief of the Cairo newspaper Al-Ahram and has been a respected commentator on Arab affairs for more than 50 years.-Background and Books:...

  • Necmettin Erbakan
    Necmettin Erbakan
    Necmettin Erbakan was a Turkish engineer, academic, politician , who was the Prime Minister of Turkey from 1996 until 1997. He was Turkey's first Islamist Prime Minister...

  • M. A. Muqtedar Khan
    M. A. Muqtedar Khan
    Dr. M. A. Muqtedar Khan [محمد عبد المقتدر خان] is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science, a Sufi and International Relations at the University of Delaware. He is also the founding Director of the Islamic Studies Program at the University of Delaware...

  • Rashid al-Ghannushi
    Rashid Al-Ghannushi
    Rashid al-Ghannushi or Rached Ghannouchi is a Tunisian Islamist who co-founded the Ennahda Movement, currently the largest party in Tunisia. He has been called the party's "intellectual leader".-Biography:...

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