. Following are the chief varieties of timber trees which are used for engineering purposes in India:
| Common name |
Binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages...
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ColourColor or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, green, blue and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors...
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Density The mass density or density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ . In some cases , density is also defined as its weight per unit volume; although, this quantity is more properly called specific weight... ¹ |
Location |
Characteristics, Usage and Status |
| Aini or Aangili |
Artocarpus hirsutus Artocarpus hirsutus, known by a variety of names, such as Aini, Aini-maram, Aanjili, is a tropical evergreen tree species that is native to India , where it prefers moist, deciduous to partially evergreen woodlands.Its flowers are in axillary inflorescences and its fruits are syncarps and very...
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Yellowish brown |
595 kg/m³ |
MaharashtraMaharashtra is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India... , Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh , is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city by population is Hyderabad.The total GDP of Andhra Pradesh is $100 billion and is ranked third... , Tamil NaduTamil Nadu is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh... , KarnatakaKarnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava... , Keralaor Keralam is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was created on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions....
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Elastic, close-grained, and strong. It takes polish Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or using a chemical action, leaving a surface with a significant specular reflection In some materials polishing is also able to reduce diffuse reflection to... . It can be used underwaterUnderwater is a term describing the realm below the surface of water where the water exists in a natural feature such as an ocean, sea, lake, pond, or river. Three quarters of the planet Earth is covered by water... . It is used for ordinary building construction, structural work, pavingRoad surface or pavement is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. In the past cobblestones and granite setts were extensively used, but these surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete. Such... , furnitureFurniture is the mass noun for the movable objects intended to support various human activities such as seating and sleeping in beds, to hold objects at a convenient height for work using horizontal surfaces above the ground, or to store things... and so forth. |
| Arjun |
Terminalia arjunaTerminalia arjuna is a tree of the genus Terminalia.-Description:... Terminalia ellipticaTerminalia elliptica is a species of Terminalia native to southern and southeast Asia in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam...
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Dark brown |
870 kg/m³ |
Central India |
It is heavy and strong. It has such uses as beams A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.- Overview... , rafterA rafter is one of a series of sloped structural members , that extend from the ridge or hip to the downslope perimeter or eave, designed to support the roof deck and its associated loads.-Design:... s, and posts. |
| Axlewood |
Anogeissus latifolia Anogeissus latifolia is a species of small to medium-sized tree native to the India, Nepal, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. Its common names are axlewood , bakli, dhau, dhawa, dhawra, or dhaora , takhian-nu , and raam .It is one of the most useful trees in India...
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|
930 kg/m³ |
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh , often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city.... , BiharBihar is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India.... , Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh abbreviation U.P. , is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity...
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It is very strong, hard and tough. It takes a smooth finish. It is subject to cracking. |
| Babul |
Acacia nilotica subsp. indica Acacia nilotica subsp. indica is a perennial tree native to Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan. It is also cultivated in Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Tanzania...
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Whitish red |
835 kg/m³ |
RajasthanRājasthān the land of Rajasthanis, , is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert , which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with... , Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, BengalBengal is a historical and geographical region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. Today, it is mainly divided between the sovereign land of People's Republic of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, although some regions of the previous... , Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh |
It is strong, hard and tough and it takes up a good polish. It is used for such products as bodies and wheelA wheel is a device that allows heavy objects to be moved easily through rotating on an axle through its center, facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Common examples found in transport applications. A wheel, together with an axle,... s of bullock cartA bullock cart or ox cart is a two-wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen . It is a means of transportation used since ancient times in many parts of the world. They are still used today where modern vehicles are too expensive or the infrastructure does not favor them.Used especially for carrying goods,... , agricultural instruments, tool handles, and well curbs. |
| Bakul |
Mimusops elengi Mimusops elengi is a medium-sized evergreen tree found in tropical forests in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Northern Australia. English common names include Spanish cherry,, Medlar, and Bullet wood... Mimusops parvifolia |
Reddish brown |
880 kg/m³ |
Some parts of North India |
It is close-grained and tough. It is used for making cabinets A cabinet is usually a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors or drawers for storing miscellaneous items. Some cabinets stand alone while others are built into a wall or are attached to it like a medicine cabinet. Cabinets are typically made of wood or, now increasingly, of synthetic... . |
BambooBamboo is a group of perennial evergreens in the true grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family....
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Family PoaceaeThe Poaceae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called grasses, although the term "grass" is also applied to plants that are not in the Poaceae lineage, including the rushes and sedges... , tribe Bambuseae |
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Throughout India, especially AssamAssam , also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province , is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country... and Bengal |
Not actually a tree, but a woody grass, it is flexible, very strong and durable. It is used for scaffoldingScaffolding is a temporary structure used to support people and material in the construction or repair of buildings and other large structures. It is usually a modular system of metal pipes or tubes, although it can be from other materials... s, thatched roofs, rafters, temporary bridges, and so forth. |
BanyanA banyan is a fig that starts its life as an epiphyte when its seeds germinate in the cracks and crevices on a host tree...
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Ficus benghalensisFicus benghalensis, the banyan, is a large and extensive growing tree of the Indian subcontinent. Ficus benghalensis produces propagating roots which grow downwards as aerial roots. Once these roots reach the ground, they grow into woody trunks that can become indistinguishable from the main...
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Brown |
580 kg/m³ |
Throughout India |
It is strong and durable only under water. The aerial roots are utilized for such items as tent poles and well curbs. |
| Benteak |
Lagerstoemia parviflora |
|
675 kg/m³ |
Kerala, Madras, Maharashtra, Karnataka |
It is strong and takes up a smooth surface. It may be used for building constructions, boat building Boat building, one of the oldest branches of engineering, is concerned with constructing the hulls of boats and, for sailboats, the masts, spars and rigging.-Parts:* Bow - the front and generally sharp end of the hull... and furniture. |
| Bijasal |
Pterocarpus marsupium |
Light brown |
800 kg/m³ |
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, OrissaOrissa , officially Odisha since Nov 2011, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April...
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It is coarse-grained, durable and strong but difficult to work. Termites (also known as white ant) do not easily attack it. It is used for ordinary building construction and for cartA cart is a vehicle designed for transport, using two wheels and normally pulled by one or a pair of draught animals. A handcart is pulled or pushed by one or more people... wheels. Vulnerable |
CasuarinaCasuarina is a genus of 17 species in the family Casuarinaceae, native to Australasia, southeast Asia, and islands of the western Pacific Ocean. It was once treated as the sole genus in the family, but has been split into three genera .They are evergreen shrubs and trees growing to 35 m tall...
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Casuarina spp. |
Reddish brown |
765 kg/m³ |
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu |
It grows straight. It is strong and fibrous. It is, however, badly twisted. It is often used for scaffolding and posts for temporary structures. |
CoconutThe coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, is a member of the family Arecaceae . It is the only accepted species in the genus Cocos. The term coconut can refer to the entire coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which is not a botanical nut. The spelling cocoanut is an old-fashioned form of the word...
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Cocos nucifera |
Reddish brown |
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Throughout coastal India |
Takes polish. Requires preservative treatment. Used as poles, piles, furniture and as formwork in concrete construction. |
| Deodar |
Cedrus deodara |
Yellowish brown |
560 kg/m³ |
HimalayasThe Himalaya Range or Himalaya Mountains Sanskrit: Devanagari: हिमालय, literally "abode of snow"), usually called the Himalayas or Himalaya for short, is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau... , PunjabPunjab ) is a state in the northwest of the Republic of India, forming part of the larger Punjab region. The state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast and Rajasthan to the southwest as well as the Pakistani province of Punjab to the... , Uttar Pradesh |
Deodar is the most important timber tree providing soft wood. It can be easily worked and it is moderately strong. It possesses distinct annual rings. It is used for making cheap furniture, railway carriages, railway sleepers, packing boxes, structural work and so forth. |
| Gumar |
Gymnema sylvestre Gymnema sylvestre is a herb native to the tropical forests of southern and central India where it has been used as a natural treatment for diabetes for nearly two millennia.-Description:...
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Pale yellow |
580 kg/m³ |
Central India, South IndiaSouth India is the area encompassing India's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Pondicherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area...
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It can be easily worked and is strong and durable especially when used under water. It is used for such products as furniture, carriage, well curbs, yoke A yoke is a wooden beam, normally used between a pair of oxen or other animals to enable them to pull together on a load when working in pairs, as oxen usually do; some yokes are fitted to individual animals. There are several types of yoke, used in different cultures, and for different types of oxen... s, and door panels. |
| Hopea |
Hopea parviflora Hopea parviflora is a species of plant in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It is endemic to India.-References:* Ashton, P. 1998. . Downloaded on 21 August 2007....
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Light to deep brown |
1010 kg/m³ |
Madras, Kerala |
Hopea is extremely strong and tough. It is difficult to work. However, it can be seasoned easily and it is durable and not likely to be damaged by white ants. It has been variously used for ordinary house construction, railway sleepers, piles A deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth they are embedded into the ground. There are many reasons a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, but some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a... , and boat building. Endangered |
| Himalayan Elm, Indian Elm |
Ulmus wallichiana |
Red |
960 kg/m³ |
Throughout India |
It is moderately hard and strong. It is used for door and window frames, carts, and so forth. |
| Ironwood Ironwood is a common name for a large number of woods that have a reputation for hardness. Usage of the name may include the tree that yields this wood... , Penaga Lilin, Bosneak, Gangaw, Mesua |
Mesua ferreaMesua ferrea is a species in the family Calophyllaceae. The plant is named after the heaviness of its timber and cultivated in tropical climates for its form, foliage, and fragrant flowers...
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Reddish brown |
960-1060 kg/m³ |
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Ironwood is durable though it is very hard and is not easily worked. It even resists penetration of nails. It is used for ordinary house construction, bridges, piles, agricultural instruments, railway wagons, and railway sleepers. |
| Irul, Pyinkado |
Xylia xylocarpaXylia xylocarpa is a species of tree in the Mimosoideae subfamily of the Fabaceae family. This tree is found in South and Southeast Asia.-Description and properties:...
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830-1060 kg/m³ |
Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu |
It is very hard, heavy and durable. Difficult to work, it also requires slow and careful seasoning. It is used for railway sleepers, agricultural instruments, paving blocks, and heavy construction. Least concern |
| Jack Mangifera caesia is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. Common names include Jack, Malaysian Mango, Binjai , Wani , yaa-lam , and bayuno...
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Mangifera caesia. |
Yellow, darkens with age |
595 kg/m³ |
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala |
It is compact and even grained. It is moderately strong and easy to work. It takes a good finish and maintains its shape well. It has many uses including plain furniture, boat construction, well curbs, door panels, cabinet making and musical instruments. |
| Jarul |
Lagerstroemia flos-reginae |
Light reddish gray |
640 kg/m³ |
Assam, Bengal, Maharashtra |
Hard and durable, it can be easily worked. It takes a good finish and is used for house construction, boat building, railway carriages, cart making and scaffolding. |
KathalThe jackfruit is a species of tree in the Artocarpus genus of the mulberry family . It is native to parts of Southern and Southeast Asia. It is the national fruit of Bangladesh, . The jackfruit tree is believed to be indigenous to the southwestern rain forests of India... , Keledang, Jackfruit |
Artocarpus heterophyllus |
Yellow to deep brown |
800 kg/m³ |
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu |
It is heavy and hard. It is durable under water and in damp conditions, however, it cracks if exposed to direct sun. White ants do not attack it. It is used for piles, platforms of wooden bridges, door and window panels. |
| Lauraceae, Saj |
LauraceaeThe Lauraceae or Laurel family comprises a group of flowering plants included in the order Laurales. The family contains about 55 genera and over 3500, perhaps as many as 4000, species world-wide, mostly from warm or tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and South America...
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Dark brown |
880 kg/m³ |
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu |
It is strong, hard and tough. It is subject to cracking and attack by dry rot. White ants do not attack it. It takes a smooth finish. It is used for such purposes as house construction, boat construction, railway sleepers and structural work. |
| Mahogany The name mahogany is used when referring to numerous varieties of dark-colored hardwood. It is a native American word originally used for the wood of the species Swietenia mahagoni, known as West Indian or Cuban mahogany....
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SwieteniaSwietenia is a genus of trees in the chinaberry family, Meliaceae. It occurs natively in the Neotropics, from southern Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico and Central America south to Bolivia... spp. |
Reddish brown |
720 kg/m³ |
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It takes a good polish and is easily worked. It is durable under water. It is most commonly used for furniture, pattern making and cabinet work. |
MangoThe mango is a fleshy stone fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The mango is native to India from where it spread all over the world. It is also the most cultivated fruit of the tropical world. While...
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Mangifera spp. |
Deep gray |
560-720 kg/m³ |
Throughout India |
The mango tree is well known for its fruits. It is easy to work and it maintains its shape well. It is moderately strong. It is most often used for cheap furniture, toys, packing boxes, cabinet work, panels for doors and for windows. |
MulberryMorus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Moraceae. The 10–16 species of deciduous trees it contains are commonly known as Mulberries....
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Morus spp. |
Brown |
650 kg/m³ |
Punjab |
It is strong, tough and elastic. It takes up a clean finish. It can be well seasoned. It is turned and carved easily. Mulberry is typically used for baskets and sports goods like hockey stickA hockey stick is a piece of equipment used in field hockey, ice hockey or roller hockey to move the ball or puck.- Field hockey :Field hockey sticks have an end which varies in shape, often depending on the players position... s, tennis racketsA racquet or racket is a sports implement consisting of a handled frame with an open hoop across which a network of cord is stretched tightly. It is used for striking a ball in such games as squash, tennis, racquetball, and badminton... and cricket batA cricket bat is a specialised piece of equipment used by batsmen in the sport of cricket to hit the ball. It is usually made of willow wood. Its use is first mentioned in 1624.... s. |
OakAn oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus , of which about 600 species exist. "Oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus...
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Quercus spp. |
Yellowish brown |
865 kg/m³ |
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Oak is strong and durable, with straight silvery grain. It is used for preparing sporting goods. |
| Palm |
ArecaceaeArecaceae or Palmae , are a family of flowering plants, the only family in the monocot order Arecales. There are roughly 202 currently known genera with around 2600 species, most of which are restricted to tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates...
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Dark brown |
1040 kg/m³ |
Throughout India |
It contains ripe wood in the outer crust. The colour of this ripened wood is dark brown. It is strong, durable and fibrous. Palm is used for furniture, roof covering, rafters and joists. |
PinePines are trees in the genus Pinus ,in the family Pinaceae. They make up the monotypic subfamily Pinoideae. There are about 115 species of pine, although different authorities accept between 105 and 125 species.-Etymology:...
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Pinus spp. |
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Pine wood is hard and tough except white pine which is soft. It decays easily if it comes into contact with soil. It is heavy and coarse grained. It is used for pattern making, frames for doors and windows, and for paving material. White pine is light and straight grained and is used in the manufacture of matchA match is a tool for starting a fire under controlled conditions. A typical modern match is made of a small wooden stick or stiff paper. One end is coated with a material that can be ignited by frictional heat generated by striking the match against a suitable surface... es. |
Red cedarAustralian Red Cedar , Toona ciliata is a forest tree in the family Meliaceae which grows throughout southern Asia from Afghanistan to Papua New Guinea and Australia. In Australia its natural habitat is now extensively cleared subtropical rainforests of New South Wales and Queensland...
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Red |
480 kg/m³ |
Assam, Nagpur |
It is soft and even grained. It is used for furniture, door panels and well curbs. |
| Rosewood Rosewood refers to any of a number of richly hued timbers, often brownish with darker veining, but found in many different hues. All rosewoods are strong and heavy, taking an excellent polish, being suitable for guitars, marimbas, turnery , handles, furniture, luxury flooring, etc.In general,...
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Dalbergia latifolia Dalbergia latifolia is an economically important timber species native to low elevation tropical monsoon forests of eastern India...
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Dark |
850 kg/m³ |
Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orrissa |
It is strong, tough and close-grained. It is a handsome wood that takes up a high polish. It maintains its shape well and is available in large sizes. It is used for furniture of superior quality, cabinet work, ornamental carvings and so forth. Vulnerable |
| Sal |
Shorea robusta |
Brown |
880-1050 kg/m³ |
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa |
It is hard, fibrous and close-grained. It does not take up a good polish. It requires slow and careful seasoning. It is durable under ground and water. It is used for railway sleepers, shipbuildingShipbuilding is the construction of ships and floating vessels. It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history.Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both... , and bridges. |
SandalwoodSandalwood is the name of a class of fragrant woods from trees in the genus Santalum. The woods are heavy, yellow, and fine-grained, and unlike many other aromatic woods they retain their fragrance for decades. As well as using the harvested and cut wood in-situ, essential oils are also extracted...
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Santalum spp. |
White or Red |
930 kg/m³ |
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Assam, Nagpur, Bengal |
It has a pleasant smell. It is commonly used for agricultural instruments, well curbs, wheels, and mallets. Vulnerable |
| Satinwood Satinwood can mean the following:*A name for a wood that can be polished to a high gloss derived from certain species of the flowering plant family Rutaceae:**Chloroxylon swietenia, Ceylon satinwood or East Indian satinwood...
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Chloroxylon swietenia Chloroxylon swietenia is a tropical hardwood, the sole species in the genus Chloroxylon...
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Yellow |
960 kg/m³ |
Central and Southern India |
It is very hard and durable. It is close grained. It is used for furniture and other ornamental works. Vulnerable |
| Simul |
BombaxBombax is a genus of mainly tropical trees in the mallow family. They are native to western Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, as well as sub-tropical regions of East Asia and northern Australia. Common names for the genus include Silk Cotton Tree, Simal, Red Cotton Tree, Kapok and... spp. |
White |
450 kg/m³ |
All over India |
It is a loose grained, inferior quality wood. Light in weight, it is used for packing cases, the match industry, well curbs, and for cheap furniture. |
| Siris |
AlbiziaAlbizia is a genus of about 150 species of mostly fast-growing subtropical and tropical trees and shrubs in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family, Fabaceae. The genus is pantropical, occurring in Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Central, South, and southern North America and Australia, but mostly... spp. |
Dark brown |
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North India |
Hard and durable, Siris wood is difficult to work. It is used for well curbs in salty water, beams, posts, and furniture. |
| Sissoo |
Dalbergia sissooDalbergia sissoo, known as Shisham, is an erect deciduous tree, native to the Indian Subcontinent. It is also called sissoo, sisu, sheesham, tahli and sometimes referred to as Indian Rosewood. It is state tree of Punjab state and provincial tree of Punjab province...
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Dark brown |
770 kg/m³ |
Mysore, Maharashtra, Assam, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa |
Also known as shisham or tali -Places:* Tali, township, part of Kozhikode, Kerala* Tali, Finland, town in Finland* Tali, Helsinki, Finland* Tali, South Sudan, town in South Sudan* Tali, Estonia, village in Saarde Parish, Pärnu County, Estonia... , this wood is strong and tough. It is durable and handsome and it maintains its shape well. It can be easily seasoned. It is difficult to work but it takes a fine polish. It is used for high quality furniture, plywoodPlywood is a type of manufactured timber made from thin sheets of wood veneer. It is one of the most widely used wood products. It is flexible, inexpensive, workable, re-usable, and can usually be locally manufactured... s, bridge piles, sport goods, railway sleepers and so forth. It is a very good material for decorative works and carvingWood carving is a form of working wood by means of a cutting tool in one hand or a chisel by two hands or with one hand on a chisel and one hand on a mallet, resulting in a wooden figure or figurine, or in the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object... s. |
SpruceA spruce is a tree of the genus Picea , a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal regions of the earth. Spruces are large trees, from tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical...
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Picea spp. |
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480 kg/m³ |
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Spruce wood resists decay and is not affected by the attack of marine borers. It is however liable to shrink, twist and warp. It is used for piles under water and (formerly) for aeroplane construction. |
| Sundri |
Heritiera fomes Heritiera fomes is the dominant mangrove tree species of the Sundarbans of Bangladesh and India. H. fomes is a major timber-producing tree. The tree is threatened by over-harvesting, water diversions in the Ganges Basin, and fluctuations in salinity due to upstream and coastal development in...
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Dark red |
960 kg/m³ |
Bengal |
It is hard and tough. It is difficult to season and work. It is elastic and close grained. It is strong and durable. These qualities make it suited for such uses as boat building, piles, poles, tool handles, and carriage shafts. |
TamarindTamarind is a tree in the family Fabaceae. The genus Tamarindus is monotypic .-Origin:...
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Tamarindus indica |
Dark brown |
1280 kg/m³ |
All over India |
Tamarind is knotty and durable. It is a beautiful tree for avenue and gardens. Its development is very slow but it ultimately forms a massive appearance. Its fruit is also very useful. It is used for agricultural instruments, well curbs, sugar mills, carts and brick burning. |
TeakTeak is the common name for the tropical hardwood tree species Tectona grandis and its wood products. Tectona grandis is native to south and southeast Asia, mainly India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Burma, but is naturalized and cultivated in many countries, including those in Africa and the...
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Tectona grandis |
Deep yellow to dark brown |
639 kg/m³ |
Central India and Southern India |
Moderately hard, teak is durable and fire-resistant. It can be easily seasoned and worked. It takes up a good polish and is not attacked by white ants and dry rot. It does not corrode iron fastenings and it shrinks little. It is among the most valuable timber trees of the world and its use is limited to superior work only. |
| Toon, Red Cedar |
Toona ciliataAustralian Red Cedar , Toona ciliata is a forest tree in the family Meliaceae which grows throughout southern Asia from Afghanistan to Papua New Guinea and Australia. In Australia its natural habitat is now extensively cleared subtropical rainforests of New South Wales and Queensland...
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Reddish brown or dull red |
450 kg/m³ |
Assam |
It can be easily worked. It is light in weight. It is used for such products as furniture, packing boxes, cabinet making and door panels. |