A

• African American
  African American
  African Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have at least partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa and are the direct descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States...
  
  
• (List of) African-American abolitionists
• African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)
• African-American culture
• African-American dance
• (List of) African-American firsts
• African-American history
• African-American music
• African American studies
  African American studies
  African American studies is a subset of Black studies or Africana studies. It is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of African Americans...
  
  
• African-American Vernacular English
• (List of) African-American visual artists
• (Lists of) African Americans
• African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska
  African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska
  African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska are central to the development and growth of the 43rd largest city in the United States. The first free black settler in the city arrived in 1854, the year the city was incorporated....
  
  
• African Americans in the United States Congress
  African Americans in the United States Congress
  African Americans began serving in greater numbers in the United States Congress during the Reconstruction Era following the American Civil War after slaves were emancipated and granted citizenship rights. Freedmen gained political representation in the Southern United States for the first time...
  
  
• African Methodist Episcopal Church
  African Methodist Episcopal Church
  The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the A.M.E. Church, is a predominantly African American Methodist denomination based in the United States. It was founded by the Rev. Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816 from several black Methodist congregations in the...
  
  
• Afro
  Afro
  Afro, sometimes shortened to fro and also known as a "natural", is a hairstyle worn naturally by people with lengthy kinky hair texture or specifically styled in such a fashion by individuals with naturally curly or straight hair...
  
  
• Afrocentrism
  Afrocentrism
  Afrocentrism is cultural ideology mostly limited to the United States, dedicated to the history of Black people a response to global racist attitudes about African people and their historical contributions by revisiting this history with an African cultural and ideological center...
  
  
• Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority
  Alpha Kappa Alpha
  Alpha Kappa Alpha is the first Greek-lettered sorority established and incorporated by African American college women. The sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University in Washington, D.C., by a group of nine students, led by Ethel Hedgeman Lyle...
  
  
• Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity
  Alpha Phi Alpha
  Alpha Phi Alpha is the first Inter-Collegiate Black Greek Letter fraternity. It was founded on December 4, 1906 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Its founders are known as the "Seven Jewels". Alpha Phi Alpha developed a model that was used by the many Black Greek Letter Organizations ...
  
  
• Amistad (1841)
  Amistad (1841)
  The Amistad, also known as United States v. Libellants and Claimants of the Schooner Amistad, 40 U.S. 518 , was a United States Supreme Court case resulting from the rebellion of slaves on board the Spanish schooner Amistad in 1839...
  
  
• Amos 'n' Andy
  Amos 'n' Andy
  Amos 'n' Andy is a situation comedy set in the African-American community. It was very popular in the United States from the 1920s through the 1950s on both radio and television....
  
  
• Association for the Study of African American Life and History
  Association for the Study of African American Life and History
  The Association for the Study of African American Life and History is an organization dedicated to the study and appreciation of African-American History. It is a non-profit organization founded in Chicago, Illinois, on September 9, 1915 and incorporated in Washington, D.C. on October 2, 1915 as...
  
  
• A.U.M.P. Church
  A.U.M.P. Church
  The African Union First Colored Methodist Protestant Church and Connection, usually called "the A.U.M.P. Church," is a Methodist Christian denomination and the oldest independent black denomination in the U.S...
  
  

B

• Banjo
  Banjo
  In the 1830s Sweeney became the first white man to play the banjo on stage. His version of the instrument replaced the gourd with a drum-like sound box and included four full-length strings alongside a short fifth-string. There is no proof, however, that Sweeney invented either innovation. This new...
  
  
• Black Bottom
  Black Bottom
  Black Bottom can refer to several things. In many cities, the term has been used to describe African American neighborhoods.*Black Bottom, Detroit, a historical former neighborhood in Detroit, Michigan...
  
  
• (List of) Black college football classics
• Black matriarchy
  Black matriarchy
  Black matriarchy was a popular stereotype in the 1950s and 1960s that exemplified black American family structure. This ideology depicted traditional black American households as being dominated and controlled by outspoken and emasculating women....
  
  
• Black Panther Party
  Black Panther Party
  The Black Panther Party wasan African-American revolutionary leftist organization. It was active in the United States from 1966 until 1982....
  
  
• Black people
  Black people
  The term black people is used in systems of racial classification for humans of a dark skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups.Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and often social variables such as class, socio-economic status also plays a...
  
  
• Black supremacy
  Black supremacy
  The term black supremacy is a blanket term for various ideologies which hold that black people are superior to people of other races.-Overview:...
  
  
• Blackface
  Blackface
  Blackface is a form of theatrical makeup used in minstrel shows, and later vaudeville, in which performers create a stereotyped caricature of a black person. The practice gained popularity during the 19th century and contributed to the proliferation of stereotypes such as the "happy-go-lucky darky...
  
  
• Blues
  Blues
  Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre that originated in African-American communities of primarily the "Deep South" of the United States at the end of the 19th century from spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads...
  
  
• Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
  Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
  The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was, in 1925, the first labor organization led by blacks to receive a charter in the American Federation of Labor . It merged in 1978 with the Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks , now known as the Transportation Communications International Union.The...
  
  
• Brown v. Board of Education
  Brown v. Board of Education
  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 , was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which...
  
  
• Buchanan v. Warley
  Buchanan v. Warley
  Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60 was a unanimous United States Supreme Court decision addressing civil government instituted racial segregation in residential areas. The Court held that a Louisville, Kentucky, city ordinance prohibiting the sale of real property to African Americans violated the...
  
  
• Buddhist Nation

C

• Café Society
  Café Society
  Café society was the collective description for the so-called "Beautiful People" and "Bright Young Things" who gathered in fashionable cafes and restaurants in New York, Paris, and London beginning in the late 19th century...
  
  
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
  Civil Rights Act of 1964
  The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against African Americans and women, including racial segregation...
  
  
• Civil Rights Cases
  Civil Rights Cases
  The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 , were a group of five similar cases consolidated into one issue for the United States Supreme Court to review...
  
  
• Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska
  Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska
  The Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska has roots that extend back until at least 1912. With a history of racial tension that starts before the founding of the city, Omaha has been the home of numerous overt efforts related to securing civil rights for African Americans since at least the...
  
  
• Colored
  Colored
  Colored is a term once widely used in the United States to describe black people and Native Americans...
  
  
• Colorism
  Colorism
  Colorism is prejudice or discrimination in which human beings are accorded differing social treatment based on skin color. The preference often gets translated into economic status because of opportunities for work. Colorism can be found across the world...
  
  
• The Communist Party and African-Americans
  The Communist Party and African-Americans
  The Communist Party USA, historically and currently committed to complete racial equality in the United States, played a significant role in defending the rights of African-Americans during its heyday in the 1930s and 1940s....
  
  
• Composers of African descent, List of
• Congressional Black Caucus
  Congressional Black Caucus
  The Congressional Black Caucus is an organization representing the black members of the United States Congress. Membership is exclusive to blacks, and its chair in the 112th Congress is Representative Emanuel Cleaver of Missouri.-Aims:...
  
  
• Cool (American Negro aesthetic)
• Cornrows
• Cosby Show
  • (List of) The Cosby Show characters
• Criminal black man

D

• Desegregation
  Desegregation
  Desegregation is the process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to races. This is most commonly used in reference to the United States. Desegregation was long a focus of the American Civil Rights Movement, both before and after the United States Supreme Court's decision in...
  
  
  • Desegregation busing in the United States
• Detroit Hair Wars
  Hair Wars
  Hair Wars is an annual touring event which has become one of the biggest African-American hair shows in the United States. It is a showcase for artists and salons to create unconventional, elaborate, vibrant hair styles and fashion using primarily human hair as the medium. Creations of note include...
  
  
• The dozens
  The dozens
  The Dozens is a game that has its origins in African American slavery. The game originates from the devaluing and bargaining off of deformed or defective slaves in auction houses. This element of the African American oral tradition in which two competitors, usually males, go head-to-head in a...
  
  
• Dreadlocks
  Dreadlocks
  Dreadlocks, also called locks, a ras, dreads, "rasta" or Jata , are matted coils of hair. Dreadlocks are usually intentionally formed; because of the variety of different hair textures, various methods are used to encourage the formation of locks such as backcombing...
  
  
• Dred Scott v. Sandford
  Dred Scott v. Sandford
  Dred Scott v. Sandford, , also known as the Dred Scott Decision, was a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that people of African descent brought into the United States and held as slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S...
  
  

E

• Elaine Race Riot
  Elaine Race Riot
  The Elaine Race Riot, also called the Elaine Massacre, occurred September 30, 1919 in the town of Elaine in Phillips County, Arkansas, in the Arkansas Delta, where sharecropping by African American farmers was prevalent on plantations of white landowners.Approximately 100 African American farmers,...
  
  
• Emancipation Proclamation
  Emancipation Proclamation
  The Emancipation Proclamation is an executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War using his war powers. It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with nearly...
  
  
• Executive Order 8802
  Executive Order 8802
  Executive Order 8802 was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941, to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry...
  
  
• Executive Order 9981
  Executive Order 9981
  Executive Order 9981 is an executive order issued on July 26, 1948 by U.S. President Harry S. Truman. It expanded on Executive Order 8802 by establishing equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all races, religions, or national origins."In 1947, Randolph, along...
  
  
• Exodusters
  Exodusters
  Exodusters was a name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880. After the end of Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery led many freedmen to seek a new place to live....
  
  

F

• 40 acres and a mule
  40 acres and a mule
  40 acres and a mule refers to the short-lived policy, during the last stages of the American Civil War in 1865, of providing arable land to black former slaves who had become free as a result of the advance of the Union armies into the territory previously controlled by the Confederacy,...
  
  
• Festival Sundiata
• Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
  Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
  The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"...
  
  
• Folklore
  African American folktales
  African American folktales are the storytelling and oral history of African American culture.Also see:* Gullah storytelling* Br'er Rabbit* Anansi...
  
  
• Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
  Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
  The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.Its Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship that overruled the Dred Scott v...
  
  
• Freaknik
  Freaknik
  Freaknik was an annual spring break meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, primarily of students from historically black colleges and universities. Begun in 1982 as a small picnic near the Atlanta University Center, it was initially sponsored by the DC Metro Club and was typically held during the third...
  
  
• Free people of color
  Free people of color
  A free person of color in the context of the history of slavery in the Americas, is a person of full or partial African descent who was not enslaved...
  
  
• Freedom ride
  Freedom ride
  Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decisions Boynton v. Virginia and Morgan v. Virginia...
  
  

G

• Gospel music
  Gospel music
  Gospel music is music that is written to express either personal, spiritual or a communal belief regarding Christian life, as well as to give a Christian alternative to mainstream secular music....
  
  
• Great Migration
  Great Migration (African American)
  The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million blacks out of the Southern United States to the Northeast, Midwest, and West from 1910 to 1970. Some historians differentiate between a Great Migration , numbering about 1.6 million migrants, and a Second Great Migration , in which 5 million or more...
  
  
• Great Plains Black History Museum
  Great Plains Black History Museum
  The Great Plains Black History Museum is located at 2213 Lake Street in the Near North Side neighborhood in North Omaha, Nebraska. It is housed in the Webster Telephone Exchange Building, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places...
  
  

H

• Harlem Renaissance
  Harlem Renaissance
  The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s and 1930s. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke...
  
  
• Hip hop
  Hip hop
  Hip hop is a form of musical expression and artistic culture that originated in African-American and Latino communities during the 1970s in New York City, specifically the Bronx. DJ Afrika Bambaataa outlined the four pillars of hip hop culture: MCing, DJing, breaking and graffiti writing...
  
  
• Hip hop music
  Hip hop music
  Hip hop music, also called hip-hop, rap music or hip-hop music, is a musical genre consisting of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted...
  
  
• (African American ) Historic Places
  African American Historic Places
  The stories of the contributions, hardships, and aspirations of all American people can be seen in the experiences of African Americans. The places listed below represent the achievements and struggles of African Americans. Visitors to these sites can gain a better understanding of the events and...
  
  
• Historically black colleges and universities
  Historically Black Colleges and Universities
  Historically black colleges and universities are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention of serving the black community....
  
  

M

• Military history of African Americans
  Military history of African Americans
  The military history of African Americans spans from the arrival of the first black slaves during the colonial history of the United States to the present day...
  
  
• Million Man March
  Million Man March
  The Million Man March was a gathering of social activists, en masse, held on and around the National Mall in Washington, D.C. on October 16, 1995...
  
  
• Millions More Movement
  Millions More Movement
  The Millions More Movement was launched by a broad coalition of African American leaders to mark the commemoration of the 10th Anniversary of the Million Man March. A mass march on Washington, DC, was held on October 15, 2005, to galvanize public support for the movement's goals...
  
  
• Minstrel show
  Minstrel show
  The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the Civil War, black people in blackface....
  
  
• Miscegenation
  Miscegenation
  Miscegenation is the mixing of different racial groups through marriage, cohabitation, sexual relations, and procreation....
  
  
• Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
  Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
  The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party was an American political party created in the state of Mississippi in 1964, during the civil rights movement...
  
  
• Montgomery Bus Boycott
  Montgomery Bus Boycott
  The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign that started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, USA, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. Many important figures in the civil rights movement were involved in the boycott,...
  
  
• Moore v. Dempsey
  Moore v. Dempsey
  Moore et al. v. Dempsey, , was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled 6-2 that the defendants' mob-dominated trials deprived them of due process guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and reversed the district court's decision declining the...
  
  
• Motown Records
  Motown Records
  Motown is a record label originally founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation in Detroit, Michigan, United States, on April 14, 1960. The name, a portmanteau of motor and town, is also a nickname for Detroit...
  
  
• Museums focused on American negroes

N

• NAACP Image Awards
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
  The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to...
  
  
• Nation of Islam
  Nation of Islam
  The Nation of Islam is a mainly African-American new religious movement founded in Detroit, Michigan by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad in July 1930 to improve the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of African-Americans in the United States of America. The movement teaches black pride and...
  
  
• National Black Chamber of Commerce
  National Black Chamber of Commerce
  The National Black Chamber of Commerce was incorporated in 1993 by Harry Alford and Kay DeBow, who in 2011 continue as President/CEO and Executive Vice President, respectively. Harry Alford is also a Board member of the United States Chamber of Commerce. It is organized as a 5013 corporation and...
  
  
• National Council of Negro Women
  National Council of Negro Women
  The National Council of Negro Women is a non-profit organization with the mission to advance the opportunities and the quality of life for African American women, their families and communities. NCNW fulfills this mission through research, advocacy, national and community based services and...
  
  
• National Pan-Hellenic Council
  National Pan-Hellenic Council
  The National Pan-Hellenic Council is a collaborative organization of nine historically African American, international Greek lettered fraternities and sororities. The nine NPHC organizations are sometimes collectively referred to as the "Divine Nine"...
  
  
• Negro
  Negro
  The word Negro is used in the English-speaking world to refer to a person of black ancestry or appearance, whether of African descent or not...
  
  
• Negro league baseball
  Negro league baseball
  The Negro leagues were United States professional baseball leagues comprising teams predominantly made up of African Americans. The term may be used broadly to include professional black teams outside the leagues and it may be used narrowly for the seven relatively successful leagues beginning in...
  
  
• Negro Mountain
  Negro Mountain
  Negro Mountain is a long ridge of the Allegheny Mountains extending from Deep Creek Lake in Maryland, north to the Casselman River in Pennsylvania, USA. The summit, Mount Davis, is the highest point in Pennsylvania...
  
  
• Niagara Movement
  Niagara Movement
  The Niagara Movement was a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and Niagara Falls, the Canadian side of which was where the first meeting took...
  
  
• Nigger
  Nigger
  Nigger is a noun in the English language, most notable for its usage in a pejorative context to refer to black people , and also as an informal slang term, among other contexts. It is a common ethnic slur...
  
  

R

• Race and ethnicity in the United States Census
• Race movie
  Race movie
  The race movie or race film was a film genre which existed in the United States between about 1915 and 1950. It consisted of films produced for an all-black audience, featuring black casts....
  
  
• Racial segregation
  Racial segregation
  Racial segregation is the separation of humans into racial groups in daily life. It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home...
  
  
• Racism in the United States
  Racism in the United States
  Racism in the United States has been a major issue since the colonial era and the slave era. Legally sanctioned racism imposed a heavy burden on Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latin Americans...
  
  
• Religion in Black America
  Religion in Black America
  Religion in Black America refers to the religious and spiritual practices of persons of African descent in the United States of America.Black Americans were evangelized by the whites who brought them to the U.S., and the religious persuasions of African Americans today largely parallel the...
  
  
• Rhythm and blues
  Rhythm and blues
  Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated to R&B, is a genre of popular African American music that originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a...
  
  

S

• Sit-in
  Sit-in
  A sit-in or sit-down is a form of protest that involves occupying seats or sitting down on the floor of an establishment.-Process:In a sit-in, protesters remain until they are evicted, usually by force, or arrested, or until their requests have been met...
  
  
• Slave narrative
  Slave narrative
  The slave narrative is a literary form which grew out of the written accounts of enslaved Africans in Britain and its colonies, including the later United States, Canada and Caribbean nations...
  
  
• Slavery
  Slavery
  Slavery is a system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation...
  
  
• Slavery in the colonial United States
• Slavery in the United States
• Storytelling
  African American folktales
  African American folktales are the storytelling and oral history of African American culture.Also see:* Gullah storytelling* Br'er Rabbit* Anansi...
  
  
• Student African American Brotherhood
  Student African American Brotherhood
  The Student African American Brotherhood , with over 168 chapters in the United States and abroad, was founded on the campus of Georgia Southwestern State University in Americus, Georgia on October 17, 1990. SAAB mentors young African American men by educating them on their responsibilities as...
  
  
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
  The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ' was one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a series of student meetings led by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina in April 1960...
  
  
• Sweet sorghum
  Sweet sorghum
  Sweet sorghum is any of the many varieties of sorghum which have a high sugar content. Sweet sorghum will thrive better under drier and warmer conditions than many other crops and is grown primarily for forage, silage, and syrup production....
  
  

T

• Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
  Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
  The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, passed by the House on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865. On...
  
  
• Timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement
• Timeline of racial tension in Omaha, Nebraska
  Timeline of racial tension in Omaha, Nebraska
  The timeline of racial tension in Omaha, Nebraska lists events in African-American history in Omaha. These included racial violence, but also include many firsts as the African- American community built its institutions. Omaha has been a major industrial city on the edge of what was a rural,...
  
  
• Tulsa race riot
  Tulsa Race Riot
  The Tulsa race riot was a large-scale racially motivated conflict, May 31 - June 1st 1921, between the white and black communities of Tulsa, Oklahoma, in which the wealthiest African-American community in the United States, the Greenwood District also known as 'The Negro Wall St' was burned to the...
  
  
• Tuskegee University
  Tuskegee University
  Tuskegee University is a private, historically black university located in Tuskegee, Alabama, United States. It is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund...
  
  

U

• Uncle Tom
  Uncle Tom
  Uncle Tom is a derogatory term for a person who perceives themselves to be of low status, and is excessively subservient to perceived authority figures; particularly a black person who behaves in a subservient manner to white people....
  
  
• United Negro College Fund
  United Negro College Fund
  The United Negro College Fund is an American philanthropic organization that fundraises college tuition money for black students and general scholarship funds for 39 private historically black colleges and universities. The UNCF was incorporated on April 25, 1944 by Frederick D. Patterson , Mary...
  
  
• (List of)U.S. communities with African American majority populations
• (List of) U.S. counties with African American majority populations
• Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
  Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
  The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League is a black nationalist fraternal organization founded by Marcus Garvey. The organization enjoyed its greatest strength in the 1990s, prior to Garvey's deportation from the United States of America, after which its...
  
  
• Urban fiction
  Urban fiction
  Urban fiction, also known as Street lit, is a literary genre set, as the name implies, in a city landscape; however, the genre is as much defined by the race and culture of its characters as the urban setting. The tone for urban fiction is usually dark, focusing on the underside...