Lishenets

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Lishenets

A lishenets (Russian: ???????), from Russian word ???????, "deprivation", properly translated in this context as a disenfranchised, was a person stripped of the right of voting

Voting

Voting is a method for a Group such as a meeting or an Constituency to decision making or express an opinion ? often following discussions, debates or election campaigns....
in the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
of 1918 — 1936. Disfranchisement

Disfranchisement

Disfranchisement is the revocation of the right of suffrage to a person or group of people, or rendering a person's vote less effective, or ineffective....
was a means of repression of the categories of population that were classified as "enemies of the working people

Enemy of the people

The term enemy of the people is a fluid designation of political or Social class opponents of the group using the term. Its usage is derogatory, and meant to imply that the "enemies" are acting against society as a whole....
".

The 1918 Soviet Constitution

1918 Soviet Constitution

The first Russian Constitution, which governed the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, described the regime that assumed power in the October Revolution of 1917....
enumerated the categories of disenfranchised people:

The 1924 Soviet Constitution

1924 Soviet Constitution

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A lishenets (Russian: ???????), from Russian word ???????, "deprivation", properly translated in this context as a disenfranchised, was a person stripped of the right of voting

Voting

Voting is a method for a Group such as a meeting or an Constituency to decision making or express an opinion ? often following discussions, debates or election campaigns....
in the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

Disfranchisement

Enemy of the people

1918 Soviet Constitution

Persons who used hired labor to obtain increase in profits
Persons who have income without doing any work, such as interests from capital, receipts from property, etc
Private merchants, trade and commercial brokers
Monks and clergy of all denominations
Persons who where policemen or military officers before soviet revolution
Persons, who have been declared demented or mentally deficient, persons under guardianship, etc.

The 1924 Soviet Constitution

1924 Soviet Constitution

The 1924 Soviet Constitution legitimized the December 1922 union of the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Belarusian SSR, and the Transcaucasian SFSR to form the Soviet Union....
and subsequent decrees detailed this list further and added new categories. Being disenfranchised meant much more than simply being disallowed to vote or be elected. A lishenets could not occupy any governmental position, or receive higher and technical education. He was deprived of various privileges and subsidies: employment, housing, retirement, etc. He could not be a member of kolkhoz

Kolkhoz

A kolkhoz , plural kolkhozy, was a form of collective farming in the Soviet Union that existed along with state farms . The word is a contraction of ????????????? ??????????, or "collective farm", while sovkhoz is a contraction of ????????? ????????? ....
es and other kinds of cooperatives. During the rationing

Rationing

Rationing is the controlled distribution of resources and scarcity goods or services. Rationing controls the size of the ration, one's allotted portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time....
system of 1929-1930, disenfranchised were also deprived of rations.

Members of the family whose head was lishenets were automatically disenfranchised. The voting rights could be restored by local election commissions upon the proof of engagement in productive labor and of the loyalty to the Soviet power. The ultimate authorities were the Central Election Commission

Central Election Commission

The Central Election Commission is the name of an organization in a number of countries which is in charge of affairs related to national and local elections....
and Presidium

Presidium

The presidium or pr?sidium is the name for the executive committee of various legislative and organizational bodies.In Communist states the presidium was the permanent executive committee of legislative bodies such as the Supreme Soviet in the USSR....
of the Central Executive Committee

Supreme Soviet

The Supreme Soviet of the USSR was the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in the interim of the sessions of the Congress of Soviets, and the only one with the power to pass constitutional amendments....
.

The 1936 Soviet Constitution

1936 Soviet Constitution

The 1936 Soviet constitution, adopted on December 5, 1936, and also known as the "Stalin" constitution, redesigned the government of the Soviet Union....
instituted universal suffrage

Universal suffrage

Universal suffrage consists of the extension of the Suffrage to adult citizens as a whole, though it may also mean extending said right to minors and noncitizens....
, and the category of lishenets was officially eliminated. Nevertheless, for a long time after 1936, Soviet citizens applying for any job had to make a statement if they or their family members were ever deprived of voting right so they still fall into disenfranchised category.