Linienzugbeeinflussung is a cab signalling

Cab signalling

Cab signalling is a railway safety system that communicates track status information to the cab, crew compartment or driver's compartment of a locomotive, railcar or multiple unit, where the train driver or engine driver can see the information....

 and
train protection system used on selected German and Austrian railway lines
as well as the AVE

AVE

Alta Velocidad Española is a service of high-speed rail in Spain operated by Renfe, the Spanish national railway company, at speeds of up to . The name is literally translated from Spanish as "Spanish High Speed", but also a play on the word , meaning "bird".AVE trains run on a network of...

 in Spain.
In Germany, the system is mandatory on all lines where trains exceed speeds of
160 km/h (200 km/h in Spain), but it is also used on some slower lines to increase
capacity. The German Linienzugbeeinflussung translates to
continuous train control, literally: linear train influencing.
It is also called linienförmige Zugbeeinflussung.

Overview

In Germany

Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

, the standard distance from a distant signal

Railway signal

A signal is a mechanical or electrical device erected beside a railway line to pass information relating to the state of the line ahead to train/engine drivers. The driver interprets the signal's indication and acts accordingly...

 to its home signal is 1,000 m. On a train with strong brakes, this is the braking distance

Braking distance

Braking distance refers to the distance a vehicle will travel from the point where its brakes are fully applied to when it comes to a complete stop...

 from 160 km/h. In the 1960s Germany evaluated various options to increase speeds, including increasing the distance between distant and home signals, adding additional aspects, and cab signalling. Increasing the distance between the home and distant signals would decrease capacity. Adding an additional aspect would make the signals harder to recognize. In either case, changes to the conventional signals wouldn't solve the problem of the difficulty of seeing and reacting to the signals at higher speeds. To overcome all of these problems, Germany chose to develop continuous cab signalling.

The LZB cab signalling system was first demonstrated in 1965, enabling daily
trains to the International Transport Exhibition in Munich to run at 200 km/h.
The system was further developed through the 1970s, released on various
lines in Germany in the early 1980s and in German, Spanish, and Austrian
high-speed lines in the 1990s with trains running up to 300 km/h.
Meanwhile, additional capabilities were added to the system.

LZB consists of equipment on the line as well as on the trains.
A 30–40 km segment of track is controlled by a LZB control center.

The control center computer receives information about occupied blocks from
track circuit

Track circuit

A track circuit is a simple electrical device used to detect the absence of a train on rail tracks, used to inform signallers and control relevant signals.- Principles and operation :...

s or axle counter

Axle counter

An axle counter is a device on a railway that detects the passing of a train in lieu of the more common track circuit. A counting head is installed at each end of the section, and as each axle passes the head at the start of the section, a counter increments...

s and locked routes from interlockings.
It is programmed with the track configuration including the location
of points, turnouts, gradients, and curve speed limits. With this, it has sufficient
information to calculate how far each train may proceed and at what speed.

The control center communicates with the train using two conductor cables
that run between the tracks and are crossed every 100 m. The control center
sends data packets, known as telegrams, to the vehicle which give its
movement authority (how far it can proceed and at what speed) and
the vehicle sends back data packets indicating its configuration, braking
capabilities, speed, and position.
The train's on-board computer processes the packets and displays
the following information to the driver:

• Current speed: locally derived from speed sensing equipment - shown with a standard speedometer
• Permitted speed: maximum allowed speed now - shown with a red line or triange on the outside of the speedometer
• Target speed: maximum speed at a certain distance - shown with LED numbers at the bottom of the speedometer
• Target distance: distance for target speed - shown with LED bars showing up to 4000 m, with numbers for longer distances

If there is a long distance free in front of the train the driver will see the target speed and permitted speed equal to the maximum line speed, with the distance showing the maximum distance, between 4 km and 13.2 km depending on the unit, train, and line.

As the train approaches a speed restriction, such as one for a curve or turnout, LZB will sound a buzzer and display the distance to and speed of the restriction. As the train continues the target distance will decrease. As the train nears the speed restriction the permitted speed will start to decrease, ending up at the target speed at the restriction. At that point the display will change to the next target.

The LZB system treats a red signal or the beginning of a block
containing a train as a speed restriction of 0 speed. The driver
will see the same sequence as approaching a speed restriction
except the target speed is 0.

LZB includes Automatic Train Protection

Automatic Train Protection

Automatic Train Protection in Great Britain refers to either of two implementations of a train protection system installed in some trains in order to help prevent collisions through a driver's failure to observe a signal or speed restriction...

. If the driver exceeds
the permitted speed plus a margin LZB will activate the buzzer
and an overspeed light. If the driver fails to slow the train
the LZB system can apply the brakes itself, bringing the train
to a halt if necessary.

LZB also include an Automatic Train Operation

Automatic train operation

Automatic train operation ensures partial or complete automatic train piloting and driverless functions.Most systems elect to maintain a driver to mitigate risks associated with failures or emergencies....

 system known as
AFB (Automatische Fahr- und Bremssteuerung, automatic driving and braking control),
which enables the driver to let the computer drive the train on auto-pilot,
automatically driving at the maximum speed currently allowed by the LZB.
In this mode, the driver only monitors the train and watches for
unexpected obstacles on the tracks.

Finally, the LZB vehicle system includes the conventional Indusi (or PZB)
train protection system for use on lines that aren't LZB equipped.

Choice of cab signalling

In the 1960s the German railways wanted to increase the speeds of
some of their railway lines. One issue in doing so is signalling.
German signals are placed too close to allow high-speed trains
to stop between them, and signals may be difficult for train
drivers to see at high speeds.

Germany uses distant signals placed 1,000 m before the main signal.
Trains with conventional brakes, decelerating at 0.76 m/s²,
can stop from 140 km/h in that distance. Trains with strong brakes,
usually including electromagnetic track brake

Track brake

Track brakes are a form of brakes unique to railborne vehicles. The braking force derives from the friction resulting from the application of wood or metal braking shoes directly to the tracks...

s, decelerating at
1 m/s² can stop from 160 km/h and are allowed to travel that speed.
However, even with strong brakes and the same deceleration, a train
traveling 200 km/h would require 1,543 m to stop, exceeding the
signalling distance. Furthermore, as energy dissipated at
a given acceleration increases with speed, higher speeds may
require lower decelerations to avoid overheating the brakes,
further increasing the distance.

One possibility to increase speed would be to increase the distance
between the main and distant signal. But, this would require longer blocks,
which would decrease line capacity for slower trains. Another
would be to introduce multiple aspect signalling. A train travelling
200 km/h would see a "slow to 160" signal in the first block,
and then a stop signal in the 2nd block.

Introducing multi-aspect signalling would require substantial
reworking for the existing lines, as additional distant signals
would need to be added on long blocks and the signals reworked
on shorter ones. In addition, it wouldn't solve the other problem
with high-speed operation, the difficulty of seeing signals as
a train rushes past, especially in marginal conditions such
as rain, snow, or fog.

Cab signalling solves these problems. For existing lines it can
be added on top of the existing signalling system with little, if any,
modifications to the existing system. Bringing the signals inside the
cab makes it easy for the driver to see them. On top of these,
the LZB cab signalling system has other advantages:

• The driver is immediately aware of signalling changes.

This allows a driver to stop slowing down if a signal at the end of a block improves. It also allows the control center to instantly signal stop in the case of dangerous conditions such as a derailment or avalanche.

• The driver can electronically "see" a long distance down
  the track, allowing him or her to drive the train more smoothly.


• A train following a slower train can "see" the slower
  train well in advance, coasting or using regenerative
  braking to slow and thereby saving energy.


• It can signal a variety of speeds. (Conventional German signals in
  the 1960s could only signal 40 or 60 km/h for turnouts.
  Modern conventional German signals can signal any 10 km/h
  increment, but LZB can signal even finer increments.)


• It allows the track to be divided up into a large number of
  small blocks if necessary to increase capacity.


• It enables a more capable Automatic Train Protection
  Automatic Train Protection
  Automatic Train Protection in Great Britain refers to either of two implementations of a train protection system installed in some trains in order to help prevent collisions through a driver's failure to observe a signal or speed restriction...
  
  


• It enables the AFB Automatic Train Operation system.

Given all of these advantages, in the 1960s the German railways
chose to go with LZB cab signalling instead of increasing the
signal spacing or adding aspects.

Development

The first prototype system was developed by German Federal Railways
in conjunction with Siemens and tested in 1963. It was installed in
Class 103 locomotives and presented in 1965 with 200 km/h runs on trains
to the International Exhibition in Munich. From this Siemens
developed the LZB 100 system and introduced it on the Munich-Augsburg-Donauwörth
and Hanover-Celle-Uelzen lines, all in Class 103 locomotives.
The system was overlaid on the existing signal system.
All trains would obey the standard signals, but LZB equipped
trains could run faster than normal as long as the track
was clear ahead for a suffucient distance.
LZB 100 could display up to 5 km in advance.

The original installations were all hard-wired logic.
However, as the 1970s progressed SEL developed the computer
based LZB L72 central controllers and equipped other lines
with them.

By the late 1970s, with the development of microprocessors,
the 2-out-of-3 computers could be applied to on-board equipment.
Siemens and SEL jointly developed the LZB 80 on-board system
and equipped all locomotives and trains that travel over 160 km/h
plus some heavy haul locomotives. By 1991, Germany replaced
all LZB 100 equipment with LZB 80/L 72.
When Germany built its high-speed lines, beginning with the
Fulda-Würzburg segment that started operation in 1987,
it incorporated LZB into the lines. The lines were divided into
blocks about 1.5 to 2.5 km long, but instead of having a signal
for every block, there are only fixed signals at switches
and stations, with approximately 7 km between them.
If there was no train for the entire distance the entry
signal would be green. If the first block was occupied it
would be red as usual. Otherwise, if the first block was free
and a LZB train approached the signal would be dark and the
train would proceed on LZB indications alone.

The system has spread to other countries. The Spanish equipped
their first high-speed line, operating at 300 km/h, with LZB.
It opened in 1992 and connects Madrid, Cordoba, and Seville.
In 1987 the Austrian railways decided to introduce LZB, and with the
23 May 1993 timetable change introduced Euro City trains running 200 km/h
on a 25 km long section of the Westbahn between Linz

Linz

Linz is the third-largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria . It is located in the north centre of Austria, approximately south of the Czech border, on both sides of the river Danube. The population of the city is , and that of the Greater Linz conurbation is about...

 and Wels

Wels

Wels is the second largest city of the state of Upper Austria, located in the north of Austria, on the Traun River near Linz. It is not part of its surrounding Wels County , but a so-called Statutarstadt . However, Wels is the county seat of Wels-Land.- Geography :Wels is located in the...

.

Siemens continued to develop the system, introducing "Computer Inegrated Railroading",
or "CIR ELKE", lineside equipment in 1999. This permitted shorter blocks and
allowed speed restrictions for switches to start at the switch
instead of at a block boundary. See CIR ELKE below for details.

Development timeline

Date	Description	Control centers / Length
1963	Testing on Forchheim Forchheim Forchheim may refer to the following places in Germany:*Forchheim, capital of the district of Forchheim, Bavaria*Forchheim am Kaiserstuhl, a municipality in Baden-Württemberg*Forchheim , part of Rheinstetten, Baden-Württemberg... –Bamberg Bamberg Bamberg is a city in Bavaria, Germany. It is located in Upper Franconia on the river Regnitz, close to its confluence with the river Main. Bamberg is one of the few cities in Germany that was not destroyed by World War II bombings because of a nearby Artillery Factory that prevented planes from...  line
1965	200 km/h presentation trips on the München–Augsburg line installed in Class 103 Class 103 Class 103 can refer to:*Class 103 - British diesel multiple unit*DB Class 103 - German electric locomotive...  locomotives name="bachtech-2006-1-24">Der ICE – ein Produkt des Systemverbundes Bahn. In: Deutsche Bahn Deutsche Bahn Deutsche Bahn AG is the German national railway company, a private joint stock company . Headquartered in Berlin, it came into existence in 1994 as the successor to the former state railways of Germany, the Deutsche Bundesbahn of West Germany and the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany...  AG: (http://www.db.de/site/shared/de/dateianhaenge/publikationen__broschueren/bahntech/bahntech200601.pdf) bahntech, Nr. 1/06], S. 24 f.
1974–1976	Operations testing on the Bremen Bremen The City Municipality of Bremen is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany. A commercial and industrial city with a major port on the river Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen-Oldenburg metropolitan area . Bremen is the second most populous city in North Germany and tenth in Germany.Bremen is... –Hamburg Hamburg -History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...  line	3 controllers / 90 km
1976	Expanded the trial to the Hamm Hamm Hamm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany. It is located in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. As of December 2003 its population was 180,849. The city is situated between the A1 motorway and A2 motorway... –Gütersloh Gütersloh Gütersloh is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in the area of Westphalia and the administrative region of Detmold. Gütersloh is the administrative centre for a district of the same name and has a population of 96,320 people.- Geography :...  line.
1978–1980	S-Bahn pilot project in Madrid (RENFE RENFE Renfe Operadora is the state-owned company which operates freight and passenger trains on the 1668-mm "Iberian gauge" and 1435-mm "European gauge" networks of the Spanish national railway infrastructure company ADIF .- History :The name RENFE is derived from that of the former Spanish National... )	1 controller / 28 km
1980–1985	Operations start on some Deutschen Bundesbahn Deutsche Bundesbahn The Deutsche Bundesbahn or DB was formed as the state railway of the newly established Federal Republic of Germany on September 7, 1949 as a successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft '...  (DB) lines	7 controllers / 309 km
1987	Operations start on new high-speed lines Fulda Fulda Fulda is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district .- Early Middle Ages :... –Würzburg Würzburg Würzburg is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany. Located at the Main River, it is the capital of the Regierungsbezirk Lower Franconia. The regional dialect is Franconian....  and Mannheim Mannheim Mannheim is a city in southwestern Germany. With about 315,000 inhabitants, Mannheim is the second-largest city in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, following the capital city of Stuttgart.... –Hockenheim Hockenheim Hockenheim is a German town in northwest Baden-Württemberg, about 20 km south of Mannheim. It is located in the Upper Rhine valley on the touristical theme routes Baden Asparagus Route and Bertha Benz Memorial Route...	4 controllers/125 km
1987	Austrian Federal Railways decides to introduce LZB
1988–1990	Further expansion to new routes in Germany	2 controllers/190 km
1991	Commissioning of the remainder of the Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway, the Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed railway and additional routes	10 controllers 488 km
1992	Opening of the Madrid-Sevilla high-speed rail line in Spain	8 controllers/480 km
1992	First section Wien Wien Wien is the German language name for Vienna, the city and federal state in Austria.* Wien , in Vienna, Austria* Theater an der Wien, a theater in Vienna located at the former river WienWien may also refer to:... –Salzburg Salzburg -Population development:In 1935, the population significantly increased when Salzburg absorbed adjacent municipalities. After World War II, numerous refugees found a new home in the city. New residential space was created for American soldiers of the postwar Occupation, and could be used for...  route in Austria	1 controller/30 km
1995	Commissioning of the Madrid Madrid Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...  C5 Cercanias Cercanías Cercanías is the name given to the commuter rail systems of Spain's major metropolitan areas. In Catalonia and Valencia, however, the term is replaced by Rodalies , while the designation Aldirikoak is used in the Basque Country....  (suburban rail) line	2 controllers/45 km
1998	Commissioning of the Hanover–Berlin high-speed railway and expansion of the Nuremberg Nuremberg Nuremberg[p] is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Situated on the Pegnitz river and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, it is located about north of Munich and is Franconia's largest city. The population is 505,664... -Würzburg Würzburg Würzburg is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany. Located at the Main River, it is the capital of the Regierungsbezirk Lower Franconia. The regional dialect is Franconian....  route, paired with electronic interlockings.	6 controllers
1999	Commissioning of the CIR ELKE pilot project on the Offenburg Offenburg Offenburg is a city located in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. With about 60,000 inhabitants, it is the largest city and the capital of the Ortenaukreis.Offenburg also houses University of Applied Sciences Offenburg... –Basel Basel Basel or Basle In the national languages of Switzerland the city is also known as Bâle , Basilea and Basilea is Switzerland's third most populous city with about 166,000 inhabitants. Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany...  line, with CE1 system software	4 controllers
2001	Commissioning of the CIR ELKE pilot project at Achern Achern Achern is a city in Western Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located approximately 18 km southwest of Baden-Baden and 19 km northeast of Offenburg...	1 controller
2002	Commissioning of the Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line using CE2 system software	4 controllers
2003	Commissionong of the upgrades to the Cologne–Düren(–Aachen) rail line (LZB with CE2-Software)	1 controller/40 km
2004	Commissionong of the upgrades to the Hamburg Hamburg -History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808... –Berlin Berlin Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...  rail line (LZB with CE2 system software)	5 controllers
2004	Commissioning on the upgrades to the Munich S-Bahn Munich S-Bahn The Munich S-Bahn is an electric rail transit system in Munich, Germany. "S-Bahn" is the German abbreviation for stadtschnellbahn , and the Munich S-Bahn exhibits characteristics of both rapid transit and commuter rail systems.The Munich S-Bahn network is operated by S-Bahn München, a subsidiary...  using (CE2 software and shorter blocks)	1 controller
2006	Commissioning on the upgrades to the Berlin Berlin Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union... –Halle Halle, Saxony-Anhalt Halle is the largest city in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It is also called Halle an der Saale in order to distinguish it from the town of Halle in North Rhine-Westphalia... /Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...  line where LZB (CE2) and ETCS European Train Control System The European Train Control System is a signalling, control andtrain protection system designed to replace the many incompatible safety systems currently used by European railways, especially on high-speed lines.- History :...  are combined for the first time.	4 controllers
2006	Commissioning of the Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway (LZB with CE2 system software with turnout extension)	2 controllers

Cable loops

The LZB control center communicates with the train using conductor cable loops.
Loops can be as short as 50 meters long, as used at the entrance and exit
to LZB controlled track, or as long as 12.7 km. Where the loops are longer
than 100 m they are crossed every 100 m. At the crossing the signal phase angle

Phase angle

In the context of vectors and phasors, the term phase angle refers to the angular component of the polar coordinate representation. The notation A\ang \!\ \theta,   for a vector with magnitude A and phase angle θ, is called angle notation.In the context of periodic phenomena, such as a wave,...

is changed by 180° reducing electrical interference between the track
and the train as well as long-distance radiation of the signal.
The train detects this crossing and uses it to help determine its
position. Longer loops are generally fed from the middle rather than an end.

One disadvantage of very long loops is that any break in the cable
will disable LZB transmission for the entire section, up to 12.7 km.
Thus, newer LZB installations, including all high-speed lines,
break the cable loops into 300 m physical cables. Each cable is fed from
a repeater, and all of the cables in a section will transmit the
same information.

LZB route center (central controller)

The core of the LZB route center, or central controller, consists of a
2-of-3 computer system with two computers connected to the outputs and
an extra for standby. Each computer has its own power supply and is in
its own frame. All 3 computers receive and process inputs
and interchange their outputs and important intermediate results.
If one disagrees it is disabled and the standby computer takes its place.

The computers are programmed with the fixed
information from the route such as speed limits, gradients, and the
location of block boundaries, switches, and signals. They are linked
by LAN or cables to the interlocking system from which they
receive indications of switch positions, signal indications, and
track circuit or axle counter occupancy. Finally, the route center's
computers communicates with controlled trains via. the cable loops
previously described.

Other equipment

• Repeaters: Repeaters connect individual 300 m long loop sections to the primary communication links, strengthening the signal from the route center and sending the vehicle responses.
• Fixed loops: Fixed loops, typically about 50 m long, are placed at the ends of the controlled section. They transmit fixed telegrams which allow entering trains to receive an address.
• Isolation cabinets: A long communication link will consist of multiple individual cables connected in "isolation cabinets" which serve to prevent the low-frequency voltage which is coupled from the catenary from accumulating on the cable.
• Signs: Signs indicate the LZB block boundaries (if not at a signal) and the entrance and exit from the LZB controlled area.

Vehicle equipment

The vehicle equipment in the original LZ B80 designed consisted of:

• Computers: The on-board equipment centered around a 2-of-3 computer system.
  The original LZB 80 design used 8085 microprocessors programmed in assembly
  language. The programs were interrupts driven, with interrupts generated by
  a 70 ms clock, the track receivers and transmitters, the serial interface,
  and also within the program itself. Interrupts triggered comparison and
  output programs. Peripheral equipment was arranged around the computers with
  all interfaces electrically separated and all grounds tied to the cabinet
  frame which was tied to the vehicle chassis.


• Redundant power supply: The computers and peripheral equipment
  were supplied with a redundant power supply based on two identical voltage
  transformers. Each was capable of supplying the power necessary for
  all of the equipment. They were normally alternately switched, but if one
  failed the other would take over. On-board batteries could also supply
  temporary power.


• Odomotry: The vehicle speed and distance travelled is measured
  on two independent channels by two pulse generators mounted on different
  axles. Each is linked separate microcontroller based unit used to correct any
  inaccuracies. The central logic polls the two units as well as an accelerometer
  compares the values and checks for plausibility.


• Receiver: Two pairs of receiving antennas are each fed to
  selective, self-regulating amplifiers whose output is fed to a
  demodulator and then a serial-parallel transformer. The received telegrams
  are then fed byte to byte to the central logic. The receivers also indicate
  transitions points and whether the signal is present.


• Transmitter: The 2 outputting computers feed serial-parallel
  transformers. They are compared after conversion, and transmission is only
  allowed if they are identical. Only one is actually transmitted, with the
  transmitter transmitting the two signals at 56 kHz with the signals displaced
  by a 90º phase angle.


• Emergency brake
  Emergency brake (train)
  On trains, the expression emergency brake has several meanings:* The maximum brake force available to the driver/engineer from his conventional braking system, usually operated by taking the brake handle to its furthest postion, through a gate mechanism, or by pushing a separate plunger in the cab*...
  
   connection: The computers are connected to the
  brake via a relay. A computer command or loss of current will release the
  air from the brake pipe applying the emergency brake.


• INDUSI horn connection: The horn signalling the driver is also
  connected by a relay.


• Serial interface: A serial interface is used to connect the rest
  of the components, including the driver inputs, display unit, logger,
  and the tuomatic drive and brake control (AFB) to the computers.
  Telegrams are transmitted cyclically both from and to the computers.


• Driver input unit: The driver inputs train related data such as the
  type of braking (passenger/freight), braking potential, maximum train speed,
  and train length on the driver interface unit. This is then displayed to the
  driver to verify that it is correct.


• Modular cab display (MFA): The modular cab display shows the relevant
  speeds and distances to the driver as described in the overview.


• Automatic drive/brake control: When enabled by the driver,
  the automatic drive/brake control unit (AFB) will drive the train following
  the permitted speed. When not operating on an LZB equipped line, i.e. under
  INDUSI operation, the AFB acts as a "cruise control", driving according to
  the speed set by the driver.

The equipment in newer trains is similar, although the details may vary.
For example, some vehicles use radar rather than accelerometers to aid
in their odometry. The number of antennas may vary by vehicle. Finally,
some newer vehicles use a full-screen computer generated
"Man-machine interface" (MMI) display rather than the separate
dials of the "Modular cab display" (MFA).

Telegrams

LZB operates by exchanging telegrams between the central controller and
the trains. The central coontroller transmits a "call telegram" using
Frequency-shift keying

Frequency-shift keying

Frequency-shift keying is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The simplest FSK is binary FSK . BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary information. With this scheme, the "1" is called...

 (FSK) signalling at 1,200 bits per second on a 36 kHz ± 0.4 kHz.
The train replies with a "response telegram" at 600 bits per second
at 56 kHz ± 0.2 kHz.

Call telegram format

Call telegrams are 83.5 bits long:

• Start sequence: Synchronization: 5.5 bits, Start element + baker code: 3 bits
• Address: Section ID: A-E, A1-A3, Location: 1-127 or 255-128
• Vehicle information: Travel direction: up/down, Braking type: passenger/freight, Brake curve number: 1-10, A-B
• Braking information: Distance to brake application: 0–1550 m
• Nominal distance XG: 0–12,775 m, Target information, Distance: 0–12,700 m, Speed: 0–315 km/h
• Display information, Signal information: 3 bits, Additional information: 5 bits
• Auxiliary information: Group identity: 1-4 - Indicates response type required, Line identity: new high-speed/normal main lines, Central controller type: LZB 100/72
• Cyclic redundancy check
  Cyclic redundancy check
  A cyclic redundancy check is an error-detecting code commonly used in digital networks and storage devices to detect accidental changes to raw data...
  
   (CRC): 8 bits

One might note that there is no "train identification" field in the telegram. Instead, a train is identified by position. See Zones and Addressing for more details.

Response telegram format

There are 4 types of response telegrams, each 41 bits long. The exact type of telegram a train sends depends on the "Group identity" in the call telegram.

The most common type of telegram is type 1, which is used to signal a train's position and speed to the central controller. It contains the following fields: {LZB p3}

• Synchronization and start sequence: 6 bits
• Group identity: 1-4 - Indicates response type
• Vehicle location acknowledgement: number of zones advanced = ±0, ±1, ±2
• Location within zone: 0–87.5 m (in 12.5 m increments)
• Braking type: passenger/freight
• Brake curve number: 16 possible brake curves
• Actual speed: 0–315 km/h
• Operational and disgnostic information: 5 bits
• Cyclic redundancy check (CRC): 7 bits

The other telegrams are used primarily when a train enters the LZB controlled
section. They all start with the same synchronization and start sequence
and a "group identity" to identify the telegram type, and end with the
CRC. Their data fields vary as follows:

• Type 2: Vehicle location acknowledgement, location within zone, braking type, brake curve number, maximum train speed, train length
• Type 3: Railway, train number
• Type 4: Locomotive/train series, serial number, train length

Entry into LZB, zones and addressing

Before entering an LZB controlled section the driver must enable the train by entering the required information on the Driver Input Unit and enabling LZB. When enabled the train will light a "B" light.
A controlled section of track is divided into up to 127 zones, each 100 m long.
The zones are consecutively numbered, counting up from 1 in one direction and down from 255 in the opposite.

When a train enters a LZB controlled section of track, it will normally
pass over a fixed loop that transmits a "change of section identification" (BKW)
telegram. This telegram indicates to the train the section identification
number as well as the starting zone, either 1 or 255.
The train sends back an acknowledgement telegram.
At that time the LZB indications are switched on, including the "Ü"
light to indicate that LZB is running.

From that point on the train's location is used to identify a train.
When a train enters a new zone it sends a response telegram with the
"vehicle location acknowledgement" filed indicating that it has advanced
into a new zone. The central controller will then use the new zone
when addressing the train in the future. Thus a trains address will
gradually increase or decrease, depending on its direction, as it
travels along the track. A train identifies that it has entered a new
zone by either detecting the cable transposition point in the cable or
when it has travelled 100 meters.
A train can miss detecting up to 3 transposition points and still
remain under LZB control.

The procedure for entering LZB controlled track is repeated when a train transitions from one controlled section to another. The
train receives a new "change of section identification" telegram and gets
a new address.

Until the train knows its address it will ignore any telegrams received.
Thus, if a train doesn't properly enter into the controlled section
it won't be under LZB control until the next section.

Speed signalling

The main task of LZB is signalling to the train the speed and distance
it is allowed to travel. It does this by transmitting periodic call
telegrams to each train one to five times per second, depdending on
the number of trains present. Four fields in the call telegram are
particularly relevant:

• Target distance
• Target speed
• Nominal stopping distance, known as "XG" (See below)
• Distance to brake application poin

The target speed and location are used to display the target speed
and distance to the driver. The train's permitted speed is calculated
using the trains braking curve, which can vary by train type,
and the XG location, which is the distance from the start of
the 100 m zone that is used to address the train. If the train is
approaching a red signal or the beginning of an occupied block
the location will match the location of the signal or block boundary.
The on-board equipment will calculate the permitted speed at any
point so that the train, decelerating at the deceleration
indicated by its braking curve, will stop by the stopping point.

A train will have a parabolic braking curve as follows:

where:

• decel = deceleration
• dist = distance from beginning of 100 m zone

Where a train is approaching a speed restriction the control center will
transmit a packet with an XG location set to a point behind the speed
restriction such that a train, decelerating based on its braking curve,
will arrive at the correct speed at the start of the speed restriction.
This, as well as deceleration to zero speed, is illustraded with the
green line in the "Permitted and supervised speed calculation" figure.
The red line in the figure shows the "monitoring speed", which is the speed
which, if exceeded, the train will automatically apply the emergency brakes.
When running at constant speed this is 8.75 km/h above the permitted speed
for transitend emergency braking (until speed is reduced) or 13.75 km/h
above the permitted speed for continuous emergency braking.
When approaching a stopping point, the monitoring speed follows a braking
curve similar to the permitted speed, but with a higher deceleration,
that will bring it to zero at the stopping point. When approaching a speed
restriction, the monitoring speed braking curve intersects the speed
restriction point at 8.75 km/h above the constant speed.
Deceleration rates are more conservative with LZB than with conventional German
signalling. A typical passenger train braking curve might have a "permitted
speed" deceleration of 0.5 m/s² and a "monitoring speed"
deceleration of 0.71 m/s², 42% higher than the deceleration for the
permitted speed, but lower than the 0.76 m/s² required to stop from
140 km/h in 1,000 m. The ICE3, which has a full service braking deceleration
of 1.1 m/s² below 160 km/h, dropping to 0.65 km/h by 300 km/h,
has a LZB target speed deceleration of only 0.68 m/s² to 120 km/h,
0.55 m/s² between 120 km/h and 170 km/h, and 0.5 m/s²
at higher speeds.

In between the permitted speed and monitoring speed is a warning speed,
normally 5 km/h above the permitted speed. If the train exceeds that speed
LZB will flash the "G" light on the train's display and sound a horn.

Leaving LZB

About 1700 m before the end of the LZB controlled section the central controller
will send a telegram to announce the end of LZB control. The train will flash
the "ENDE" light which the driver must acknowledge within 10 seconds.
The display will normally give the distance and target speed at the end of
the controlled section, which will depend on the signal at that point.

When the train reaches the end of LZB control the "Ü" and "ENDE" lights
go off and the conventional INDUSI (or PZB) system takes over automatic
train protection.

Special operating modes

Special conditions not covered by the full LZB system or failures can put LZB
into one of the special operating modes.

Crossover to opposite track

As a train approaches a crossover to a normally opposite direction track
the display will flash the "E/40" light. The driver confirms the indication
and the permitted speed drops following the braking curve to 40 km/h.
When the crossover section is reached the displays are switched off
and the driver can proceed through the crossover at 40 km/h.

Drive by sight signal

German signalling systems have a "drive by sight" signal that consists
of 3 white lights forming a triangle with one light at the top. This signal,
labeled "Zs 101", is placed with a fixed line side signal and, when lighted,
permits the driver to pass a fixed red or defective signal and drive by sight
to the end of the interlocking no faster than 40 km/h.

When approaching such a signal in LZB territory the "E/40" light will be
lit until 250 m before the signal, then the "E/40" will go dark and
"V40" will flash. The "V40" signal indicates the ability to drive by sight.

Transmission failure

If data exchange is interrupted, the trains distance measurement system
fails, or the train fails to detect 4 or more cable transposition points
the LZB system will go into a failure state. It will light the "Stör"
indicator and then falsh "Ü". The driver must acknowledge the indications
within 10 seconds. The driver must slow the train to no more than 85 km/h
or lower; the exact speed depends on the backup signalling system in place.

CIR ELKE

CIR-ELKE is an improvement on the basic LZB system.
It uses the same physical interface and packets as standard LZB
but upgrades its software, adding capabilities and modifying some procedures.
It is designed to increase line capacity by up to 40% and to further
shorten travel times. The name is an abbreviation of the English/German project title
Computer Integrated Railroading - Erhöhung der Leistungsfähigkeit im Kernnetz der Eisenbahn
(Computer Integrated Railroading - Increase Capacity in the Core Railway Network). Being an extension of LZB it is also called LZB-CIR-ELKE further abbreviated into LZB-CE.

CIR-ELKE includes the following improvements:

• Shorter blocks - CIR-ELKE blocks can be as short as 300 meters, or even shorter for S-Bahn systems. The Munich S-Bahn system has blocks as short as 50 meters at the beginning of the platform, allowing a train to pull into the platform as another is leaving and making it capable of runnings 30 trains per hour.
• Speed changes at any location - The standard LZB system required that speed restrictions start at block boundaries. With CIR-ELKE speed restrictions can start at any point, such as at a turnout. This means a train doesn't have to slow down as soon, increasing average speeds.
• Telegram evaluation changes - In order to increase safety on a system with shorter intervals between trains CIR-ELKE sends identical telegrams twice. The train will only act on a telegram if it receives two identical valid telegrams. In order to compensate for the increase in the number of telegrams CIR-ELKE sends telegrams to non-moving trains less frequently.

CIR ELKE-II

The original LZB system was designed for permitted speeds up to 280 km/h
and gradients up to 1.25%. The Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line was designed
for 300 km/h operation and has 4% gradients; thus, it needed a new
version of LZB, and CIR ELKE-II was developed for this line.

CIR ELKE-II has the following features:

• Maximum speed of 300 km/h.
• Support for braking curves with higher decelerations and curves taking into account the actual altitude profile of the distance ahead instead of assuming the maximum downslope of the section. This makes operation on 4% gradients practical.
• Support for target distances of up to 35,000 m to a stopping or speed restriction point. If there is no such point within that distance the system will display a target distance of 13,000 m and a target speed of the line speed.
• Signalling voltage or phase changes.
• Audible warning signals 8 seconds before the point of braking, or 4 seconds for the Munich S-Bahn, instead of 1000 m before or with a 30 km/h speed difference done previously.

Malfunctions

The LZB system has been quite safe and reliable; so much so that there have
been no collisions on LZB equipped lines because of the failure of the
LZB system. However, there have been some malfunctions that could have
potentially resulted in accidents. They are:

• On June 29, 1991, after a disturbance, the train driver had the LZB system
  off and passed a stop signal with two trains in the tunnel at Jühnde on the
  Hanover-Würzburg high-speed line.


• On June 29, 2001, there was nearly a serious accident at the Oschatz crossover
  on the Leipzig-Dresden railway line. The crossover was set to diverging
  with a 100 km/h speed limit but the LZB system displayed a 180 km/h limit.
  The driver of ICE 1652 recognised the diverging signal and managed to slow down to 170 km/h
  before the crossing and the train did not derail. A software error in the
  LZB computer was suspected as the cause.


• A similar near-accident occurred on November 17, 2001 in Bienenbüttel on the
  Hamburg-Hanover rail line. In order to pass a failed freight train an ICE train
  crossed over to the opposite track going 185 km/h through a crossover that was
  rated at 80 km/h. The suspected cause was the faulty execution of a change to the
  interlocking system where the crossover speed was increased from 60 km/h to
  80 km/h. Without that speed restriction the LZB system did continue to show the 200 km/h
  pass-through line speed on the in-cab display - the train driver applied the brakes on recognising the line-side signal lights set to diverge and the train did not derail.


• On April 9, 2002 on the Hanover-Berlin high-speed rail line a fault in the LZB
  line centre computer brought four LZB controlled trains to a stop with two trains in each line direction being halted in the same signalling block (Teilblockmodus - divided block control). When the computer was rebooted it signalled 0 km/h to the trains in front and 160 km/h to the following trains. The drivers of the following trains did not proceed however - one driver saw the train in front of him and the other driver double-checked with the operations centre which warned him prior to departure, so two possible collisions were averted.

DB (Germany)

The following lines of Deutsche Bahn

Deutsche Bahn

Deutsche Bahn AG is the German national railway company, a private joint stock company . Headquartered in Berlin, it came into existence in 1994 as the successor to the former state railways of Germany, the Deutsche Bundesbahn of West Germany and the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany...

are equipped with LZB, allowing for
speeds in excess of 160 km/h (providing the general suitability of the track):

• Augsburg
  Augsburg
  Augsburg is a city in the south-west of Bavaria, Germany. It is a university town and home of the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben and the Bezirk Schwaben. Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is, as of 2008, the third-largest city in Bavaria with a...
  
   - Dinkelscherben
  Dinkelscherben
  Dinkelscherben is a municipality in the district of Augsburg in Bavaria in Germany....
  
  - Ulm
  Ulm
  Ulm is a city in the federal German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the River Danube. The city, whose population is estimated at 120,000 , forms an urban district of its own and is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau district. Ulm, founded around 850, is rich in history and...
  
   (km 7.3 ­ km 28.5)
• Berlin
  Berlin
  Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
  
   - Nauen
  Nauen
  Nauen is a town in the Havelland district, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated 38 km west of Berlin and 26 km northwest of Potsdam.-History:...
  
  - Glöwen - Wittenberge
  Wittenberge
  Wittenberge is a town of twenty thousand people on the lower Elbe in the district of Prignitz , Brandenburg, Germany.-History:...
  
  - Hagenow Land - Rothenburgsort
  Rothenburgsort
  Rothenburgsort is a quarter in the Hamburg-Mitte borough of the Free and Hanseatic city of Hamburg in northern Germany. In 2006, the population was 8,660.-Geography:The quarter is situated in the south-east center of Hamburg...
  
  - Hamburg
  Hamburg
  -History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
  
   (km 16.5 - km 273.1)
• Bremen - Hamburg
  Hamburg
  -History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
  
   (km 253.9 - km 320.1)
• Dortmund
  Dortmund
  Dortmund is a city in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr area. Its population of 585,045 makes it the 7th largest city in Germany and the 34th largest in the European Union....
  
   - Hamm (Westf)
  Hamm
  Hamm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany. It is located in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. As of December 2003 its population was 180,849. The city is situated between the A1 motorway and A2 motorway...
  
   - Bielefeld
  Bielefeld
  Bielefeld is an independent city in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe Region in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a population of 323,000, it is also the most populous city in the Regierungsbezirk Detmold...
  
   (except for the station of Hamm)
• Frankfurt am Main - Gelnhausen
  Gelnhausen
  Gelnhausen is a town and the capital of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is located approx. 40 kilometers east of Frankfurt am Main, between the Vogelsberg mountains and the Spessart range at the river Kinzig...
  
  - Fulda
  Fulda
  Fulda is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district .- Early Middle Ages :...
  
   (km 24.8 - km 40.3)
• Hannover - Stadthagen
  Stadthagen
  Stadthagen is the capital of the district of Schaumburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approx. 20 km east of Minden and 40 km west of Hanover. The city consists of the districts Brandenburg, Enzen-Hobbensen, Hörkamp-Langenbruch, Krebshagen, Obernwöhren, Probsthagen, Reinsen...
  
  - Minden
  Minden
  Minden is a town of about 83,000 inhabitants in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The town extends along both sides of the river Weser. It is the capital of the Kreis of Minden-Lübbecke, which is part of the region of Detmold. Minden is the historic political centre of the...
  
   (km 4.4 - km 53.4)
• Hannover - Celle
  Celle
  Celle is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town is situated on the banks of the River Aller, a tributary of the Weser and has a population of about 71,000...
  
  - Uelzen
  Uelzen
  Uelzen is a town in northeast Lower Saxony, Germany, and capital of the county of Uelzen. It is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region, a Hanseatic town and an independent municipality....
  
   - Lüneburg
  Lüneburg
  Lüneburg is a town in the German state of Lower Saxony. It is located about southeast of fellow Hanseatic city Hamburg. It is part of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region, and one of Hamburg's inner suburbs...
  
  - Hamburg
  Hamburg
  -History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
  
   (km 4.0 - km 166.5)
• Hannover - Göttingen
  Göttingen
  Göttingen is a university town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Göttingen. The Leine river runs through the town. In 2006 the population was 129,686.-General information:...
  
  - Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe
  Kassel
  Kassel is a town located on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Kassel Regierungsbezirk and the Kreis of the same name and has approximately 195,000 inhabitants.- History :...
  
  - Fulda
  Fulda
  Fulda is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district .- Early Middle Ages :...
  
  - Würzburg
  Würzburg
  Würzburg is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany. Located at the Main River, it is the capital of the Regierungsbezirk Lower Franconia. The regional dialect is Franconian....
  
  (km 4.2 - km 325.6)
• Karlsruhe
  Karlsruhe
  The City of Karlsruhe is a city in the southwest of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border.Karlsruhe was founded in 1715 as Karlsruhe Palace, when Germany was a series of principalities and city states...
  
   - Achern
  Achern
  Achern is a city in Western Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located approximately 18 km southwest of Baden-Baden and 19 km northeast of Offenburg...
  
  - Offenburg
  Offenburg
  Offenburg is a city located in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. With about 60,000 inhabitants, it is the largest city and the capital of the Ortenaukreis.Offenburg also houses University of Applied Sciences Offenburg...
  
  - Kenzingen
  Kenzingen
  Kenzingen is a town in the district of Emmendingen, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated on the river Elz, 23 km north of Freiburg.-External links:*...
  
  - Leutersberg
  Schallstadt
  Schallstadt is a town in the district of Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg in Germany....
  
  - Weil am Rhein
  Weil am Rhein
  Weil am Rhein is a German town and commune which is a suburb of the city of Basel in Switzerland. It is situated on the east bank of the River Rhine, and close to the point at which the Swiss, French and German borders meet. It is the most southwesterly town in Germany.-Geography:Weil am Rhein is...
  
  - Basel Bad. Bf.
  Basel
  Basel or Basle In the national languages of Switzerland the city is also known as Bâle , Basilea and Basilea is Switzerland's third most populous city with about 166,000 inhabitants. Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany...
  
   (km 102.2 - km 270.6)
• Köln
  KOLN
  KOLN, digital channel 10, is the CBS affiliate in Lincoln, Nebraska. It operates a satellite station, KGIN, on digital channel 11 in Grand Island. KGIN repeats all KOLN programming, but airs separate commercials...
  
  - Aachen
  Aachen
  Aachen has historically been a spa town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Aachen was a favoured residence of Charlemagne, and the place of coronation of the Kings of Germany. Geographically, Aachen is the westernmost town of Germany, located along its borders with Belgium and the Netherlands, ...
  
   (km 1,9 - km 41,8)
• Köln
  KOLN
  KOLN, digital channel 10, is the CBS affiliate in Lincoln, Nebraska. It operates a satellite station, KGIN, on digital channel 11 in Grand Island. KGIN repeats all KOLN programming, but airs separate commercials...
  
   - Düsseldorf
  Düsseldorf
  Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and centre of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region.Düsseldorf is an important international business and financial centre and renowned for its fashion and trade fairs. Located centrally within the European Megalopolis, the...
  
  - Duisburg
  Duisburg
  - History :A legend recorded by Johannes Aventinus holds that Duisburg, was built by the eponymous Tuisto, mythical progenitor of Germans, ca. 2395 BC...
  
   (km 6.7 - km 37.3 and km 40.1 - km 62.2; Düsseldorf main station is not equipped)
• Köln
  KOLN
  KOLN, digital channel 10, is the CBS affiliate in Lincoln, Nebraska. It operates a satellite station, KGIN, on digital channel 11 in Grand Island. KGIN repeats all KOLN programming, but airs separate commercials...
  
   - Troisdorf
  Troisdorf
  Troisdorf is a town in the Rhein-Sieg-Kreis , in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.-Geography:Troisdorf is located approx. 22 kilometers south of Cologne and 13 kilometers north east of Bonn.-Division of the town:...
  
  - Montabaur
  Montabaur
  Montabaur is a town and the district seat of the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. At the same time, it is also the administrative centre of the Verbandsgemeinde of Montabaur – a kind of collective municipality – to which 24 other communities belong...
  
  - Limburg a.d. Lahn - Frankfurt am Main (km 8.7 - km 172.6)
• Leipzig
  Leipzig
  Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
  
   - Wurzen
  Wurzen
  Wurzen is a town in the Leipzig district, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Mulde, here crossed by two bridges, 25 km east of Leipzig, by rail N.E. of Leipzig on the main line to Dresden...
  
  - Dresden
  Dresden
  Dresden is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon Triangle metropolitan area....
  
   (km 3.6 - km 59.5)
• Lengerich (Westf) - Münster (Westf)
• Lehrte
  Lehrte
  Lehrte is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 17 km east of Hanover. Lehrte is a picturesque town with a population of 45,000 and a modern infrastructure, combined with local culture and an interesting history.-History:The first documented...
  
   - Stendal
  Stendal
  Stendal is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is the capital of Stendal District and unofficial capital of the Altmark. Its population in 2001 was 38,900. It is located some west of Berlin and around east of Hanover...
  
   - Berlin-Spandau
• Mannheim
  Mannheim
  Mannheim is a city in southwestern Germany. With about 315,000 inhabitants, Mannheim is the second-largest city in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, following the capital city of Stuttgart....
  
   - Karlsruhe
  Karlsruhe
  The City of Karlsruhe is a city in the southwest of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg, located near the French-German border.Karlsruhe was founded in 1715 as Karlsruhe Palace, when Germany was a series of principalities and city states...
  
  
• Mannheim
  Mannheim
  Mannheim is a city in southwestern Germany. With about 315,000 inhabitants, Mannheim is the second-largest city in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, following the capital city of Stuttgart....
  
   - Vaihingen an der Enz - Stuttgart
  Stuttgart
  Stuttgart is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. The sixth-largest city in Germany, Stuttgart has a population of 600,038 while the metropolitan area has a population of 5.3 million ....
  
   (km 2.1 - km 99.5)
• München - Augsburg
  Augsburg
  Augsburg is a city in the south-west of Bavaria, Germany. It is a university town and home of the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben and the Bezirk Schwaben. Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is, as of 2008, the third-largest city in Bavaria with a...
  
  - Donauwörth
  Donauwörth
  Donauwörth is a city in the German State of Bavaria , in the region of Swabia . It is said to have been founded by two fisherman where the Danube and Wörnitz rivers meet...
  
   (km 9,2 - km 56.3 and km 2.7 - km 39.8; Augsburg main station is not equipped)
• Nürnberg - Allersberg
  Allersberg
  Allersberg is a municipality in the district of Roth, in Bavaria, Germany....
  
   - Kinding
  Kinding
  Kinding is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany....
  
  - Ingolstadt
  Ingolstadt
  Ingolstadt is a city in the Free State of Bavaria, in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is located along the banks of the Danube River, in the center of Bavaria. As at 31 March 2011, Ingolstadt had 125.407 residents...
  
  -Nord (ABS: km 97.9 - km 91.6; NBS: km 9.0 - km 88.7)
• Nürnberg - Neustadt an der Aisch
  Neustadt an der Aisch
  Neustadt an der Aisch is a small town in the northern part of Bavaria , within the Franconian administrative region Middle Franconia,...
  
  - Würzburg
  Würzburg
  Würzburg is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany. Located at the Main River, it is the capital of the Regierungsbezirk Lower Franconia. The regional dialect is Franconian....
  
   (km 34.8 - km 62.7)
• Osnabrück
  Osnabrück
  Osnabrück is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, some 80 km NNE of Dortmund, 45 km NE of Münster, and some 100 km due west of Hanover. It lies in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest...
  
   - Bremen (km 139.7 - km 232.0)
• Paderborn
  Paderborn
  Paderborn is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, capital of the Paderborn district. The name of the city derives from the river Pader, which originates in more than 200 springs near Paderborn Cathedral, where St. Liborius is buried.-History:...
  
   - Lippstadt
  Lippstadt
  Lippstadt is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the largest town within the district of Soest.-Geography:Lippstadt is situated in the Lippe valley, roughly 70 kilometres east of Dortmund and roughly 30 kilometres west of Paderborn...
  
   - Soest
  Soest, Germany
  Soest is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the capital of the Soest district. After Lippstadt, a neighbouring town, Soest is the second biggest town in its district.-Geography:...
  
  - Hamm (Westf)
  Hamm
  Hamm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany. It is located in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. As of December 2003 its population was 180,849. The city is situated between the A1 motorway and A2 motorway...
  
   (Strecke 1760: km 125.2 - km 180.8; Strecke 2930: km 111.5 - km 135.6)
• Zeppelinheim bei Frankfurt/Main - Mannheim
  Mannheim
  Mannheim is a city in southwestern Germany. With about 315,000 inhabitants, Mannheim is the second-largest city in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, following the capital city of Stuttgart....
  
  

Note: italics indicate the physical location of an LZB control center.

ÖBB (Austria)

The West railway (Vienna–Salzburg) is equipped with LZB in three sections:

• St. Pölten
  Sankt Pölten
  Sankt Pölten is the capital city of the State of Lower Austria in northeast Austria. With inhabitants , it is Lower Austria's largest city...
  
  –Ybbs an der Donau
  Ybbs an der Donau
  Ybbs an der Donau is a city in Austria. It was established in 1317. Throughout the town, from the intersection of the important trade routes and along the Danube the town has preserved a site that already had great economic importance during the Middle Ages...
  
   (km 62.4–km 108.6)
• Amstetten
  Amstetten, Lower Austria
  Amstetten is a town in Lower Austria. It is the capital of the Amstetten District.-Geography:Is geographically located between 48 ° 07 ' N and 14 ° 52 ' E , at a height of 275 meters , has an area of 52.22 km ² , its population in 2001 was 22,595 inhabitants, with a population density of 441 habs...
  
  –St. Valentin
  Sankt Valentin
  Sankt Valentin is a town in the district of Amstetten in Lower Austria in Austria....
  
   (km 125.9–km 165.0)
• Linz
  Linz
  Linz is the third-largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria . It is located in the north centre of Austria, approximately south of the Czech border, on both sides of the river Danube. The population of the city is , and that of the Greater Linz conurbation is about...
  
  –Attnang-Puchheim
  Attnang-Puchheim
  Attnang-Puchheim is a growing town in Austria, located in the Vöcklabruck district, lying between the cities Vöcklabruck and Schwanenstadt. It is twinned with the city of Puchheim in Bavaria.-Geography:...
  
   (km 190.5–km 241.6)

RENFE (Spain)

• Madrid
  Madrid
  Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
  
   - Córdoba
  Córdoba, Spain
  -History:The first trace of human presence in the area are remains of a Neanderthal Man, dating to c. 32,000 BC. In the 8th century BC, during the ancient Tartessos period, a pre-urban settlement existed. The population gradually learned copper and silver metallurgy...
  
  - Sevilla (9 Zentralen / 480 km), operational since 1992. Since 2004, the terminus Madrid­Atocha is also equipped with LZB. In November 2005, a branch line to Toledo was opened. (20 km).
• Cercanías Madrid line C5 from Humanes over Atocha to Móstoles-El Soto. It is 45 km  long with 2 LZB centres and 76 Series 446 vehicles.
• All EuskotrenBideak network with the exception of the Euskotran network.

Non-mainline uses

In addition to mainline railways, versions of the LZB system are also used
in suburban (S-Bahn) railways and subways.

Dusseldorf, Duisburg, Krefeld, Mülheim an der Ruhr

Tunnels in the Düsseldorf and Duisburg U-bahn (subway) system, and some of
the tunnels in the Mülheim an der Ruhr U-bahn are LZB equipped.

Vienna (Wien)

With the exception of line 6, the entire Vienna U-Bahn

Vienna U-Bahn

The Vienna U-Bahn is a rapid transit system consisting of five lines. It is the backbone of one of the best performing public transport systems worldwide according to UITP in June 2009. More than 1.3 million passengers use the Vienna U-Bahn every day...

 is equipped
with LZB since it was built and includes the capability of automatic driving with the
operator monitoring the train.

Munich

As with Vienna, the Munich U-Bahn

Munich U-Bahn

The Munich U-Bahn system is an electric rail rapid transit network in Munich, Germany. "U-Bahn" is the German contraction for Untergrundbahn or "subway." It is operated by the municipally owned Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft...

 was built with LZB control.
During the regular daytime the trains are automatically driven with
the operator simply starting the train. Stationary signals remain
dark during that time.

In the evenings from 9:00 p.m. and on Sundays the operators drive the
trains manually according to the stationary signals in order to remain
in practice.

There are plans to automate the placement and reversal of emptry trains.

Nuremberg

The Nuremberg U-Bahn

Nuremberg U-Bahn

The Nuremberg U-Bahn is a metro run by VAG Nürnberg , which itself is a member of the VGN . The Nuremberg U-Bahn is Germany's newest metro...

 U3 line uses LZB for fully automatic (driverless)
operation. The system was jointly developed by Siemens

Siemens

Siemens may refer toSiemens, a German family name carried by generations of telecommunications industrialists, including:* Werner von Siemens , inventor, founder of Siemens AG...

 and VAG Nuremberg
and is the first system where driverless trains and conventional trains
share a section of line. The existing, conventionally driven U2 line trains
shares a segment with the automatic U3 line trains. Currently, an employee
still accompanies the automatically driven trains, but later the trains
will travel unaccompanied.

After several years of delays, the final three-month test run was successfully completed on April 20, 2008, and the operating licence granted on April 30, 2008. A few days later the driverless trains started operating with passengers, first on Sundays and public holidays, then weekdays at peak hours, and finally after the morning rush hour which has a tight sequence of U2 trains. The official opening ceremony for the U3 line was held on June 14, 2008 in the presence of the Bavarian Prime Minister and Federal Minister of Transport, the regular operation began with the schedule change on 15 June 2008. The Nuremberg U-bahn plans to convert U2 to automatic operation in about a year.

London

The Docklands Light Railway

Docklands Light Railway

The Docklands Light Railway is an automated light metro or light rail system opened on 31 August 1987 to serve the redeveloped Docklands area of London...

 in east London uses the SelTrac

SelTrac

SELTrac is a digital signalling technology used to control the movements of rail vehicles originally developed by Standard Elektrik Lorenz . It was originally developed for the Krauss-Maffei Transurban automated guideway transit system developed in the 1970s, and moved to the ICTS vehicle when the...

 technology which was derived from LZB to run automated trains. The trains are accompanied by an employee who closes the doors and signals the train to start, but then is mainly dedicated to customer service and ticket control. In case of failure the train can be driven manually by the on train staff.

European Train Control System

Different European countries currently have a variety of train signalling
systems. In order to standardize operations and allow a train to pass through
Europe without switching locomotives or needing to be equipped with
many signalling systems Europe has developed the
European Train Control System

European Train Control System

The European Train Control System is a signalling, control andtrain protection system designed to replace the many incompatible safety systems currently used by European railways, especially on high-speed lines.- History :...

 (ETCS). The European Union has required
that European nations adopt ETCS which is currently in its initial
implementation phases. It is supposed to eventually replace all national systems.

LZB is considered a "Class B" system within ETCS. A train can be equipped with
a LZB "Specific Transmission Module" (STM) which allows ETCS on-board equipment
to communicate with LZB ground equipment. In addition, lines can be
dual-equipped with both ETCS and LZB, allowing trains equipped with either
system to traverse the line at full speed. The line from Jüterbog to
Halle/Leipzig is dual-equipped.

See also

• Automatic Train Protection
  Automatic Train Protection
  Automatic Train Protection in Great Britain refers to either of two implementations of a train protection system installed in some trains in order to help prevent collisions through a driver's failure to observe a signal or speed restriction...
  
  
• Train protection system
• European Train Control System
  European Train Control System
  The European Train Control System is a signalling, control andtrain protection system designed to replace the many incompatible safety systems currently used by European railways, especially on high-speed lines.- History :...