"
Like a Virgin" is the first single by American singer
MadonnaMadonna is an American recording artist, actress and entrepreneur. Born in Bay City, Michigan, and raised in Rochester Hills, Michigan, she moved to New York City in 1977, for a career in modern dance...
from the
album of the same nameLike a Virgin is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on November 12, 1984 by Sire Records. The album was re-released in 1985 world wide with the bonus track "Into the Groove". In 2001, Warner Bros. released a remastered version with two bonus remix tracks...
and was released on November 6, 1984 by
Sire RecordsSire Records is an American record label, owned by Warner Music Group and distributed through Warner Bros. Records-Beginnings:The label was founded in 1966 as Sire Productions by Seymour Stein and Richard Gottehrer. Its early releases as a record label were issued in 1968, distributed by London...
. It also appears in a truncated and slightly remixed form on the 1990 greatest hits compilation
The Immaculate CollectionThe Immaculate Collection is the first greatest hits album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on November 13, 1990 by Sire Records. It contains newly remixed versions of her greatest hits from 1982 to 1990, as well as two new tracks "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me". The album includes...
and the 2009 greatest hits compilation
CelebrationCelebration is the third greatest hits album from American singer Madonna, and the closing release under her contract with Warner Bros. Records, her record company since 1982. The release follows her two previous greatest hits albums, The Immaculate Collection and GHV2...
. Since its 1984 release, it has gone on to become one of Madonna's signature songs. "Like a Virgin" was honored by
Rolling StoneRolling Stone is a United States-based magazine devoted to music, politics, and popular culture that is published every two weeks. Rolling Stone was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and music critic Ralph J. Gleason.The magazine was named after the 1948 Muddy Waters song of the same...
and
MTVMTV is a cable television network based in New York City and launched on August 1, 1981. The original purpose of the channel was to play music videos guided by on-air hosts known as VJs...
in 2000 as the #4 song on their list of the 100 Greatest Pop Songs.
Background
Madonna's performance of this song at the
1984 MTV Video Music AwardsThe 1984 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 14, 1984, honoring the best music videos from May 2, 1983 to May 2, 1984. The show was hosted by Dan Aykroyd and Bette Midler at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City.-Video of the Year:...
made music history when she appeared in a bridal gown atop a giant wedding cake. She also notably lipsynched the song in a pink wig and custom-made
Keith HaringKeith Haring was an artist and social activist whose work responded to the New York City street culture of the 1980s.-Early life:...
jacket for a television performance on
Solid GoldSolid Gold was an American syndicated music countdown television series which aired from 1980 to 1988, usually on Saturday in the early evening time slot...
and the BBC's "Top of the Pops" chart show.
Billy SteinbergBilly Steinberg is an American songwriter. He has achieved most of his success as part of a song writing team, most notably with Tom Kelly. He has also co-written several hit songs with Rick Nowels.-Biography:...
and Tom Kelly wrote the song, and Kelly sang on the
demoA demo version or demo of a song is one recorded for reference rather than for release. A demo is a way for musicians to approximate their ideas on tape or disc, and provide an example of those ideas to record labels, producers or other artists...
. In an interview with
SongfactsSongfacts is a website devoted to song information compiled by music enthusiasts, radio professionals and songwriters, who are often interviewed to determine the stories behind their songs....
, Steinberg said:
The bassline has been known as similar to
Michael JacksonMichael Joseph Jackson , known as the "King of Pop", was an American musician and one of the most commercially successful and influential entertainers of all time...
's "
Billie Jean"Billie Jean" is a dance-pop R&B song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was written by Jackson and produced by Quincy Jones for the singer's sixth solo album, Thriller . Originally disliked by Jones, the track was almost removed from the album after he and Jackson had numerous...
" and The Four Tops' "I Can't Help Myself". Madonna acknowledged the similarities between her hit and those of Jackson and The Four Tops by incorporating elements of each into her live performances of "Like A Virgin" (with "
Billie Jean"Billie Jean" is a dance-pop R&B song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was written by Jackson and produced by Quincy Jones for the singer's sixth solo album, Thriller . Originally disliked by Jones, the track was almost removed from the album after he and Jackson had numerous...
" during 1985's
The Virgin TourThe Virgin Tour is the debut concert tour by American singer-songwriter Madonna. The tour supported her first two albums, Madonna and Like a Virgin...
and with "I Can't Help Myself" during 1987's
Who's That Girl World TourThe Who's That Girl World Tour is the second concert tour by American singer-songwriter Madonna. The tour was also Madonna's first world tour, reaching Asia, North America and Europe. The tour supported her third studio album, True Blue as well as the soundtrack Who's That Girl...
). The song also contains some lyrical parallels with
ForeignerForeigner is an English rock band formed in New York City in 1976 by veteran English musicians Mick Jones, ex-King Crimson member Ian McDonald, and American vocalist Lou Gramm...
's "
Feels Like the First Time"Feels Like The First Time" is a popular song recorded by the rock band Foreigner. It was written by Mick Jones and released in 1977 from the band's debut album, Foreigner. It is notable as Foreigner's first single, and became a big hit peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100...
."
In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their Top 20 Madonna singles of all-time by
QQ is a music magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom, with a circulation of 130,179 as of June 2007.Founders Mark Ellen and David Hepworth were dismayed by the music press of the time, which they felt was ignoring a generation of older music buyers who were buying CDs — then still a new...
. "Like a Virgin" was allocated the #5 spot.
Chart performance
"Like a Virgin" became Madonna's first of 12 number-one hits on the
Billboard Hot 100The Billboard Hot 100 is the United States music industry standard singles popularity chart issued weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on radio play and sales; the tracking-week for sales begins on Monday and ends on Sunday; while the radio play tracking-week runs from Wednesday...
, remaining at the top for six consecutive weeks and eventually earning
RIAA goldIn the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other ancillary markets. Other countries have similar awards...
certification on January 10th 1985, selling over 1 million copies.
1 The single also reached number one on the
Hot Dance Club PlayBillboard's Hot Dance Club Songs chart is a weekly national survey of the songs that are most popular in U.S. dance clubs...
, and was her first top-ten hit on the
Hot R&B/Hip-Hop SongsR&B/Hip-Hop Songs, formerly the Black Singles Chart, is a chart released weekly by Billboard in the United States.The chart, initiated in 1942, is used to track the success of popular music songs in urban, or primarily African American, venues...
chart.
"Like a Virgin" slammed onto the U.S.
Billboard Hot 100The Billboard Hot 100 is the United States music industry standard singles popularity chart issued weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on radio play and sales; the tracking-week for sales begins on Monday and ends on Sunday; while the radio play tracking-week runs from Wednesday...
singles chart the week of November 17, 1984 at #48, and shot up the chart rapidly, reaching #1 by its sixth week, December 22, 1984. "Like a Virgin" was the first of four Top five singles from Madonna's album of the
same nameLike a Virgin is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on November 12, 1984 by Sire Records. The album was re-released in 1985 world wide with the bonus track "Into the Groove". In 2001, Warner Bros. released a remastered version with two bonus remix tracks...
. "Like a Virgin" remained in the Top 10 for nine weeks, in the Top 20 for eleven weeks, and in the Top 40 for fourteen weeks.
Internationally, the song was a Top 5 hit and reached the top spot in numerous countries. In the UK it was a massive hit reaching No.3 and selling over 760,000 copies, becoming Madonna's second best-selling single in the UK to date. It was her first number one single in Australia, Canada and Japan.
1Prior to 1989 the requirement for a gold single was one million units sold
Music videos
The
music videoA music video is a short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music/song. Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. Although the origins of music videos go back much further, they came into their own in the...
, directed by
Mary LambertMary Lambert is an American director.Lambert directed many of Madonna's music videos, including "Borderline", "Like a Virgin", "Material Girl", "La Isla Bonita", and "Like a Prayer". She also directed Chris Isaak's first music video "Dancin'" and Janet Jackson's "Nasty" and "Control" music videos...
, was shot in
Venice, ItalyVenice is a city in northern Italy, the capital of the region Veneto, a population of 271,367 . Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area . The city historically was an independent nation...
and partly in New York City in July 1984. It showed Madonna dancing on a gondola, and running around in a wedding dress intercut with shots of a panting lion. The video's
MTVMTV is a cable television network based in New York City and launched on August 1, 1981. The original purpose of the channel was to play music videos guided by on-air hosts known as VJs...
world premiere took place on November 13, 1984, and became an instant hit.
In 1985, a live music video of "Like a Virgin" from "
The Virgin TourThe Virgin Tour is the debut concert tour by American singer-songwriter Madonna. The tour supported her first two albums, Madonna and Like a Virgin...
" filmed in
Detroit, MichiganDetroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the seat of Wayne County. Detroit is a major port city on the Detroit River, in the Midwest region of the United States. Located north of Windsor, Ontario, Detroit is the only major U.S. city that looks south to Canada. It was founded...
was used to promote
Live - The Virgin TourLive - The Virgin Tour is the first live music video title by singer Madonna. Released by Warner Music Video in 1985, it contained a live date from The Virgin Tour, filmed at Cobo Arena in Detroit, Michigan on May 25, 1985...
videoVideo Home System, better known by its abbreviation VHS, was a video tape recording standard developed during the 1970s. It was released to the public during the latter half of the decade. During the late part of the 1970s and the early 1980s it formed one-half of the VHS vs Betamax war, which it...
. This version was nominated for Best Choreography at the
MTV Video Music AwardsThe MTV Video Music Awards, also called the VMAs, were established at the end of the summer of 1984 by MTV to celebrate the top music videos of the year...
.
The live performance of "Like a Virgin" from the Blond Ambition World Tour in Paris, France was released as a music video on May 9, 1991 to promote the documentary film
Truth or DareTruth or Dare is a documentary chronicling the life of American singer-songwriter Madonna during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour...
. This version was nominated for two
MTV Video Music AwardsThe MTV Video Music Awards, also called the VMAs, were established at the end of the summer of 1984 by MTV to celebrate the top music videos of the year...
: Best Female Video and Best Choreography.
Live performances
Like a Virgin made its debut at the first
MTV Video Music AwardsThe MTV Video Music Awards, also called the VMAs, were established at the end of the summer of 1984 by MTV to celebrate the top music videos of the year...
in 1984, where Madonna appeared on stage atop a giant
wedding cakeA wedding cake is the traditional cake served to the guests at a wedding reception after a wedding. In modern Western culture, it is usually a large cake, multi-layered or tiered, and heavily decorated with icing, occasionally over a layer of marzipan or fondant, topped with a small statue...
dressed in a wedding dress (adorned with the infamous "Boy Toy" belt buckle) and veil. The climax of her risqué performance found her
humpingMasturbation refers to sexual stimulation, especially of one's own genitals , often to the point of orgasm. The stimulation can be performed manually, by other types of bodily contact , by use of objects or tools, or by some combination of these methods...
and rolling around on the stage. The song has also been included in five of Madonna's eight tours. For 1985's
The Virgin TourThe Virgin Tour is the debut concert tour by American singer-songwriter Madonna. The tour supported her first two albums, Madonna and Like a Virgin...
, Madonna again donned wedding attire and performed a straight version of the song featuring a quotation from
Michael JacksonMichael Joseph Jackson , known as the "King of Pop", was an American musician and one of the most commercially successful and influential entertainers of all time...
's similar-sounding Motown-style single, "
Billie Jean"Billie Jean" is a dance-pop R&B song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was written by Jackson and produced by Quincy Jones for the singer's sixth solo album, Thriller . Originally disliked by Jones, the track was almost removed from the album after he and Jackson had numerous...
". In the 1987's
Who's That Girl World TourThe Who's That Girl World Tour is the second concert tour by American singer-songwriter Madonna. The tour was also Madonna's first world tour, reaching Asia, North America and Europe. The tour supported her third studio album, True Blue as well as the soundtrack Who's That Girl...
, the song was given a lighthearted comedic theme and included quotations from The Four Tops' "
I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)"I Can't Help Myself " is a 1965 hit song recorded by the Four Tops for the Motown label.Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland-Dozier-Holland, the song is one of the most well-known Motown tunes of the 1960s...
".
For the 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, the song was re-invented with a middle-eastern arrangement and risqué (and ultimately infamous) choreography which found Madonna wearing a gold corset simulating
masturbationMasturbation refers to sexual stimulation, especially of one's own genitals , often to the point of orgasm. The stimulation can be performed manually, by other types of bodily contact , by use of objects or tools, or by some combination of these methods...
on a red silk bed. The explicit performance garnered a lot of attention, particularly when police in Toronto, Canada threatened to arrest Madonna and charge her with indecency unless she altered the performance. Madonna refused and the show went on unaltered. She was never arrested. (This situation was documented in the singer's 1991 documentary,
Truth or DareTruth or Dare is a documentary chronicling the life of American singer-songwriter Madonna during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour...
). Madonna swapped the wedding dress for a tuxedo and adopted a
Marlene DietrichMarlene Dietrich was a German-born American actress and singer.Dietrich remained popular throughout her long career by continually re-inventing herself. In 1920s Berlin, she acted on the stage and in silent films...
-like persona for 1993's The Girlie Show World Tour, singing the song with a thick German accent and including a quotation from Dietrich's signature tune,
Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It)"Falling in Love Again " is the English language name for a 1930 German song composed by Frederick Hollander as Ich bin von Kopf bis Fuß auf Liebe eingestellt . The song was originally performed in the film Der Blaue Engel by Marlene Dietrich, who also recorded the most famous English version...
.
In April 2003, an impromptu performance at Tower Records NYC was done as a request from the crowd and would later air on NBC. It was the crowd's response to her mentioning VIRGIN records, which brought on the request of Like a VIRGIN. Madonna's performance of Hollywood at the 2003 Video Music Awards recreated the 1984 performance of Like a Virgin, where she dressed as a bridegroom, with
Christina AguileraChristina María Aguilera is an American pop musician. Aguilera first appeared on national television in 1990 as a contestant on the Star Search program, and went on to star in Disney Channel's television series The New Mickey Mouse Club from 1993–1994. Aguilera signed to RCA Records after...
and
Britney SpearsBritney Jean Spears is an American singer and entertainer. Born in Mississippi and raised in Louisiana, Spears first appeared on national television in 1992 as a contestant on the Star Search program, and went on to star in Disney Channel's television series The New Mickey Mouse Club from 1993 to...
joining her own stage dressed as brides. Following in the controversial footsteps of the original performance, Madonna created another stir by kissing Spears and Aguilera on the lips.
In 2006's
Confessions TourThe Confessions Tour was the seventh concert tour by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It supported her tenth studio album, Confessions on a Dance Floor. Madonna confirmed the possibility of going out on a tour, as early as November 2005. Jamie King was later appointed as the choreographer...
, the song was given a horse riding theme whilst the arrangement was brassy with more hooks than the original and featuring a thumping bass & brass climax in the middle. Madonna performed the song atop a studded leather S&M
carousel horseA carousel , or merry-go-round, is an amusement ride consisting of a rotating circular platform with seats for riders...
while x-rays of her broken bones (the result of a horse-riding accident on her 47th birthday) flashed on the screens behind her.
In 2008's
Sticky & Sweet TourThe Sticky & Sweet Tour was the eighth worldwide concert tour by American singer-songwriter Madonna to support her eleventh studio album Hard Candy. It was Madonna's first major venture from her new recording and business deal with Live Nation, following the Hard Candy Promo Tour...
, Madonna sang the song in Rome and dedicated the song to
Pope Benedict XVIPope Benedict XVI is the 265th and reigning Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the head of the Catholic Church and, as such, Sovereign of the Vatican City State...
, saying "I'd like to dedicate this song to the Pope, I know he loves me" and saying that she is a child of God. She asked the audience to sing with her. Throughout the remainder of the tour, Madonna sang "Like a Virgin" as the request song several more times, one of them being in
ArgentinaArgentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico,...
; as the concerts there were filmed for the DVD release, the live acapella was broadcasted also on TV, not for the Sky1 UK airing but for the
CityVibe Latinamerican airing.
Track listing
7" Single
- "Like a Virgin" - 3:38
- "Stay" - 4:04
12" Single
- "Like a Virgin" (Extended Dance Remix) - 6:04
- "Stay" - 4:04
Official Versions
| Remix/Version | Run Time | Notes |
| Album Version |
3:38 |
|
| QSound Mix |
3:10 |
Available on The Immaculate Collection The Immaculate Collection is the first greatest hits album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on November 13, 1990 by Sire Records. It contains newly remixed versions of her greatest hits from 1982 to 1990, as well as two new tracks "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me". The album includes...
|
| Edit |
3:10 |
Same edit as QSound Mix without QSound available on Celebration Celebration is the third greatest hits album from American singer Madonna, and the closing release under her contract with Warner Bros. Records, her record company since 1982. The release follows her two previous greatest hits albums, The Immaculate Collection and GHV2... |
| Extended Dance Remix |
6:04 |
Available as a bonus track on the remastered edition of the Like A Virgin Like a Virgin is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna, released on November 12, 1984 by Sire Records. The album was re-released in 1985 world wide with the bonus track "Into the Groove". In 2001, Warner Bros. released a remastered version with two bonus remix tracks... album |
| Live |
6:04 |
Live In London from The Confessions Tour 2006 |
Accolades
- "Like a Virgin" was honored by Rolling Stone
Rolling Stone is a United States-based magazine devoted to music, politics, and popular culture that is published every two weeks. Rolling Stone was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and music critic Ralph J. Gleason.The magazine was named after the 1948 Muddy Waters song of the same...
and MTVMTV is a cable television network based in New York City and launched on August 1, 1981. The original purpose of the channel was to play music videos guided by on-air hosts known as VJs...
in 2000 as the #4 song on their list of the "100 Greatest Pop Songs".
- This song was voted #10 on VH1
VH1 is an American cable television network based in New York City...
's 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years.
- This song was voted #8 on VH1
VH1 is an American cable television network based in New York City...
's "100 Greatest Songs of the 80's".
- The song was listed at #95 on Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs
- This video was ranked #61 on VH1
VH1 is an American cable television network based in New York City...
's 100 Greatest Videos.
Credits
"Like a Virgin" was written by
Billy SteinbergBilly Steinberg is an American songwriter. He has achieved most of his success as part of a song writing team, most notably with Tom Kelly. He has also co-written several hit songs with Rick Nowels.-Biography:...
and
Tom KellyThomas F. Kelly is an American musician, best known for his songwriting partnership with Billy Steinberg.-Biography:Originally from Indiana, Kelly became a prominent session singer in Los Angeles, singing backing vocals for many recording artists...
and was produced by
Nile RodgersNile Gregory Rodgers is an American musician, composer, arranger, and guitarist, and is considered one of the most influential music producers in the history of popular music.-Biography:...
. Other credits on the song are as follows:
- Bass by Bernard Edwards
Bernard Edwards born in Greenville, North Carolina, was a bass guitar player and record producer, both as a member of Chic and on his own. He died of pneumonia while touring in Japan.-History:...
.
- Guitar by Nile Rodgers.
- Drums by Tony Thompson
Tony Thompson was a session drummer best known as a member of Chic. He was raised in the middle-class community of Springfield Gardens, in Queens, NY.-Chic:...
.
- Assorted synthesizers and bass synthesizer by Rob Sabino.
Chart Performance
| Chart (1984/1985) |
Peak Position |
| Australian Singles Chart |
1 |
| Ö3 Austria Top 40 Ö3 Austria Top 40 is the name of the official Austrian singles chart. Airdate is Friday on Hitradio Ö3. It contains the Austrian singles, ringtones and downloads chart...
|
8 |
| Canadian RPM Singles Chart RPM was a Canadian music industry publication that featured song and album charts for Canada. The publication was founded by Walt Grealis in February 1964, supported through its existence by record label owner Stan Klees. RPM ceased publication in November 2000.RPM stood for "Records, Promotion,...
|
1 |
| Canada - The Record chart The Record was a Canadian music industry magazine that featured record charts, trade news and opinions. David Farrell launched the publication in mid-1981, continuing its printed version until August 1999 when The Record continued as a website-based publication.In March 2001, shortly after the...
|
1 |
| Dutch Top 40 The Dutch Top 40 is a weekly music chart, which started as the "Veronica Top 40", because the pirate radio channel Radio Veronica was the first to introduce it. It remained "The Veronica Top 40" until 1974, when the pirate radio channel was forced to stop. Joost den Draaijer was the initiator of...
|
4 |
| Eurochart Hot 100 Singles The European Hot 100 Singles has been compiled by Billboard and Music & Media magazine since March, 1984. The chart is based on national singles sales charts in fifteen European countries: Austria, Belgium , Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain,...
|
2 |
| French SNEP Singles Chart |
8 |
| German Singles Chart |
4 |
| Irish Singles Chart The Irish Singles Chart is the Republic of Ireland music industry standard singles popularity chart issued weekly by the Irish Recorded Music Association and compiled on behalf of the IRMA by Chart-Track. Chart rankings are based on sales, which are compiled through over-the-counter retail data...
|
4 |
| Italian FIMI Singles Chart |
14 |
| Japanese Oricon , established in 1999, is the holding company at the head of a Japanese corporate group that supplies statistics and information on music and the music industry in Japan. It started as , which was founded by Sōkō Koike in November 1967 and became known for its music charts. Oricon Inc... Weekly Singles Chart |
19 |
| Japanese Oricon , established in 1999, is the holding company at the head of a Japanese corporate group that supplies statistics and information on music and the music industry in Japan. It started as , which was founded by Sōkō Koike in November 1967 and became known for its music charts. Oricon Inc... International Singles Chart |
1 |
| Norwegian VG-lista VG-lista is a Norwegian record chart. It is weekly presented in the newspaper VG and the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation program Topp 20. It is considered the primary Norwegian record chart, charting albums and singles from countries and continent around the world. The data is collected by... Singles Chart |
8 |
| Swiss Music Charts The Swiss Charts are Switzerland's main music sales charts. The charts are a record of the highest-selling singles and albums in various genres in Switzerland.The Swiss Charts include:*Singles Top 100...
|
9 |
| Swedish Singles Chart |
15 |
| UK Singles Chart The UK Singles Chart is compiled by The Official Charts Company on behalf of the British record industry. The full chart contains the top 200 singles based upon combined record sales and download numbers, though some media outlets only list the Top 40 or the Top 75 of this list...
|
3 |
| U.S. Billboard Hot 100 The Billboard Hot 100 is the United States music industry standard singles popularity chart issued weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on radio play and sales; the tracking-week for sales begins on Monday and ends on Sunday; while the radio play tracking-week runs from Wednesday... |
1 |
| U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks The Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart is a weekly chart published in Billboard magazine that lists the most popular songs on adult contemporary and "lite-pop" radio stations in the United States... |
29 |
| U.S. Billboard Hot Black Singles R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, formerly the Black Singles Chart, is a chart released weekly by Billboard in the United States.The chart, initiated in 1942, is used to track the success of popular music songs in urban, or primarily African American, venues...
|
9 |
| U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Billboard's Hot Dance Club Songs chart is a weekly national survey of the songs that are most popular in U.S. dance clubs...
|
1 |
External links