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Lifeboat (rescue)
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The meaning of lifeboat or motor lifeboat described in this article is that of 'a shore-based boat designed with special features for searching for, rescuing and saving the lives of people in peril at sea in inshore waters'. This is in contrast to a survival craft type of lifeboat that is carried aboard passenger ships for use when the mother ship must be abandoned (evacuated). Offshore maritime rescue is generally carried out by ships rather than by smaller boats, and the term 'coast guard cutter' is sometimes applied to such special vessels intended for rescue at sea.
The term lifeboat is the preferred one for this type of rescue craft in the United Kingdom and Ireland however there are comparable versions of the word in use by other northern European nations.
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The meaning of lifeboat or motor lifeboat described in this article is that of 'a shore-based boat designed with special features for searching for, rescuing and saving the lives of people in peril at sea in inshore waters'. This is in contrast to a survival craft type of lifeboat that is carried aboard passenger ships for use when the mother ship must be abandoned (evacuated). Offshore maritime rescue is generally carried out by ships rather than by smaller boats, and the term 'coast guard cutter' is sometimes applied to such special vessels intended for rescue at sea.
The term lifeboat is the preferred one for this type of rescue craft in the United Kingdom and Ireland however there are comparable versions of the word in use by other northern European nations. 'Lifeboat' so used typically refers to specialized shore-based vessels manned by volunteers, intended for quick dispatch, launch and transit to reach a ship or individuals in trouble at sea. The endurance of these boats and the lifeboat crews which accompany her at sea is generally determined by vessel size: characteristics such as capability to withstand heavy weather, fuel capacity, navigation and communication devices carried, range etc. all vary with size, generally.
So for example, a vessel and her crew can be designed and trained for operating appropriately within certain conditions and margins, range and capabilities, say out to 20 nautical miles away from a place of safe refuge, remaining at or on the scene to search for several hours, with fuel reserves sufficient for returning; operating in up to gale force sea conditions; in daylight, fog and darkness. Whereas, a smaller IRB inshore rescue boat / ILB inshore life boat and her crew would not be able to withstand (or even survive) these demanding, rigorous conditions very well or for very long.
In countries such as Canada and the United States, the term 'motor lifeboat' or its US military acronymn MLB is used to designate shore-based rescue lifeboats which are generally manned by full time coast guard service personnel on standby rather than on patrol mode, rather like a crew of fire fighters standing by for an alert (shout, call, tasking, mission assignment, dispatchment). In Canada, some lifeboats are 'co-crewed', meaning that the operator and engineer are full time personnel while the crew members are trained volunteers. Lifeboats may be rigid, inflatable or rigid-inflatable combination hulled vessels.
=Histories of some lifeboat services=
In China
The earliest lifeboat stations and service with a well-documented history are known to have operated along the middle reaches of the Chang jiang or Yangtze, a major river which flows through south central China. These waters are particularly treacherous to waterway travellers owing to the canyon like (and very scenic) steep gorge conditions along the river shore and the high volume and rate of water flow or river current, which were dammed in the late 20th century for hydroelectricity production. The 'long river' was a principal means of communication between coastal (Shanghai) and interior China (Qongching, once known as Chungking).
These riverine lifeboats were of a wooden pulling boat design, designed with a very narrow length-to-beam ratio and a relatively shallow draft for negotiating shoal waters and turbulent, rock strewn currents. The could thus be maneuvered laterally to negotiate the many rocks, similar to today's inflated rafts for 'running' fast rivers, and also could be hauled upstream by human haulers, rather than beasts of burden, who walked along the most narrow of catwalks lining the canyon sides.
Reference: Rescue At Sea, by Clayton Evans
In the United Kingdom
The first lifeboat station in Britain was at Formby beach, established in 1776 by William Hutchinson, Dock Master for the Liverpool Common Council..
The first lifeboat is credited to Lionel Lukin, an Englishman who, in 1784, modified a 20-foot Norwegian yawl, fitting it with water-tight cork-filled chambers for additional buoyancy and a cast iron keel to make the boat self-righting.
These lifeboats were manned by 6 to 10 volunteers of organizations such as the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (founded 1824) and United States Life Saving Service (established 1878) who rowed out from shore when a ship was in distress and risked their lives in order to save the lives of the unfortunate souls on board. In the case of the UK the crews were generally local boatmen.
The first boat specialized as a lifeboat was tested on the River Tyne in England on January 29, 1790, built by Henry Greathead. William Wouldhave and Lionel Lukin both claimed to be the inventor of the first lifeboat. One example of an early lifeboat was the Landguard Fort Lifeboat of 1821, designed by Richard Hall Gower.
British boats were equipped with sail and oars. Double-ended designs could operate a rudder from either end so there was no need to turn.
In the USA
In 1899, a two-cylinder 12 hp (9 kW) engine was fitted to a 34-foot (10 m) lifeboat on Lake Superior, Michigan, by Lake Shore Engine Company at the behest of the Marquette Life Saving Station. Its successful operation marked the introduction of the first Motor Life Boat and soon more and more lifeboat stations fitted their lifeboats with engines.
By 1909, in the USA 44 boats had been fitted with engines, whose power had increased to 40 hp. The USLSS and the Revenue Cutter Service merged in 1915 to form the United States Coast Guard, as early predecessors of the 36 MLB began to take shape.
In U.S. waters, rescue-at-sea is part of the duties of the United States Coast Guard, which employs its multipurpose ships and aircraft in this role.
The Motor Life Boat (MLB) is an integral part of a coast guard fleet, built to withstand the most severe conditions at sea. Designed to be self-bailing, self-righting and practically unsinkable, MLBs are used for surf rescue in heavy weather.
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) and the British and Irish Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) have a long history with MLBs, from the early sail- and oar-driven lifeboats to the high-speed MLBs introduced in the 1990s.
The sailors of the MLBs are called "surfmen", after the name given to the volunteers of the original United States Life Saving Service (USLSS).
The 'top gun' school for training USCG surfmen is the National Motor Lifeboat School (NMLBS) located at the mouth of the Columbia River, which is also the boundary separating Washington State from Oregon State. The sand bars which form at the entrance are treacherous and provide a tough training environment for surf lifesavers.
In Canada
Sharing her coastline with the U.S. of America, Canadian lifeboat stations were first established in the mid to late 1800s along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, as well as along the shores of the Canadian side of the Great Lakes, the fressh waters of which are shared with the USA. The original organiztion was called the "Canadian Lifesaving Service", not to be confused with the Canadian Branch of the Royal Life Saving Society which came later at the turn of the 20th century.
2008 marked the 100th anniversary of the first lifeboat (a pulling sailing boat design) to be equipped with a motor in North America, at Bamfield, British Columbia (province).
The Canadian Coast Guard Agency operates various makes and models of motor lifeboats that are patterned on RNLI and USCG designs, such as the Arun and the 47 footer, respectively.
=Modern motor lifeboats=
Modern motor life boats (MLB) originated as life boats that had been modified with the addition of an engine and provided more power to get in and out of the swell area inside the surf. They can be launched from shore in any weather and perform rescues further distances out. Older lifeboats relied on sails and oars, which are slower and dependent on wind conditions or manpower. Both types remain in use. All lifeboats of this type generally have modern electronic devices such as radios and radar to help locate the party in distress and carry medical and food supplies for the survivors.
The MLB was initially developed by the United States Life Saving Service in 1899, of which models derived from this hull design remained in use until 1987. The United States Life Saving Service later would become the United States Coast Guard and continue in its original mission of saving lives.
The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (or RNLI) maintains lifeboats around the coasts of the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, manned by unpaid volunteers, many part-time, with equipment funded through voluntary donation. Their stations operate Inshore and offshore ("All Weather") lifeboats. Most Scandinavian countries also have volunteer lifeboat societies. The local branch of a society generally schedules practices, maintains a lifeboat and shed, and is contacted by commercial marine radio operators when a rescue is needed.
In Australasia, surf lifesaving clubs operate inflatable rescue boats (IRB) for in-shore rescues of swimmers and surfers. These boats are best typified by the rubber Zodiac and are powered by an outboard motor. The rescue personnel wear wet suits.
The Rigid Hulled Inflatable Boat (RIB) is now seen as the best type of craft for in-shore rescues as they are less likely to be tipped over by the wind or breakers. Specially designed jet rescue boats have also been used successfully. Unlike ordinary pleasure craft, these small to medium sized rescue craft often have very low freeboard so that victims can be taken aboard without lifting. This means that the boats are designed to operate with water inside the boat hull and rely on flotation tanks rather than hull displacement to stay afloat and upright.
The Dutch lifeboat association (KNRM) has put many efforts in developing jet-driven RIB lifeboats. This has resulted in 3 classes. The largest is the "Arie Visser-class: length 18,80 m, twin jet, 2 x 1000 hp, max. speed 35 kts, capacity 120 persons.
Lifeboats are also operated inland at specific events, organisations such as the Royal Life Saving Society (RLSS UK) provide coverage of rivers, lakes and such like.
Specifications of lifeboat models
Early motor life boats
USA
36-foot
The 36 foot T model was introduced in 1929. At 36 ft 10 in length overall, 10 ft 9 in beam and with a two-ton lead keel, she was powered by a 90 hp (67 kW) Sterling gas engine and had a speed of nine knots (17 km/h). From the early days of the 20th century the 36 MLB was the mainstay of coastal rescue operations for over 30 years until the 44 MLB was introduced in 1962.
Built at the Coast Guard Yard in Curtis Bay, Maryland, 218 36 T, TR and TRS MLB's were built between 1929 to 1956. Based on a hull design from the 1880s, the 36 TRS and her predecessors remain the longest active hull design in the Coast Guard, serving the Coast Guard and the Life Saving Services faithfully for almost 100 years, the last one, CG-36535, serving Depoe Bay MLB Station in Oregon until 1987.
The crews manning these boats typically had experience on local waters and had leadership from seasoned veterans whose boat handling skills were passed on directly to each new crewmember.
Localized training conducted at each unit allowed these crews to share their experiences and techniques.
44-foot
During the 1960s the Coast Guard replaced the 36-foot (11 m) MLB with the newly designed 44 foot (13 m) boat. These steel-hulled boats were more capable and more complicated than the wooden lifeboats they replaced.
While some coxswains resisted the new boat, holding on to their old 36s for as long as possible, claiming her canoe stern and aft cockpit to be favorable to the rounded stern and center helm station of the 44s, the 44 design is still in use today as many decommissioned models have been transferred to foreign maritime services.
Designed to return to an upright position in 8 to 15 seconds and with twin GM Diesel engines making 14 knots, she was bigger, faster and stronger than her wooden predecessors. Gold Lifesaving Medal recipient Boatswain's Mate First Class Bernie Webber who rescued 32 men from the tanker Pendleton with CG-36500 in 1952 had this to say about the 44 MLB in his book "Chatham: The Lifeboatmen":
"This new 44-footer was in sharp contrast to the old 36-footers like the CG36500. She was built of steel and powered by two GM diesel engines. She had two heated compartments for survivors, with settees and seat belts to hold them in safely during a rough passage. Unlike CG36500, which had only a compass for navigational equipment, the new 44-footer had an array of electronic aides. She was equipped with radar, direction finding equipment, depth finding equipment, and several radios with various range and frequencies. The boat had an enclosed pilot station, and a seat for the helm with a safety belt attached. It was also designed to roll over and come upright again."
Her range of stability was in excess of 175 degrees and rated for surf conditions up 20 feet (6 m), seas up to 30 feet (10 m) and winds up to 50 knots sustained (93 km/h). Her crew of four could comfortably travel over 50 miles (80 km) offshore and tow vessels up to 125 gross tons.
In all 110 vessels would be built by the Coast Guard Yard in Curtis Bay between 1962 and 1972 with an additional 52 built by the RNLI, Canadian Coast Guard and others under license from the USCG.
Still in active service, the 44 MLB can be found in many third world countries and faithfully serving the Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol in Australia, the Royal New Zealand Coastguard Federation, and even the US Coast Guard Station Chatham in Chatham, Massachusetts where CG44301 (the first production 44) is still in active service. The current engine configuration is twin Detroit Diesel 6v53's that put out 185 hp each at a max RPM of 2800.
30' Surf Rescue Boat
Another surf capable boat that the Coast Guard has used in recent years is the 30' Surf Rescue Boat (SRB) . Also self righting and self bailing, the 30' SRB was designed with marked differences from the typical lifeboats used by the Coast Guard up until the early 80's. The 30' SRB is not considered to be a Motor Lifeboat, but it was generally used in a similar capacity. Designed to perform Search and Rescue in adverse weather and surf, the first 30' SRB was built by the Willard Boat Company in Fountain Valley, California. Much of the 30 footer's design centered around speed. The sides of the hull are made of 5/8" airex foam cored firberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), and the bottom of the hull is constructed of solid FRP molded in one piece. The boat is 30' 4" in length with a 9' 4" beam, and weighs a total of 11,500 LBS when fully loaded with gear and engine. The 30 footer has a single Detroit Diesel 6V92TI engine, configured by Johnson Towers rated at 375 horse power. The throttles are manually controlled, and the boat has a single screw and rudder.
When new, the 30' SRB's were rated for a top speed of 31 knots. Although in later years, most of the hulls fell prey to minor water intrusion into the FRP, which slowed most of the boats to around 28 knots at max RPM. The 30 footer has a range of 130 NM, and most standard operating procedures dictate that the boat not go more than 20 nautical miles offshore without a waiver granted at higher level commands. The fuel capacity is 78 gallons at 100%, and the vessel is generally operated with a crew of two, a Surfman and an Engineer. The crew both stand on the coxswain flat, protected by the superstructure on the bow and stern. The boat's appearance has caused many to comment that it looks like a "Nike Tennis Shoe".
The intent for the boat is that it be used for quick response. It is able to get on scene quickly, get into a surf zone and extract any persons in the water, or to stabilize a situation until the slower and larger Motor Lifeboat can get on scene. Since 1997, and the introduction of the faster 47' MLB, and the phasing out of the 44' MLB's, the need for a quick response vessel diminished, making the 30 footers obsolete. The class of vessels underwent an overhaul in the early nineties to extend their life until the newer and faster 47' Motor Lifeboats came into service, and in the late 90's most of the 30 footers were de-commissioned. One still remains on active duty at Motor Lifeboat Station Depoe Bay in Depoe Bay, Oregon and is used almost daily. Ironically, this station was also host to the last 36' Motor Lifeboat in the late 80's. Even though the boats have many quirks, including "dynamic instability" (where the boat becomes unstable at high speeds), many Surfmen who became qualified on the boats have sworn by them. Sometimes referred to as a sports car compared to a tractor (the MLB), they are sometimes challenging to learn to operate, but once mastered, the 30' Surf Rescue Boat is definitely one of the most seaworthy boats the Coast Guard has used.
Modern motor life boats
USA
The USCG has since designed and built new aluminum 47 foot lifeboats, with Textron Marine and Land Systems awarded the contract to design and build the US model, which was delivered in 1990. After 2 years of testing and evaluation, 5 more were built between 1992 and 1994 incorporating improvements from the prototype model for further testing and evaluation around the country. The first production boat was delivered to the USCG in 1997.
The 47 MLB is the most sophisticated MLB ever built, able to withstand impacts of three times the acceleration of gravity, she can survive a complete roll-over, self-righting in less than 10 seconds with all machinery remaining fully operational. Powered by twin Detroit Diesels producing 435 hp (324 kW) each, the 47 MLB can travel at 25 knots (46 km/h) to reach her destination.
There are currently 117 operational with a total of 200 scheduled to be delivered to the USCG. A further 27 models are being built by MetalCraft Marine under license to the Canadian Coast Guard.
UK
In Britain, the RNLI design and build several types of all-weather motor lifeboats, the Arun class kept permanently afloat, the Tyne class slipway-launched boat and the Mersey class carriage-launched boat. More recently the Arun replacement Trent and Severn class prototype models were delivered in 1992 with the first production Trent arriving in 1994 and the Severn in 1996. The first production Tamar class, replacement for the Tyne went into service in December 2005 and the FCB2 class replacement for the Mersey is being developed for deployment in 2007.
Germany
In Germany, the DGzRS (Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Rettung Schiffbrüchiger) has provided naval rescue service since 1865. It is a civilian, non-profit organisation and has a wide variety of boats and ships, the biggest being the 46 meter (150 ft) SK Hermann Marwede. The DGzRS operates from 54 stations in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. It has 20 rescue cruisers (usually piggybacking a smaller rescue boat) and 41 rescue boats.
Images
See also
Early lifeboats
USA 36 MLB
- History of a 36 MLB
- A personal website on the 36 MLB
USA 44 MLB
- Datasheet on the 44 MLB
- A personal website on the 44 MLB
- A 44 MLB on display in New Jersey
- A 44 MLB in Australia
- A 44 MLB in New Zealand
- A 44 MLB Sea Scout Ship in Washington
USA 47 MLB
- Datasheet on the 47 MLB
- contractor for the USCG 47 MLB
- contractor for the CCG 47 MLB
Coast Guard Agencies
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- USCG Station Cape Disappointment, WA
- United Kingdom
- Lifeboat Services around the World
Books
- John A Culver; The 36 foot Coast Guard motor life boat (1989 J.A. Culver)
- Bernard C. Webber; Chatham, "The Lifeboatmen" (1985 Lower Cape Pub., ISBN 0-936972-08-4 )
- Robert R. Frump, "Two Tankers Down: The Greatest Small Boat Rescue in U.S. Coast Guard History. (2008, Lyons Press. www.twotankersdown.com)
External links
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