|
|
|
|
Laurynas Gucevicius
|
| |
|
| |
Laurynas Gucevicius (; 1753 - 1798) was an 18th century architect born in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and most of his designs were built there. Scholars consider him the first professional Lithuanian architect.
In his youth he travelled to Italy and Paris and other countries in Western Europe, where he studied architecture from the notable contemporary neo-classical French architects, Jacques-Germain Soufflot and Claude Nicolas Ledoux.
Discussion
Ask a question about 'Laurynas Gucevicius' Start a new discussion about 'Laurynas Gucevicius' Answer questions from other users |
Encyclopedia
Laurynas Gucevicius (; 1753 - 1798) was an 18th century architect born in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and most of his designs were built there. Scholars consider him the first professional Lithuanian architect.
In his youth he travelled to Italy and Paris and other countries in Western Europe, where he studied architecture from the notable contemporary neo-classical French architects, Jacques-Germain Soufflot and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. Later he served as a professor at the Jesuit Academy of Vilnius, the predecessor of the University of Vilnius. Among the best known of his works are the refurbished Vilnius Cathedral, the town hall and the summer palace of bishops in Verkiai. The monumentality of forms and volume, the harmony with surroundings and a special treatment of antique architectural forms are the characteristics of his style.
Biography
Born in the village of Migonys near Kupiškis, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. His father was a peasant Simonas Masiulis , sometimes also called by the name of Stuoka after his stepfather. He was baptized as Laurynas Masiulis. His mother, Kotryna Žekonyte Masiuliene , died early in his youth and her relative and his godmother Ona Baltušyte Guceviciene , supported him and financed his studies. After her he inherited the surname of Gucewicz/Gucevicius. He attended local schools at Kupiškis and Palevene, and then the gymnasium (high school) at Panevežys. In 1773 he joined the Academy of Vilnius under his Polish name, although most probably he also spoke Lithuanian. He studied engineering, attended the lectures on architecture held by Marcin Knackfus. Around that time, he also became a missionary monk. He graduated in 1775, and in the following year received a royal scholarship from King Stanislaw August Poniatowski. Along with a large number of other young Polish artists and architects of the time (among them Piotr Aigner, Szymon Bogumil Zug, Stanislaw Zawadzki, Efraim Szreger and Jakub Kubicki), he went to Rome, where he spent a year studying the classical architecture.
In the following years he travelled through the countries of Western Europe, where he attended lectures on architecture and learned from the works of the most renowned architects of the time. He visited France, Denmark, Sweden and various German states. Finally, he spent a year and a half studying in Paris under the guidance of Jacques-Germain Soufflot and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. On his return, he was hired by Bishop Ignacy Jakub Massalski, for whom he designed and built the episcopal palace in Verkiai, later known after its later owners, the Wittgenstein family. The palace and the surrounding architectural complex, the work on which was commenced by Gucewicz's tutor Knackfus, is currently considered one of the most valuable classicist complexes in Lithuania.
In 1789 Gucewicz became a professor of architecture and topography at the Artillery and Engineering Corps' School of Wilno. In 1794 he also returned to his Alma Mater, where he became a professor of civilian architecture and held the chair in engineering. In 1794, at the outbreak of Kosciuszko's Uprising, Gucewicz joined the ranks of the local civil guard and took part in the Wilno Uprising against the Russian garrison. He also became one of the leaders of the local militia formed out of volunteers. Heavily wounded in a skirmish near Ašmiany (modern Belarus), he was demobilised. Following the Partitions of Poland, when Vilnius was annexed by Imperial Russia, the new authorities expelled Gucewicz from the academy for his part in the uprising. However, in 1797 he returned there, this time as a head of the newly-founded separate chair of architecture.
Around that time Gucewicz created the most renowned of his works. First was the new town hall of Vilnius, completed around 1799. He also constructed a similar, yet smaller town hall in Widze near Bratslav (modern Vidzy, Belarus). Between 1777 and in 1801 he worked to rebuild the Vilnius Cathedral (which had undergone many reconstructions, and had been partially Baroque) in the neoclassical style. It is sometimes said, that his reconstruction of the cathedral, modelled after a Roman temple, pre-dated the work of Thomas Hamilton and James Playfair, two notable Scottish architects to introduce classicism in the United Kingdom.
He is also credited with a number of other projects, although their actual authorship is not documented. Among them is the palace of the Tyzenhaus family in Rokiškis (completed in 1801), the reconstruction of the castle in Raudone for its contemporary owner, Fario de Castro, and several merchant houses in Kretinga, as well as the manor house in Ciobiškis. He is also thought to have prepared projects of palaces for other notable magnate families of the time, including Radziwill, Sapieha, Pac, Chominski and Scypion, though the World War II losses in the preserved archives make the matter difficult to settle definitively. He was also the author of a topographic map of the western part of the city of Vilnius.
He died December 10, 1798 and was buried in the Rasos Cemetery, Vilnius, though knowledge of the exact burial location has been lost. In his last will he dedicated all of his projects to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and most of the surviving sketches and designs are currently held in the library of Warsaw University.
Legacy
The architect's life and creations inspired Lithuanian poet Justinas Marcinkevicius to write the play The Cathedral.
|
| |
|
|
