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Conjugation
Grammatical conjugation

In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb, noun or adjective from its principal parts by inflection . Conjugation may be affected by grammatical person, grammatical number, grammatical gender, grammatical tense, Grammatical aspect, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, or other grammatical category....
 is the creation of derived forms of a verb
Verb

In syntax, a verb is a word that usually denotes an action , an occurrence , or a state of being . Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its grammatical tense, grammatical aspect, grammatical mood and grammatical voice....
 from basic forms or principal parts
Principal parts

In language learning, the principal parts of a verb are those forms that a student must memorize in order to be able to grammatical conjugation the verb through all its forms....
. It may be affected by person
Grammatical person

Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deixis reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns....
, number
Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
, gender
Grammatical gender

In linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called noun classes, are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words; every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be very few which belong to several classes at once....
, tense
Grammatical tense

Grammatical tense is a temporal language quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs.Tense is one of at least five qualities, along with grammatical mood, grammatical voice, grammatical aspect, and grammatical person, which verb forms may express....
, mood
Grammatical mood

Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive verb forms that are used to signal Linguistic modality.It is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used...
, voice
Grammatical voice

In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its verb arguments ....
 or other language-specific factors. When, for example, we use a verb to function as the action done by a subject, most language
Language

A language is a form of symbol communication in which elements are combined to represents something other than themselves. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon....
s require conjugating the verb to reflect that meaning. (For more information on conjugation in general, see the article on grammatical conjugation
Grammatical conjugation

In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb, noun or adjective from its principal parts by inflection . Conjugation may be affected by grammatical person, grammatical number, grammatical gender, grammatical tense, Grammatical aspect, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, or other grammatical category....
.)

In Latin, there are four main patterns of conjugation composed of groups of verbs that are conjugated following similar patterns.






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Conjugation
Grammatical conjugation

In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb, noun or adjective from its principal parts by inflection . Conjugation may be affected by grammatical person, grammatical number, grammatical gender, grammatical tense, Grammatical aspect, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, or other grammatical category....
 is the creation of derived forms of a verb
Verb

In syntax, a verb is a word that usually denotes an action , an occurrence , or a state of being . Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its grammatical tense, grammatical aspect, grammatical mood and grammatical voice....
 from basic forms or principal parts
Principal parts

In language learning, the principal parts of a verb are those forms that a student must memorize in order to be able to grammatical conjugation the verb through all its forms....
. It may be affected by person
Grammatical person

Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deixis reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns....
, number
Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
, gender
Grammatical gender

In linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called noun classes, are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words; every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be very few which belong to several classes at once....
, tense
Grammatical tense

Grammatical tense is a temporal language quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs.Tense is one of at least five qualities, along with grammatical mood, grammatical voice, grammatical aspect, and grammatical person, which verb forms may express....
, mood
Grammatical mood

Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive verb forms that are used to signal Linguistic modality.It is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used...
, voice
Grammatical voice

In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its verb arguments ....
 or other language-specific factors. When, for example, we use a verb to function as the action done by a subject, most language
Language

A language is a form of symbol communication in which elements are combined to represents something other than themselves. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon....
s require conjugating the verb to reflect that meaning. (For more information on conjugation in general, see the article on grammatical conjugation
Grammatical conjugation

In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb, noun or adjective from its principal parts by inflection . Conjugation may be affected by grammatical person, grammatical number, grammatical gender, grammatical tense, Grammatical aspect, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, or other grammatical category....
.)

In Latin, there are four main patterns of conjugation composed of groups of verbs that are conjugated following similar patterns. As in other languages, Latin verbs have an active voice and a passive voice. Furthermore, there exist deponent
Deponent verb

In linguistics, a deponent verb is a verb that is active voice in meaning but takes its morphology from a different grammatical voice, most commonly the middle voice or passive voice....
 and semi-deponent Latin verbs (verbs with a passive form but active meaning), as well as defective verb
Defective verb

In linguistics, a defective verb is a verb with an incomplete grammatical conjugation. Defective verbs cannot be conjugated in certain grammatical tense, grammatical aspect, or grammatical mood....
s (verbs with a perfect form but present meaning). Sometimes the verbs of the third declension, with a root on -i, are regarded as a separate pattern of conjugation, and are called the fifth conjugation, so that it is said there are five main patterns of conjugation.

In a dictionary
Dictionary

A dictionary is a book of Alphabetical order listed words in a specific language, with definitions, etymologies, pronunciations, and other information; or a book of alphabetically listed words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon....
, Latin verbs are always listed with four principal parts which allow the reader to deduce the other conjugated forms of the verbs. These are:
  1. the first person singular
    Grammatical number

    In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
     of the present
    Present tense

    The present tense is the Grammatical tense that may be used to express:* action at the present* a state of being;* a habitual action;* an occurrence in the near future; or...
     indicative active
  2. the present
    Present tense

    The present tense is the Grammatical tense that may be used to express:* action at the present* a state of being;* a habitual action;* an occurrence in the near future; or...
     infinitive
    Infinitive

    In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual description of English language, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the grammatical particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives....
  3. the first person singular of the perfect
    Perfect aspect

    The perfect aspect is variously considered either an grammatical aspect or grammatical tense which calls a listener's attention to the consequences generated by an action, rather than the action itself....
     indicative active
  4. the supine
    Supine

    In grammar a supine is a form of verbal noun used in some languages....
     or, in some texts, the perfect passive participle, which is nearly always identical. Texts that commonly list the perfect passive participle use the future active participle for intransitive verbs. Some verbs lack this principal part altogether.
e.g. 1st conjugation = iuvat =iuvant/ 2nd conjugation = videt =vident/

Latin verb properties

Latin verbs have the following properties.

1. Two aspects
Grammatical aspect

In linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb defines the temporal flow in the described event or state. In English, for example, the past-tense sentences "I swam" and "I was swimming" differ in aspect ....
—perfective (finished), imperfective (unfinished)
2. Two voices
Grammatical voice

In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its verb arguments ....
—active, passive
3. Three finite moods
Grammatical mood

Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive verb forms that are used to signal Linguistic modality.It is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used...
—indicative, subjunctive, imperative
4. Four non-finite forms—infinitive, gerund, participle, supine
5. Six tenses
Grammatical tense

Grammatical tense is a temporal language quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs.Tense is one of at least five qualities, along with grammatical mood, grammatical voice, grammatical aspect, and grammatical person, which verb forms may express....
—
Present
Present tense

The present tense is the Grammatical tense that may be used to express:* action at the present* a state of being;* a habitual action;* an occurrence in the near future; or...
 		 Perfect
Imperfect
Imperfect tense

The imperfect tense, in the classical grammar of several Indo-European languages, denotes a past tense with an imperfective aspect. In English, it is referred to as the past continuous tense....
 		 Pluperfect
Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect tense , also called past perfect in English language, is a perfective grammatical tense that exists in most Indo-European languages, used to refer to an event that has been completed before another past action....
Future
Future tense

In grammar, the future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future , or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future ....
 		 Future Perfect
Future perfect tense

The future perfect tense is used to describe an event that has not yet happened but is expected or planned to happen before another stated occurrence....
6. Two numbers
Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
—singular, plural
7. Three persons
Grammatical person

Grammatical person, in linguistics, is deixis reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns....
—first, second, third


The four conjugations

There exist four important systems of verb inflection. These are the four conjugations. However the grouping in conjugations is based solely on the behaviour of the verb in the present system, and the stems for other forms are to a certain extent independent of the present stem, which is why one has to be able to know several forms to be able to produce the full range of Latin verbal forms. Most Latin verbs belong to one or other of these conjugations – the most important exception being esse, to be.

The first conjugation

The first conjugation is characterized by the vowel
Vowel

In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis....
 a and can be recognized by the -are ending of the present active infinitive. The principal parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns.
  • perfect with –vi
porto, portare, portavi, portatum — to carry, bring amo, amare, amavi, amatum — to love, be fond of —— All regular first conjugation verbs follow this pattern. ——
  • perfect with –ui
seco, secare, secui, sectum — to cut, divide frico, fricare, fricui, frictum — to rub veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum — to forbid, prohibit
  • perfect with –i and stem vowel lengthening
lavo, lavare, lavi, lautum — to wash, bathe iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum — to help, assist
  • reduplicated perfect
sto, stare, steti, statum — to stand do, dare, dedi, datum – to give, bestow irregular
Latin conjugation

Grammatical conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from basic forms or principal parts. It may be affected by Grammatical person, Grammatical number, Grammatical gender, Grammatical tense, Grammatical mood, Grammatical voice or other language-specific factors....


The second conjugation

The second conjugation is characterized by the vowel e, and can be recognized by the -eo ending of the first person present indicative and the -ere ending of the present active infinitive.
  • perfect with –ui
terreo, terrere, terrui, territus — to frighten, deter doceo, docere, docui, doctus — to teach, instruct teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus — to hold, keep —— All regular second conjugation verbs follow this pattern, though regular is a loose term for the 2nd through 4th conjugation. ——
  • perfect with –vi
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus — to destroy, efface cieo, ciere, civi, citum — to arouse, stir
  • perfect with –si and –xi
augeo, augere, auxi, auctus — to increase, enlarge iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus — to order, bid
  • reduplicated perfect with –i
mordeo, mordere, momordi, morsum — to bite, nip spondeo, spondere, spopondi, sponsum — to vow, promise
  • perfect with –i and vowel lengthening
video, videre, vidi, visus — to see, notice foveo, fovere, fovi, fotus — to caress, cherish
  • perfect with –i only
strideo, stridere, stridi — to hiss, creak ferveo, fervere, fervi1 — to boil, seethe 1may be fervui.

The third conjugation

The third conjugation is characterized by a short thematic vowel, which alternates between e, i, and u in different environments. Verbs of this conjugation end in an –ere in the present active infinitive. There is no one regular rule for constructing the perfect stem of third-conjugation verbs, but the following patterns are used.
  • perfect with –si and –xi
carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum — to pluck, select traho, trahere, traxi, tractum — to drag, draw gero, gerere, gessi, gestum — to wear, bear flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum — to bend, twist
  • reduplicated perfect with –i
curro, currere, cucurri, cursum — to run, race caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum — to kill, slay tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum — to touch, hit pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum — to beat, drive away
  • perfect with -vi
peto, petere, petivi, petitum — to seek, attack lino, linere, livi, litum — to smear, befoul sero, serere, sevi, satum — to sow, plant tero, terere, trivi, tritum — to rub, wear out sterno, sternere, stravi, stratum — to spread, stretch out
  • perfect with –i and vowel lengthening
ago, agere, egi, actum — to do, drive lego, legere, legi, lectum — to collect, read emo, emere, emi, emptum — to buy, purchase vinco, vincere, vici, victum — to conquer, master fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum — to pour, utter
  • perfect with –i only
ico, icere, ici, ictum — to strike, smite verto, vertere, verti, versum — to turn, alter viso, visere, visi, visum — to visit
  • perfect with –ui
meto, metere, messui, messum — to reap, harvest vomo, vomere, vomui, vomitum — to vomit colo, colere, colui, cultum — to cultivate, till texo, texere, texui, textum — to weave, plait gigno, gignere, genui, genitum — to beget, cause
  • present stem with a –u
minuo, minuere, minui, minutum — to lessen, diminish ruo, ruere, rui, rutum — to collapse, hurl down struo, struere, struxi, structum — to build, erect
  • verbs with –sco
nosco, noscere, novi, notum — to investigate, learn adolesco, adolescere, adolevi — to grow up, mature floresco, florescere, florui — to begin to flourish, blossom haeresco, haerescere, haesi, haesum — to adhere, stick pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum — to feed, nourish

Intermediate between the third and fourth conjugation are the third-conjugation –io verbs, discussed below.

The fourth conjugation

The fourth conjugation is characterized by the vowel i and can be recognized by the -ire ending of the present active infinitive. The fourth conjugation verbs' principal parts generally adhere to the following patterns.
  • perfect with –vi
audio, audire, audivi, auditus, a, um — to hear, listen (to) munio, munire, munivi, munitus, a, um — to fortify, build —— All regular fourth conjugation verbs follow this pattern. ——
  • perfect with –ui
aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum – to open, uncover
  • perfect with –si and –xi
saepio, saepire, saepsi, saeptum – to surround, enclose sancio, sancire, sanxi, sanctum – to confirm, ratify sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum – to feel, perceive
  • perfect with –i and vowel lengthening
venio, venire, veni, ventum – to come, arrive

Personal endings

Personal endings are used in all tenses. The present, imperfect, future, pluperfect and future perfect tenses use the same personal endings in the active voice. However, the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect do not have personal endings in the passive voice as these are formed by a participle and part of esse. The perfect tense uses its own personal endings in the active voice.

Active Passive
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Present etc First Person o, m mus or, r mur
Second Person s tis ris (re) mini
Third Person t nt tur ntur
Active
Singular Plural
Perfect First Person i imus
Second Person isti istis
Third Person it erunt (ere)


Imperfective aspect tenses

The tenses of the imperfective aspect, which are the present, imperfect and future tenses, express an action that has (or had) not been completed. The verbs used below for explanation are:

1st Conjugation: porto, portare, portavi, portatum — to carry, bring
2nd Conjugation: terreo, terrere, terrui, territum — to frighten, deter
3rd Conjugation: peto, petere, petivi, petitum — to seek, attack
4th Conjugation: audio, audire, audivi, auditum – to hear, listen (to)


In all the conjugations except for the third conjugation, the –re is removed from the second principal part (for example, from portare, porta is formed) to give the present stem, which it is used for all of the tenses in the imperfective aspect. In the third conjugation, the -o ending of the present indicative is dropped in order to obtain the present stem (for example, from regere, take the -o off of the present indicative, rego, and the present stem is reg). Occasionally, the terminating vowel of the stem is lengthened and/or shortened, and sometimes completely changed. This is especially so in the third conjugation and most conjugations in the subjunctive mood.

Present tense

The present tense (Latin tempus praesens) is used to show an uncompleted action that happens in the current time. The present tense does not have a tense sign. Instead, the personal endings are added to the bare present stem. However, in this tense the thematical vowel, most notably the e in the third conjugation, changes the most frequently.

Indicative present
The indicative present expresses general truths, facts, demands and desires. Most commonly, a verb like porto can be translated as "I carry," "I do carry," or "I am carrying."
  • In all but the third conjugation, the thematical vowel of the stem is only used. In the third conjugation, the e is only used in the second person singular in the passive for a less difficult pronunciation. Otherwise, it becomes either an i or u.
  • The first person singular of the indicative active present is the first principal part. All end in –o.
Indicative Active Present
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person porto portamus terreo terremus peto petimus audio audimus
Second Person portas portatis terres terretis petis petitis audis auditis
Third Person portat portant terret terrent petit petunt audit audiunt


Add the passive endings to form the passive voice. The passive portor can be translated as "I am carried," or "I am being carried."
Indicative Passive Present
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portor portamur terreor terremur petor petimur audior audimur
Second Person portaris portamini terreris terremini peteris petimini audiris audimini
Third Person portatur portantur terretur terrentur petitur petuntur auditur audiuntur
Notice that the second person singular for petere is peteris instead of the supposed petiris.

Subjunctive present
The subjunctive present may be used to assert many things. In general, in independent sentences, it is translated hortatorily
Cohortative mood

The cohortative mood is a grammatical mood, used to express plea, insistence, imploring, self-encouragement, wish, desire, intent, command, purpose or consequence....
 (only in the third person plural), jussively and optatively
Optative mood

The optative mood is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope. It is similar to the cohortative mood, and closely related to the subjunctive mood....
. Portem can be translated as "Let me carry." or "May I carry." Portemus can be "Let us carry."

Some alterations have occurred in the vowels from the indicative and subjunctive.
  • The first conjugation now uses an e and an e.
  • The second conjugation uses ea and ea.
  • In the third conjugation, all thematicals have become either a or a.
  • The fourth conjugation now has either ia or ia.


"We eat caviar" is a helpful mnemonic for remembering this. First conjugation verbs have an "e" in their stem (we), second conjugation verbs have an "-ea" (eat), third conjugation verbs have an "a" (caviar), and fourths have an "ia" (caviar). Other acceptable mnemonics include she reads a diary, he beats a liar, everybody eats apple iambics, or let’s steal a fiat.
Subjunctive Active Present
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portem portemus terream terreamus petam petamus audiam audiamus
Second Person portes portetis terreas terreatis petas petatis audias audiatis
Third Person portet portent terreat terreant petat petant audiat audiant


Like the indicative, active personal endings may be replaced by passive personal endings. Porter can be translated as "Let me be carried" or "May I be carried." Hortatorily, Portemur can be "Let us be carried."

Subjunctive Passive Present
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person porter portemur terrear terreamur petar petamur audiar audiamur
Second Person porteris portemini terrearis terreamini petaris petamini audiaris audiamini
Third Person portetur portentur terreatur terreantur petatur petantur audiatur audiantur


Imperative present
The imperative in the present conveys commands, pleas and recommendations. Porta can be translated as "(You) Carry" or simply, "Carry." The imperative present occurs only in the second person.
  • The second person singular in the active voice uses only the bare stem, and does not add an imperative ending.
Imperative Active Present
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Second Person porta portate terre terrete pete petite audi audite


The imperative present of the passive voice is rarely used. Portamini can be translated as "(You) Be carried" or "Be carried."
  • The singular uses the present active infinitive and the plural uses the present passive indicative form of the second person plural.


Imperative Passive Present
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Second Person portare portamini terrere terremini petere petimini audire audimini


Imperfect tense

The imperfect tense (Latin tempus imperfectum) indicates a perpetual, but incomplete action in the past. It is recognized by the tense signs ba and ba in the indicative, and re and re in the subjunctive.

Indicative imperfect
In the indicative mood, the imperfect simply express an action in the past that was not completed. Portabam can be translated to mean, "I was carrying," "I kept carrying," or "I used to carry."
  • In the indicative, the imperfect employs its tense signs ba and ba before personal endings are added.
Indicative Active Imperfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portabam portabamus terrebam terrebamus petebam petebamus audiebam audiebamus
Second Person portabas portabatis terrebas terrebatis petebas petebatis audiebas audiebatis
Third Person portabat portabant terrebat terrebant petebat petebant audiebat audiebant


As with the present tense, active personal endings are taken off, and passive personal endings are put in their place. Portabar can be translated as "I was being carried," "I kept being carried," or "I used to be carried."

Indicative Passive Imperfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portabar portabamur terrebar terrebamur petebar petebamur audiebar audiebamur
Second Person portabaris portabamini terrebaris terrebamini petebaris petebamini audiebaris audiebamini
Third Person portabatur portabantur terrebatur terrebantur petebatur petebantur audiebatur audiebantur


Subjunctive imperfect
In the subjunctive, the imperfect tense is quite important, especially in subordinate clauses. Independently, it is largely translated conditionally. Portarem can mean, "I should carry," or "I would carry."
  • Unlike the indicative, the subjunctive does not modify the thematic vowel. The third conjugation's thematical remains short as an e, and the fourth conjugation does not use an ie before the imperfect signs. It keeps its i.
  • In the subjunctive, the imperfect employs its tense signs re and re before personal endings.
  • The verb esse (to be) has two subjunctive imperfects: one using the present infinitive (essem, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent) and one using the future infinitive (forem, fores, foret, foremus, foretis, forent).
Subjunctive Active Imperfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portarem portaremus terrerem terreremus peterem peteremus audirem audiremus
Second Person portares portaretis terreres terreretis peteres peteretis audires audiretis
Third Person portaret portarent terreret terrerent peteret peterent audiret audirent


As with the indicative subjunctive, active endings are removed, and passive endings are added. Portarer may be translated as "I should be carried," or "I would be carried."
Subjunctive Passive Imperfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portarer portaremur terrerer terreremur peterer peteremur audirer audiremur
Second Person portareris portaremini terrereris terreremini petereris peteremini audireris audiremini
Third Person portaretur portarentur terreretur terrerentur peteretur peterentur audiretur audirentur


Future tense

The future tense (Latin tempus futurum simplex) expresses an uncompleted action in the future. It is recognized by its tense signs bo, bi, bu, e and e in the indicative and the vowel o in the imperative mood.

Indicative future
The future tense always refers to an incomplete action. In addition, the future tense is stricter in usage temporally in Latin than it is in English. Standing alone, portabo can mean, "I shall carry," or "I will carry." Remember that "shall" and "will" are only used in the first person. All other persons only use "will" in the indicative.
  • The first and second conjugations use bo, bi and bu as signs for the future indicative.
  • The third and fourth conjugations replace their thematicals with a, e and e. The fourth conjugation inserts an i before the a, e and e.
Indicative Active Future
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portabo portabimus terrebo terrebimus petam petemus audiam audiemus
Second Person portabis portabitis terrebis terrebitis petes petetis audies audietis
Third Person portabit portabunt terrebit terrebunt petet petent audiet audient


As with all imperfective system tenses, active personal endings are removed, and passive personal endings are put on. Portabor translates as, "I shall be carried."

Indicative Passive Future
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portabor portabimur terrebor terrebimur petar petemur audiar audiemur
Second Person portaberis portabimini terreberis terrebimini peteris petemini audieris audiemini
Third Person portabitur portabuntur terrebitur terrebuntur petetur petentur audietur audientur
Notice that the second person singular for portare and terrere are portaberis and terrebiris instead of the supposed portabiris and terreberis. The former inflections are used to ease pronunciation.

Imperative future
The so-called future imperative was an archaic and formal form of the imperative; by the classical period, it was chiefly used in legal documents and the like. A few irregular or defective verbs (esse 'be', meminisse 'remember') used this form as their only imperative.

Portato can be translated as "You shall carry".
  • As mentioned previously, the vowel o is used as a sign of the future imperative.
Imperative Active Future
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Second Person portato portatote terreto terretote petito petitote audito auditote
Third Person portato portanto terreto terrento petito petunto audito audiunto


The letter R is used to designate the passive voice in the future imperative. The second person plural is absent here. Portator translates as "You shall be carried."
Imperative Passive Future
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Second Person portator —— terretor —— petitor —— auditor ——
Third Person portator portantor terretor terrentor petitor petuntor auditor audiuntor


Perfective aspect tenses

The tenses of the perfective aspect, which are the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses, are used to express actions that have been completed. The verbs used for explanation are:

1st Conjugation: porto, portare, portavi, portatum — to carry, bring
2nd Conjugation: terreo, terrere, terrui, territum — to frighten, deter
3rd Conjugation: peto, petere, petivi, petitum — to seek, attack
4th Conjugation: audio, audire, audivi, auditum – to hear, listen (to)


For all conjugations, the –i is removed from the third principal part. For example, from portavi, portav is formed. This is the perfect stem, and it is used for all of the tenses in the perfective aspect. The perfective aspect verbs also use the perfect passive participle in the passive voice. See below to see how it is formed. Along with these participles, the verb esse, which means, "to be", is used.

Unlike the imperfective aspect, inflection does not deviate from conjugation to conjugation.

Perfect tense

The perfect tense (Latin tempus perfectum) refers to an action completed in the past. Tense signs are only used in this tense with the indicative. The tense signs of the subjunctive are eri and eri.

Indicative perfect
The indicative perfect expresses a finished action in the past. If the action were not finished, but still lies in the past, one would use the imperfect tense. Portavi is translated as "I carried," "I did carry," or "I have carried."
  • As aforementioned, the indicative present in the active voice has its special personal endings.
Indicative Active Perfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portavi portavimus terrui terruimus petivi petivimus audivi audivimus
Second Person portavisti portavistis terruisti terruistis petivisti petivistis audivisti audivistis
Third Person portavit portaverunt terruit terruerunt petivit petiverunt audivit audiverunt


In the passive voice, the perfect passive participle is used with the auxiliary verb esse. It uses the indicative present form of esse. Portatus sum translates as "I was carried," or "I have been carried."
Indicative Passive Perfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portatus sum portati sumus territus sum territi sumus petitus sum petiti sumus auditus sum auditi sumus
Second Person portatus es portati estis territus es territi estis petitus es petiti estis auditus es auditi estis
Third Person portatus est portati sunt territus est territi sunt petitus est petiti sunt auditus est auditi sunt


Subjunctive perfect
Like the subjunctive imperfect, the subjunctive perfect is largely used in subordinate clauses. Independently, it is usually translated as the potential subjunctive. By itself, portaverim translates as "I may have carried."
  • The tense signs eri and eri are used before the personal endings are added.
Subjunctive Active Perfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portaverim portaverimus terruerim terruerimus petiverim petiverimus audiverim audiverimus
Second Person portaveris portaveritis terrueris terrueritis petiveris petiveritis audiveris audiveritis
Third Person portaverit portaverint terruerit terruerint petiverit petiverint audiverit audiverint


The passive voice uses the perfect passive participle with the subjunctive present forms of esse. Portatus sim means, "I may have been carried."
Subjunctive Passive Perfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portatus sim portati simus territus sim territi simus petitus sim petiti simus auditus sim auditi simus
Second Person portatus sis portati sitis territus sis territi sitis petitus sis petiti sitis auditus sis auditi sitis
Third Person portatus sit portati sint territus sit territi sint petitus sit petiti sint auditus sit auditi sint


Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect tense (Latin tempus plus quam perfectum) expresses an action, which was completed before another completed action. It is recognized by the tense signs era and era in the indicative and isse and isse in the subjunctive.

Indicative pluperfect
As with English, in Latin, the indicative pluperfect is used to assert an action that was completed before another (perfect tense). Portaveram translates as "I had carried."
  • The tense sign era is employed before adding the personal endings, with the long a following the usual rules for shortening before final -m, -t, and -nt.
Indicative Active Pluperfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portaveram portaveramus terrueram terrueramus petiveram petiveramus audiveram audiveramus
Second Person portaveras portaveratis terrueras terrureratis petiveras petiveratis audiveras audiveratis
Third Person portaverat portaverant terruerat terruerant petiverat petiverant audiverat audiverant


In the passive voice, the present passive participle is utilized with esse in the indicative imperfect. Portatus eram is translated as "I had been carried."
Indicative Passive Pluperfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portatus eram portati eramus territus eram territi eramus petitus eram petiti eramus auditus eram auditi eramus
Second Person portatus eras portati eratis territus eras territi eratis petitus eras petiti eratis auditus eras auditi eratis
Third Person portatus erat portati erant territus erat territi erant petitus erat petiti erant auditus erat auditi erant


Subjunctive pluperfect
The subjunctive pluperfect is to the subjunctive perfect as the subjunctive imperfect is to the subjunctive present. Simply put, it is used with the subjunctive perfect in subordinate clauses. Like the subjunctive imperfect, it is translated conditionally independently. Portavissem is translated as "I should have carried," or "I would have carried."
  • The tense signs isse and isse are used before the personal endings.
Subjunctive Active Pluperfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portavissem portavissemus terruissem terruissemus petivissem petivissemus audivissem audivissemus
Second Person portavisses portavissetis terruisses terruissetis petivisses petivissetis audivisses audivissetis
Third Person portavisset portavissent terruisset terruissent petivisset petivissent audivisset audivissent


As always, the passive voice uses the perfect passive participle. The subjunctive imperfect of esse is used here. Portatus essem may mean "I should have been carried," or "I could have been carried," in the conditional sense.
Subjunctive Passive Pluperfect
portare terrere
Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portatus essem portati essemus territus essem territi essemus
Second Person portatus esses portati essetis territus esses territi essetis
Third Person portatus esset portati essent territus esset territi essent
petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person petitus essem petiti essemus auditus essem auditi essemus
Second Person petitus esses petiti essetis auditus esses auditi essetis
Third Personpetitus esset petiti essent auditus esset auditi essent


Future perfect tense

The least used of all the tenses, the future perfect tense (Latin tempus futurum exactum) conveys an action that will have been completed before another action. It is signified by the tense signs ero and eri. The future perfect tense is the only tense that occurs in a single mood.

Indicative future perfect
As said, the future perfect is used to mention an action that will have been completed in futurity before another action. It is often used with the future tense. In simple translation, portavero means, "I will have carried," or "I shall have carried."

  • The tense signs ero and eri are used before the personal endings.
Indicative Active Future Perfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portavero portaverimus terruero terruerimus petivero petiverimus audivero audiverimus
Second Person portaveris portaveritis terrueris terrueritis petiveris petiveritis audiveris audiveritis
Third Person portaverit portaverint terruerit terruerint petiverit petiverint audiverit audiverint


As with all perfective aspect tenses, the perfect passive participle is used in the passive voice. However, the future perfect uses the indicative future of esse as the auxiliary verb. Portatus ero is "I will have been carried," or "I shall have been carried."
Indicative Passive Future Perfect
portare terrere petere audire
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person portatus ero portati erimus territus ero territi erimus petitus ero petiti erimus auditus ero auditi erimus
Second Person portatus eris portati eritis territus eris territi eritis petitus eris petiti eritis auditus eris auditi eritis
Third Person portatus erit portati erunt territus erit territi erunt petitus erit petiti erunt auditus erit auditi erunt


Non-finite forms

The non-finite forms of verbs are participles, infinitives, supines, gerunds and gerundives. The verbs used are:

1st Conjugation: porto, portare, portavi, portatum — to carry, bring
2nd Conjugation: terreo, terrere. terrui, territum — to frighten, deter
3rd Conjugation: peto, petere, petivi, petitum — to seek, attack
4th Conjugation: audio, audire, audivi, auditum – to hear, listen (to)


The participles


There are three participles: present active, perfect passive and future active.
  • The present active participle is declined like a third declension adjective with one ending
    Latin declension

    Latin is an Inflection language, and as such has nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension....
    .
    • In the first and second conjugations, the present active infinitive is formed by taking the present stem and adding an –ns. The genitive singular form adds an –ntis, and the thematicals a and e are shortened.
    • In the third conjugation, the e of the present stem is lengthened. In the genitive, the e is short again.
    • In the fourth conjugation, the i is shortened, and an e is placed. Of course, this e is short in the genitive.
    • Puer portans translates into "carrying boy."
  • The perfect passive participle is declined like a first and second declension adjective
    Latin declension

    Latin is an Inflection language, and as such has nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension....
    .
    • In all conjugations, the perfect participle is formed by taking the –um from the supine, and adding a –us (masculine nominative singular).
    • Puer portatus translates into "carried boy."
  • The future active participle is declined like a first and second declension adjective
    Latin declension

    Latin is an Inflection language, and as such has nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension....
    .
    • In all conjugations the –um is removed from the supine, and an –urus (masculine nominative singular) is added.
    • Puer portaturus translates into "boy about to carry," or "boy who is about to carry."
Participles
portare terrere petere audire
Present Active portans, –antis terrens, –entis petens, –entis audiens, –entis
Perfect Passive portatus, –a, –um territus, –a, –um petitus, –a, –um auditus, –a, –um
Future Active portaturus, –a, –um territurus, –a, –um petiturus, –a, –um auditurus, –a, –um


The infinitives


There are six infinitives. They are in the present active, present passive, perfect active, perfect passive, future active and future passive.
  • The present active infinitive is the second principal part (in regular verbs). It plays an important role in the syntactic construction of Accusativus cum infinitivo
    Accusative and infinitive

    In grammar, accusative and infinitive is the name for a syntactic construction of Latin language and Greek language, also found in various forms in other languages such as English language and Spanish language....
    , for instance.
    • Portare means, "to carry."
  • The present passive infinitive is formed by adding a –ri to the present stem. This is only so for the first, second and fourth conjugations. In the third conjugation, the thematical vowel, e, is taken from the present stem, and an –i.
    • Portari translates into "to be carried."
  • The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding an –isse onto the perfect stem.
    • Portavisse translates into "to have carried."
  • The perfect passive infinitive uses the perfect passive participle along with the auxiliary verb esse. The perfect passive infinitive must agree with what it is describing in number and gender.
    • Portatus esse means, "to have been carried."
  • The future active infinitive uses the future active participle with the auxiliary verb esse.
    • Portaturus esse means, "to be going to carry." The future active infinitive must agree with what it is describing in number and gender.
    • Esse has two future infinitives: futurus esse and fore.
  • The future passive infinitive uses the supine with the auxiliary verb iri.
    • Portatum iri is translated as "to be going to be carried." This is normally used in indirect speech. For example: Omnes senatores dixerunt templum conditum iri. "All of the senators said that a temple would be built."
Infinitives
portare terrere petere audire
Present Active portare terrere petere audire
Present Passive portari terreri peti audiri
Perfect Active portavisse terruisse petivisse audivisse
Perfect Passive portatus esse territus esse petitus esse auditus esse
Future Active portaturus esse territurus esse petiturus esse auditurus esse
Future Passive portatum iri territum iri petitum iri auditum iri
Here, masculine endings are used.


The supine


The supine is the fourth principal part. It resembles a masculine noun of the fourth declension
Latin declension

Latin is an Inflection language, and as such has nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension....
. Supines only occur in the accusative and ablative cases.
  • The accusative form ends in a –um, and is used with a verb of motion in order to show the purpose. Thus, it is only used with verbs like cedere, venire, etc. The accusative form of a supine can also take an object if needed.
    • Pater venit portatum liberos suos. — The father came to carry his children.
  • The ablative, which ends in a –u, is used with the Ablative of Specification.
    • Arma haec facillima portatu erant. — These arms were the easiest to carry.
Supine
portare terrere petere audire
Accusative portatum territum petitum auditum
Ablative portatu territu petitu auditu


The gerund


The gerund is formed similarly to the present active participle. However, the –ns becomes an –ndus, and the preceding a or e is shortened. Gerunds are neuter nouns of the second declension
Latin declension

Latin is an Inflection language, and as such has nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension....
, but the nominative case is not present. The gerund is a noun, meaning "the act of doing (the verb)", and forms a suppletive paradigm to the infinitive which cannot be declined.
  • Portandi can mean, "of carrying." Portando (dative) can mean, "to carrying." Portandum can simply mean, "carrying." Portando (ablative) can mean, "by carrying," "in respect to carrying," etc.
Gerund
portare terrere petere audire
Genitive portandi terrendi petendi audiendi
Dative portando terrendo petendo audiendo
Accusative portandum terrendum petendum audiendum
Ablative portando terrendo petendo audiendo
Locative portando terrendo petendo audiendo


One common use of the gerund is with the preposition in to indicate purpose. For example paratus ad oppugnandum could be translated as "ready to attack". However the gerund was avoided when an object was introduced, and a passive construction with the gerundive was preferred. For example for "ready to attack the enemy" the construction paratus ad hostes oppugnandos is preferred over paratus ad hostes oppugnandum.

The gerundive


The gerundive is the passive equivalent of the gerund, and much more common in Latin. It is a first and second declension adjective, and means, “(the verb) being done”. Often, the gerundive is used with an implicit esse, to show obligation.

  • Puer portandus “(the) Boy who should be carried.” Amanda means “She who must be loved.”
  • Oratio laudenda est means, “The speech has to be praised.” In such constructions a substantive in dative may be used to name the agens of the obligation (dativus auctoris), like in Oratio nobis laudenda est meaning “The speech has to be praised by 'us'” or “'We' have to praise the speech”.


'Gerundive'
'portare' 'terrere' 'petere' 'audire'
portandus, –a, –um terrendus, –a, –um petendus, –a, –um audiendus, –a, –um


Periphrastic conjugations

There are two periphrastic
Periphrasis

In linguistics, periphrasis is a device by which a grammar category or relationship is expressed by a free morpheme , instead of being shown by inflection or derivation ....
 conjugations. One is active, and the other is passive.

Active

The first periphrastic conjugation uses the future participle. It is combined with the forms of esse. It is translated as "I am going to carry," "I was going to carry", etc.

'Conjugation' 'Translation'
'Pres. Ind.' portaturus sum I am going to carry
'Imp. Ind.' portaturus eram I was going to carry
'Fut. Ind.' portaturus ero I will be going to carry
'Perf. Ind.' portaturus fui I have been going to carry
'Plup. Ind.' portaturus fueram I had been going to carry
'Fut. Perf. Ind.' portaturus fuero I will have been going to carry
'Pres. Subj.' portaturus sim I may be going to carry
'Imp. Subj.' portaturus essem I should be going to carry
'Perf. Subj.' portaturus fuerim I may have been going to carry
'Plup. Subj.' portaturus fuissem I should have been going to carry


Passive

The second periphrastic conjugation uses the gerundive. It is combined with the forms of esse. It is translated as "I am to be carried," "I was to be carried", etc.
'Conjugation' 'Translation'
'Pres. Ind.' portandus sum I am to be carried
'Imp. Ind.' portandus eram I was to be carried
'Fut. Ind.' portandus ero I will deserve to be carried
'Perf. Ind.' portandus fui I was to be carried
'Plup. Ind.' portandus fueram I had deserved to be carried
'Fut. Perf. Ind.' portandus fuero I will have deserved to be carried
'Pres. Subj.' portandus sim I may deserve to be carried
'Imp. Subj.' portandus essem I should deserve to be carried
'Perf. Subj.' portandus fuerim I may have deserved to be carried
'Plup. Subj.' portandus fuissem I should have deserved to be carried
'Pres. Inf.' portandus esse To deserve to be carried
'Perf. Inf.' portandus fuisse To have deserved to be carried


Peculiarities within conjugation and non-finite forms


Irregular verbs

There are a few irregular verbs in Latin that are not grouped into a particular conjugation (such as esse and posse), or deviate slightly from a conjugation (such as ferre, ire, and dare). It consists of the following list and their compounds (such as conferre). Many irregular verbs lack a fourth principal part.

sum, esse, fui, futurus — to be, exist
possum, posse, potui — to be able, can
eo, ire, ivi / ii, itum — to go
volo, velle, volui — to wish, want
nolo, nolle, nolui — to be unwilling, refuse
malo, malle, malui — to prefer
fero, ferre, tuli, latum — to bear, endure
fio, fieri, factus sum — to become, happen
edo, esse, edi, esum – to eat, waste
do, dare, dedi, datum — to give, bestow


Deponent and semi-deponent verbs

Deponent verb
Deponent verb

In linguistics, a deponent verb is a verb that is active voice in meaning but takes its morphology from a different grammatical voice, most commonly the middle voice or passive voice....
s are verbs that are passive in form (that is, conjugated as though in the passive voice) but active in meaning. These verbs have only three principal parts, since the perfect tenses of ordinary passives are formed periphrastically
Periphrasis

In linguistics, periphrasis is a device by which a grammar category or relationship is expressed by a free morpheme , instead of being shown by inflection or derivation ....
 with the perfect participle, which is formed on the same stem as the supine. Some example coming from all conjugations are:

'1st Conjugation:' miror, mirari, miratus sum — to admire, wonder
'2nd Conjugation:' polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum — to promise, offer
'3rd Conjugation:' loquor, loqui, locutus sum — to speak, say
'4th Conjugation:' orior, oriri, ortus sum – to rise, spring up


Deponent verbs use active conjugations for tenses that do not exist in the passive: the gerund
Gerund

In linguistics, ?gerund? is a term used to refer to various non-finite verb in various languages:* As applied to English language, it refers to what might be called a verb's action noun, which is one of the uses of the -ing form....
, the supine
Supine

In grammar a supine is a form of verbal noun used in some languages....
, the present and future participles and the future infinitive. They cannot be used in the passive themselves, and their analogues with "active" form do not in fact exist: one cannot directly translate "The word is said" with any form of loqui, and there are no forms like loquo, loquis, loquit, etc.

Semi-deponent verbs form their imperfective aspect tenses in the manner of ordinary active verbs; but their perfect tenses are built periphrastically like deponents and ordinary passives; thus semideponent verbs have a perfect active participle instead of a perfect passive participle. An example:

audeo, audere, ausus sum — to dare, venture


Note: In the Romance languages
Romance languages

The Romance languages are a branch of the Indo-European languages comprising all the languages that descend from Latin language, the language of ancient Rome....
, which lack deponent or passive verb forms, the Classical Latin deponent verbs either disappeared (being replaced with non-deponent verbs of a similar meaning) or changed to a non-deponent form. For example, in Spanish and Italian, mirari changed to mirar(e) by changing all the verb forms to the previously nonexistent "active form", and audeo changed to osar(e) by taking the participle ausus and making an -ar(e) verb out of it (note that au went to o).

Third conjugation –io verbs

There is a rather prolific subset of important verbs within the third conjugation. They have an –io present in the first principal part (–ior for deponents), and resemble the fourth conjugation in some forms. Otherwise, they are still conjugated as normal, third conjugation verbs. Thus, these verbs are called 'third conjugation –io verbs' or 'third conjugation i-stems'. Some examples are:

capio, capere, cepi, captum — to take, seize
cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum — to desire, long for
facio, facere, feci, factum - to do, make
morior, mori, mortuus sum (dep.) — to die, decay
patior, pati, passus sum (dep.) — to suffer, undergo
rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum - to plunder, take up


They resemble the fourth conjugation in the following instances.

'Indicative present (first person singular, third person plural)' — capio, capiunt, etc.
'Indicative imperfect' — capiebam, capiebamus, etc.
'Indicative future' — capiam, capiemus, etc.
'Subjunctive present' — capiam, capiamus, etc.
'Imperative future (third person plural)' — cupiunto, etc.
'Present Active Participle' — capiens, –entis
'Gerund' — capiendi, capiendum, etc.
'Gerundive' — capiendus, –a, –um


Defective verbs

Defective verbs are verbs that are only conjugated in only some instances.
  • Some verbs are only conjugated in the perfective aspect's tenses, yet have the imperfective aspect's tenses' meanings. As such, the perfect becomes the present, the pluperfect becomes the imperfect, and the future perfect becomes the future. Therefore, the defective verb odi means, "I hate." These defective verbs' principal parts are given in vocabulary with the indicative perfect in the first person and the perfect active infinitive. Some examples are:


odi, odisse — to hate memini, meminisse — to remember coepi, coepisse — to have begun
  • A few verbs, the meanings of which usually have to do with speech, only appear in certain occurrences.


Cedo (plur. cette), which means "Hand it over" or "Out with it" is only in the imperative mood, and only is used in the second person.

The following are conjugated irregularly:

aio — I affirm, state
'Conjugation of aio
'Indicative
Present'		 'Indicative
Imperfect'		 'Subjunctive
Present'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' aio —— aiebam aiebamus —— ——
'Second Person' ais —— aiebas aiebatis aias* ——
'Third Person' ait aiunt aiebat aiebant aiat aiant*


'Present Active Participle:' — aiens, –entis


  • Some sources do not list these parts.


inquam — I say
'Conjugation of inquam
'Indicative
Present'		 'Indicative
Future'		 'Indicative
Perfect'		 'Indicative
Imperfect'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' inquam inquimus —— —— inquii —— —— ——
'Second Person' inquis —— inquies inquisti —— —— —— ——
'Third Person' inquit inquiunt inquiet —— inquit —— inquiebat ——


fari — to speak
'Conjugation of fari
'Indicative
Present'		 'Indicative
Future'		 'Indicative
Perfect'		 'Indicative
Pluperfect'		 'Imperative
Present'
'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural' 'Singular' 'Plural'
'First Person' for —— fabor —— fatus sum —— fatus eram —— —— ——
'Second Person' —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— fare ——
'Third Person' fatur fantur ''fabitur'' —— —— —— —— —— —— ——


'''Imperative - ''fare''
'''Present Active Participle''' — ''fans, fantis''
'''Present Active Infinitive''' — ''fari''
'''Present Passive Infinitive''' - ''farier''
'''Supine''' — (acc.) ''fatum'', (abl.) ''fatu''
'''Gerund''' — (gen.) ''fandi,'' (dat. and abl.) ''fando,'' no accusative
'''Gerundive''' — ''fandus, –a, –um''


The Romance languages lost many of these verbs, but others (such as ''odi'' and the imperative ''cedo'') survived but became regular fully conjugated verbs (in Italian, ''odiare'', ''cedere'').

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs are those lacking a person. In English impersonal verbs are usually used with the neuter pronoun "it" (as in "It seems," or "It storms"). Latin uses the third person singular. These verbs lack a fourth principal part. A few examples are:

''pluit, pluere, pluvit'' — to rain (it rains)
''ningit, ningere, ninxit'' — to snow (it snows)
''oportet, oportere, oportuit'' — to be proper (it is proper, one should/ought to)


The third person forms of ''esse'' may also be impersonal:

''Nox aestiva calida fuit.'' — It was a hot, summer night.
''Est ei qui terram colunt.'' — It is they who till the land.


Irregular future active participles

As stated, the future active participle is normally formed by removing the ''–um'' from the supine, and adding a ''–urus.'' However, some deviations occur.

'''present
active
infinitive''' 		'''supine''' '''future
active
participle'''
''iuvare'' ''iutum '' ''iuvaturus''
''lavare'' ''lautum'' ''lavaturus''
''parere'' ''partum'' ''pariturus''
''ruere'' ''rutum'' ''ruiturus''
''secare'' ''sectum'' ''secaturus''
''frui'' ''fructum'' ''fruiturus''
''mortuum'' ''moriturus''
''oriri'' ''ortum'' ''oriturus''


Alternate verb forms

Several verb forms may occur in alternate forms (in some authors these forms are fairly common, if not more common than the canonical ones):
  • The ending ''–ris'' in the passive voice may be ''–re'' as in:
''portabaris'' ? ''portabare''
  • The ending ''–erunt'' in the perfect tense may be ''–ere'' as in:
''portaverunt'' ? ''portavere''

Syncopated verb forms

Like most Romance languages, syncopated forms and contractions
Contraction (grammar)

In current English usage, contraction is shortening of a word, syllable, or word group by omission of internal letters.In traditional grammar, contraction can denote the formation of a new word from one word or a group of words, for example, by elision....
 are present in Latin. They may occur in the following instances:
  • Perfect stems that end in a ''–v'' may be contracted when inflected.
''portavisse'' ? ''portasse'' ''portavisti'' ? ''portasti'' ''portaverant'' ? ''portarant'' ''portavisset'' ? ''portasset''
  • The compounds of ''noscere'' (to learn) and ''movere'' (to move, dislodge) can also be contracted.
''novisti'' ? ''nosti'' ''novistis'' ? ''nostis'' ''commoveram'' ? ''commoram'' ''commoveras'' ? ''commoras''

Summary of forms


The four conjugations in the indicative mood

'''The Four Conjugations, Indicative Mood'''
'''1st''' '''2nd''' '''3rd''' '''3rd (i-stem)''' '''4th'''
'''laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum''' '''terreo, terrere, terrui, territum''' '''ago, agere, egi, actum''' '''capio, capere, cepi, captum''' '''audio, audire, audivi, auditum'''
'''Active''' '''Passive''' '''Active''' '''Passive''' '''Active''' '''Passive''' '''Active''' '''Passive''' '''Active''' '''Passive'''
'''Present'''
'''1st Singular ''' laudo laudor terreo terreor ago agor capio capior audio audior
'''2nd Person''' laudas laudaris terres terreris agis ageris capis caperis audis audiris (audire)
'''3rd Person''' laudat laudatur terret terretur agit agitur capit capitur audit auditur
'''1st Plural ''' laudamus laudamur terremus terremur agimus agimur capimus capimur audimus audimur
'''2nd Person''' laudatis laudamini terretis terremini agitis agimini capitis capimini auditis audimini
'''3rd Person''' laudant laudantur terrent terrentur agunt aguntur capiunt capiuntur audiunt audiuntur


See also

  • Grammatical conjugation
    Grammatical conjugation

    In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb, noun or adjective from its principal parts by inflection . Conjugation may be affected by grammatical person, grammatical number, grammatical gender, grammatical tense, Grammatical aspect, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, or other grammatical category....
  • Latin declension
    Latin declension

    Latin is an Inflection language, and as such has nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension....
  • List of English words from Latin verb forms
  • Romance copula
    Romance copula

    The copula or copulae in all Romance languages derive mostly from the Latin verbs SVM and STO. The former was the copular verb "to be" , and the latter mainly meant "to stand" , but was sometimes translatable as "to be"....
  • William Whitaker's Words
    William Whitaker's Words

    William Whitaker's Words is a computer program that parsing the inflection or conjugation of a Latin word, and also translates the root word into English....
  • Latin mnemonics
    Latin mnemonics

    A Latin mnemonic verse or mnemonic rhyme is a mnemonic device for teaching and remembering Latin grammar. Such mnemonics have been considered by teachers to be an effective technique for schoolchildren to learn the complex rules of Latin accidence and syntax....


External links

  • automatically conjugates verbs in Latin.
  • tests a user on his ability to conjugate verbs correctly.