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Australasia
The languages of New Guinea |
| Language | Status | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Abinomn Abinomn language The Abinomn language is a language isolate initially reported by Mark Donohue from Papua , Indonesia. It is also known as Avinomen, Baso , and Foia.... | Endangered | Spoken in New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the List of islands by area, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the last glacial period.... . Also known as Baso, Foia. |
| Anem Anêm language The An?m language is a language isolate spoken in five main villages along the northwestern coast of New Britain island, Papua New Guinea: Malaso?o , Karaiai, Mosiliki, Pud?l??, Atiatu and Bolo .... | Endangered | Spoken on New Britain New Britain New Britain is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. It is separated from the island of New Guinea by the Dampier Strait , and from New Ireland by the St.... . Perhaps related to Yélî Dnye and Pele-Ata. |
| Busa | Endangered | Spoken in New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the List of islands by area, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the last glacial period.... . Also known as Odiai. |
| Enindhilyagwa Enindhilyagwa language Enindhilyagwa is an Australian Aboriginal languages language isolate spoken by the Warnindhilyagwa people on Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia.... | Endangered | Spoken in the Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Carpentaria File:Gulf of Carpentaria map.pngFile:Gulf-of-Carpentaria-Australia-Otto-Petri-1859-Rotterdam.jpgThe Gulf of Carpentaria is a large, shallow sea enclosed on three sides by northern Australia and bounded on the north by the Arafura Sea .... , Australia Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans.... . Also known as Andilyaugwa. |
| Isirawa Isirawa language The Isirawa language is a language isolate in Malcolm Ross ' classification of Papuan languages that had been linked to the Dani languages within the Trans-New Guinea languages by Stephen Wurm.... | Endangered | Spoken in New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the List of islands by area, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the last glacial period.... . Formerly classified as Trans-New Guinea Trans-New Guinea languages Trans?New Guinea is an extensive language family of Papuan languages spoken in New Guinea and neighboring islands, perhaps the third largest language family in the world.... . |
| Kakadju | Endangered | Spoken in northern Australia Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans.... . Also known as Gaagudu. Part of a proposal for an Arnhem Land Arnhem Land The Arnhem Land Region is one of the five regions of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located in the north-eastern corner of the territory and is around 500km from the territory capital Darwin, Northern Territory.... family. |
| Kol Kol language (Papua New Guinea) The Kol language is a language spoken in eastern New Britain island, Papua New Guinea. There are about 4000 speakers.Kol appears to be a language isolate, though the possibility remains that it is distantly related to the poorly attested Sulka language.... | Endangered | Spoken on New Britain New Britain New Britain is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. It is separated from the island of New Guinea by the Dampier Strait , and from New Ireland by the St.... . |
| Kuot Kuot language The Kuot language, or Panaras, is a language isolate, the only non-Austronesian languages language spoken on the island of New Ireland , Papua New Guinea.... | Endangered | Spoken on New Ireland New Ireland (island) New Ireland is a large island in Papua New Guinea, approximately 8,650 km? in area. It is the main and largest island of the New Ireland Province.... . Also known as Panaras. |
| Laragiya Laragiya language The Laragiya language is an Australian Aboriginal languages language isolate spoken by just six people near the city of Darwin, Northern Territory in northern Australia as of 1983.... | Endangered | May be extinct now. Spoken in northern Australia Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans.... . |
| Minkin Minkin language The Minkin language is an extinct language Australian Aboriginal languages, perhaps a language isolate, of northern Australia.The classification of Minkin is uncertain, primarily due to a lack of data.... | Extinct | Was spoken in northern Australia Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans.... . Perhaps a member of the Yiwaidjan Yiwaidjan languages The Iwaidjan or Yiwaidjan languages are a small language families of non-Pama-Nyungan Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in the Cobourg Peninsula region of Western Arnhem Land.... or Tankic family. |
| Ngurmbur Ngurmbur language The Ngumbur language is an Australian Aboriginal languages language isolate spoken by just one person in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, as of 1981.... | Endangered | May be extinct now. Spoken in northern Australia Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans.... . Perhaps related to the Pama-Nyungan languages Pama-Nyungan languages The Pama-Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Indigenous Australian languages, containing 160 of 228 identified languages.The Pama-Nyungan family was identified and named by Kenneth Hale, in his work on the classification of Native Australian languages.... . |
| Pele-Ata | Endangered | Spoken on New Britain New Britain New Britain is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. It is separated from the island of New Guinea by the Dampier Strait , and from New Ireland by the St.... . Also known as Wasi. Perhaps related to Yélî Dnye and Anem. |
| Pyu (New Guinean) | Endangered | Spoken in New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the List of islands by area, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the last glacial period.... . Formerly classified as Kwomtari-Baibai Kwomtari-Baibai languages The Kwomtari?Baibai languages, often referred to ambiguously as Kwomtari languages, are a hypothetical language family of six languages spoken by some 4000 people in the north of Papua New Guinea, near the border with Indonesia.... . |
| Sulka Sulka language The Sulka language is a possible language isolate scattered across the eastern end of New Britain island, Papua New Guinea. There are about 3000 speakers.... | Endangered | Spoken on New Britain New Britain New Britain is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. It is separated from the island of New Guinea by the Dampier Strait , and from New Ireland by the St.... . |
| Taiap Taiap language Taiap is an endangered language language isolate spoken by around a hundred people in the East Sepik of Papua New Guinea. It is being replaced by the national language and lingua franca Tok Pisin.... | Endangered | Spoken by around a hundred people in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands .... . Also known as Gapun, formerly classified as Sepik-Ramu. |
| Tiwi Tiwi language Tiwi is an Australian Aboriginal languages spoken on the Tiwi Islands, within sight of the coast of northern Australia. It is one of about 10% of Australian languages still being learned by children.... | Endangered | Spoken off northern Australia Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans.... . |
| Umbugarla Umbugarla language The Umbugarla language is an Australian Aboriginal languages language isolate spoken by just three people in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, as of 1981.... | Endangered | Spoken in northern Australia Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans.... . Part of a proposal for an Arnhem Land Arnhem Land The Arnhem Land Region is one of the five regions of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located in the north-eastern corner of the territory and is around 500km from the territory capital Darwin, Northern Territory.... family. |
| Yalë Yalë language The Yal? language, also known as Nagatman, is a language isolate in northwestern Papua New Guinea. There are about 600 speakers.... | Endangered | Spoken in New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the List of islands by area, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the last glacial period.... . Also known as Nagatman. |
| Yawa Yawa languages The Yawa languages are a small family of two closely related Papuan languages, Yawa language and Saweru language, which are often considered to be divergent dialects of a single language .... | Endangered | Spoken on Yapen Island, New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the List of islands by area, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the last glacial period.... . Part of the Extended West Papuan Extended West Papuan The Extended West Papuan language family is a tentative proposal in Malcolm Ross's classification of Papuan languages. It includes the West Papuan languages of the Indonesian island of Halmahera and the Bird's Head Peninsula of far western New Guinea; the Yawa languages language isolate on Yapen in Cenderawasih Bay, Indonesian New Guinea , a... proposal; sometimes considered two languages. |
| Yélî Dnye Yélî Dnye language The Y?l? Dnye language, also known as Yele, is the language of Rossel island, the easternmost island in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of Papua New Guinea.... | Endangered | Spoken on Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands .... . Also known as Yele. Perhaps related to Anem and Pele-Ata. |
| Yuri | Endangered | Spoken in New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the List of islands by area, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the last glacial period.... . Also known as Karkar. |
EuropeEurope
Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
| Language | Status | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Basque Basque language Basque is the language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain and the adjoining region of South-Western France.... | Vibrant | Known in its own language as Euskara; no known living relatives; found in the Basque Basque Country (historical territory) The Basque Country as a cultural region is a European region in the western Pyrenees that spans the border between France and Spain, on the Atlantic Ocean coast.... region of France France France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France.... and Spain Spain Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably.... . Aquitanian Aquitanian language The Aquitanian language was spoken in ancient Novempopulania before the Roman conquest and, probably much later, until the Early Middle Ages.... is commonly regarded as related to or a direct ancestor of Basque. Some linguists have claimed similarities with various languages of the Caucasus Languages of the Caucasus The languages of the Caucasus are a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in and around the Caucasus Mountains, which lie between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.... , especially because of their ergative case system Ergative case The ergative case is the grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages.In such languages, the ergative case is typically Markedness , while the absolutive case is unmarked.... , but such resemblances are superficial, as a quarter of the world's languages are ergative. Other linguists have proposed a relation to Iberian Iberian language The Iberian language was the language of a people identified by Ancient Greece and ancient Rome sources who lived in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Iberian peninsula.... , while others point to a relationship with the Afro-Asiatic Afro-Asiatic languages The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family with about 375 living languages and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Southwest Asia .... Berber Berber languages The Berber languages are a group of closely related languages spoken in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, as well as by Berber people communities in parts of Niger and Mali.... language group of North Africa North Africa North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the United Nations subregion of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories:... . |
| Etruscan Etruscan language The Etruscan language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna , in Italy.... | Extinct | Language of the ancient Etruscans Etruria Etruria — usually referred to in Greek language and Latin language source texts as Tyrrhenia — was a region of Central Italy, an area that covered part of what now are Tuscany, Latium, Emilia-Romagna and Umbria.... in northwestern Italy Italy Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia.... ; not well understood at present. Some have suggested Etruscan is in fact an Anatolian language or Hurro-Urartian, but better accepted is the suggestion of a Tyrrhenian family consisting of Etruscan, Lemnian Lemnian language The Lemnian language is a language of the 6th century BC spoken on the island of Lemnos. It is mainly attested by an inscription found on a funerary stele, termed the Lemnos stele, discovered in 1885 near Kaminia.... , and possibly Raetic Raetic language Raetic is an extinct language spoken in the ancient region of Raetia in the Eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times. It is documented by a limited number of short inscriptions in a variant of the Etruscan alphabet.... or Camunic Camunic language Camunic writing, epigraphy made by the Camunni tribe that dwelt in the Val Camonica, Brescia, Italy, is found mainly on rocks in the variety of the Old Italic alphabet that is sometimes termed the "alphabet of Sondrio." About 200 inscriptions, all dating from the first millennium BCE, are known.... . |
| Iberian Iberian language The Iberian language was the language of a people identified by Ancient Greece and ancient Rome sources who lived in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Iberian peninsula.... | Extinct | Once spoken in the Iberian peninsula Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar and a very small area of France.... , was replaced by Latin |
North AmericaNorth America
North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
| Language | Status | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Adai | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in Texas Texas Texas is a U.S. state located in the South Central United States, nicknamed the Lone Star State. Texas is the second largest U.S. state in both area and population, spanning , and with a growing population of 24.3 million residents.... and Louisiana Louisiana The State of Louisiana is a U.S. state located in the U.S. Southern States of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . |
| Atakapa Atakapa language Atakapa is an extinct language language isolate native to southwestern Louisiana and nearby eastern Texas.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Texas Texas Texas is a U.S. state located in the South Central United States, nicknamed the Lone Star State. Texas is the second largest U.S. state in both area and population, spanning , and with a growing population of 24.3 million residents.... and Louisiana Louisiana The State of Louisiana is a U.S. state located in the U.S. Southern States of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . A connection to the Muskogean languages Muskogean languages Muskogean is an indigenous language family of the Southeastern United States. The Muskogean languages are generally divided into two rough branches, Eastern and Western, though these distinctions are the subject of some debate.... is sometimes proposed. |
| Beothuk Beothuk language The Beothuk language was spoken by the indigenous Beothuk people of Newfoundland . As the Beothuk are extinct and few written accounts of their language exist, little is known about it.... | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador is a Provinces and territories of Canada of Canada, on the country's Atlantic Ocean coast in northeastern North America.... , Canada Canada Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean.... . Sometimes thought to be Algonquian Algonquian languages The Algonquian languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic languages language family .... . |
| Chimariko Chimariko language Chimariko is an extinct language language isolate formerly spoken in Trinity County, California in northwestern California by Chimariko peoples.... | Extinct | Was spoken in California California California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . |
| Chitimacha Chitimacha language The Chitimacha language is a language isolate historically spoken by the Chitimacha people of Louisiana, United States. It went extinct with the death of the last fluent speaker, Delphine Ducloux, in 1940.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Louisiana Louisiana The State of Louisiana is a U.S. state located in the U.S. Southern States of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . A connection to the Muskogean languages Muskogean languages Muskogean is an indigenous language family of the Southeastern United States. The Muskogean languages are generally divided into two rough branches, Eastern and Western, though these distinctions are the subject of some debate.... has traditionally been proposed. |
| Coahuilteco Coahuilteco language Coahuilteco was a language isolate that was spoken in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. It was spoken by one tribe of a group of American Indian hunter-gatherers named the Quems.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Texas Texas Texas is a U.S. state located in the South Central United States, nicknamed the Lone Star State. Texas is the second largest U.S. state in both area and population, spanning , and with a growing population of 24.3 million residents.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... and northeastern Mexico Mexico The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.... . Part of the Hokan hypothesis. |
| Cotoname Cotoname language Cotoname is an extinct language language isolate spoken by Indigenous peoples of the Americas Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas to the lower Rio Grande Valley of northeastern Mexico and extreme southern Texas .... | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in Texas Texas Texas is a U.S. state located in the South Central United States, nicknamed the Lone Star State. Texas is the second largest U.S. state in both area and population, spanning , and with a growing population of 24.3 million residents.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... and northeastern Mexico Mexico The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.... . |
| Cuitlatec Cuitlatec language Cuitlatec, or Cuitlateco, is an extinct language of Mexico, formerly spoken by an indigenous peoples of Mexico also known as Cuitlatec.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Guerrero Guerrero The State of Guerrero is a state in the southern meridional region of Mexico. With an area of , it occupies about 3.3% of Mexican territory. It borders the Pacific Ocean to the south , Michoac?n to the west , Oaxaca to the east , and Mexico State , Morelos , and Puebla to the north .... , Mexico Mexico The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.... . |
| Esselen Esselen The Esselen were a Native Americans in the United States linguistic group in the hypothetical Hokan languages family, who resided in what is now known as Big Sur in the Monterey Bay Area, California.... | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in California California California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Part of the Hokan hypothesis. |
| Haida Haida language The Haida language is the language of the Haida people. It contains eight vowels and well over 30 consonants. Linguist Edward Sapir classified Haida as one of the Na-Den? languages in 1915, a position later supported by others, notably Pinnow, Greenberg, Enrico, Ruhlen, Manaster Ramer, and Bengtson .... | Endangered | Spoken in Alaska Alaska Alaska is the largest U.S. state of the United States by area; it is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... and British Columbia British Columbia British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's Provinces and territories of Canada and is famed for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu .... , Canada Canada Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean.... . Some proposals to connect to Na-Dené languages Na-Dené languages Na-Dene is a Indigenous peoples of the Americas language family which includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit language languages.... , but these have fallen in disfavor. |
| Huave Huave language Huave is a language isolate spoken by the indigenous Huave people on the Pacific coast of the Mexico States of Mexico of Oaxaca. The language is spoken in four villages on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in the southeast of the state, by around 18,000 people .... | Endangered | Spoken in Oaxaca Oaxaca The Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca }} is one of the 31 Mexican state of Mexico, located in the southern part of the country, west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.... , Mexico Mexico The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.... . Part of the Penutian hypothesis when extended to Mexico, but this idea has generally been abandoned. |
| Jicaque Jicaque language Jicaque, also known as Tol, Tolupan, and Torupan, is a language spoken by some 300 Tolupan people in La Monta?a del Flor, Honduras.... (also known as Tol) | Endangered (350 speakers) | Spoken in Honduras Honduras Honduras is a democratic republic in Central America. It was formerly known as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras .... . A connection to the Tequistlatecan Tequistlatecan The Tequistlatecan languages, also called Chontal of Oaxaca, consists of three distinct languages. One called Huamelultec or Lowland Oaxaca Chontal, Tequistlatec , and Highland Oaxaca Chontal.... languages has been proposed, but remains unexplored. |
| Karankawa Karankawa The Karankawa were a group of Native Americans in the United States peoples, now extinct as a tribal group, who played a pivotal part in early Texas History of Texas.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Texas Texas Texas is a U.S. state located in the South Central United States, nicknamed the Lone Star State. Texas is the second largest U.S. state in both area and population, spanning , and with a growing population of 24.3 million residents.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Proposed member of Coahuiltecan Coahuiltecan Coahuiltecan is a general name for a group of people who previously lived in the southern Texas region near the Rio Grande river. The earliest Spanish explorers to make contact with the natives in this region describe a prosperous and friendly people.... family, later under Sapir's Hokan phylum. These hypotheses are currently disfavored. |
| Karuk Karuk language Karuk or Karok is a moribund language of northwestern California, USA. It was the traditional language of the Karuk people, most of whom now speak English language.... | Endangered | Spoken in California California California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Part of the Hokan hypothesis. |
| Kootenai Kutenai language The Kutenai language is named after and is spoken by some of the Kootenai Native Americans in the United States/First Nations people who are indigenous people to the area of North America that is now Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia.... | Endangered | Spoken in Idaho Idaho The State of Idaho is a U.S. state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. The state's largest city and Capital is Boise, Idaho.... and Montana Montana Montana is a U.S. state in the Western United States. The western third of the state contains numerous mountain ranges; other 'island' ranges are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges of the Rocky Mountains.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... and British Columbia British Columbia British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's Provinces and territories of Canada and is famed for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu .... , Canada Canada Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean.... . |
| Natchez Natchez people The Natchez are a Native Americans in the United States people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area, near the present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Mississippi Mississippi Mississippi is a U.S. state located in the Deep South of the United States. Jackson, Mississippi is the state capital and largest city. The state's name comes from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, and takes its name from the Anishinaabe language word misi-ziibi .... and Louisiana Louisiana The State of Louisiana is a U.S. state located in the U.S. Southern States of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Often linked to Muskogean Muskogean languages Muskogean is an indigenous language family of the Southeastern United States. The Muskogean languages are generally divided into two rough branches, Eastern and Western, though these distinctions are the subject of some debate.... . |
| P'urhépecha language P'urhépecha language P'urh?pecha is a language isolate or small language family spoken by more than 100,000 P'urh?pecha people in the highlands of the Mexican state of Michoac?n.... (Tarascan) | Generally viable but some varieties are endangered, more than 100,000 total speakers. | Spoken by the P'urhépecha P'urhépecha The P'urh?pecha, sometimes referred to as Tarascan or Pur?pecha are an indigenous peoples of Mexico people centered in the northwestern region of the Mexico States of Mexico Michoac?n, principally in the area of the cities of Uruapan and Patzcuaro.... people in Mexico Mexico The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.... . |
| Quileute Quileute language Quileute , also known as Quillayute , is the only surviving Chimakuan languages, spoken by a few Quileute and Makah elders on the western coast of the Olympic peninsula south of Cape Flattery at La Push and the lower Hoh River.... | Endangered | Spoken in Washington Washington Washington is a U.S. state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Washington was carved out of the western part of Washington Territory which had been ceded by Britain in 1846 by the Oregon Treaty as settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Last survivor of the Chimakuan family Chimakuan languages The Chimakuan language family consists of two languages spoken in northwestern Washington, USA on the Olympic Peninsula. It is part of the Mosan languages sprachbund, and one of its languages is famous for having no nasal consonants.... . The Mosan Mosan Mosan is a hypothetical language family consisting of the Salishan, Wakashan, and Chimakuan languages of the Pacific Northwest region of North America.... hypothesis is now seen as a language area. |
| Quinigua | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in northeastern Mexico Mexico The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.... . |
| Salinan Salinan language Salinan was the indigenous language of the Salinan of the central coast of California. It has been extinct since the death of the last speaker in 1958.... | Extinct | Was spoken in California California California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Part of the Hokan Hokan languages The Hokan language family is a hypothetical grouping of a dozen small language families spoken in California and Mexico. In nearly a century since Edward Sapir first proposed the "Hokan" hypothesis, little additional evidence has been found that these families were Comparative method to each other.... hypothesis. |
| Seri Seri language Seri is a language isolate spoken by the Seri in two villages on the coast of Sonora, Mexico.... | Endangered | Spoken in Sonora Sonora Sonora is one of the 31 States of Mexico and is located in the northwest of the country.... , Mexico Mexico The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.... . Part of the Hokan Hokan languages The Hokan language family is a hypothetical grouping of a dozen small language families spoken in California and Mexico. In nearly a century since Edward Sapir first proposed the "Hokan" hypothesis, little additional evidence has been found that these families were Comparative method to each other.... hypothesis. |
| Siuslaw Siuslaw (tribe) Siuslaw is one of the three Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians located on the southwest Oregon Pacific Ocean in the United States.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Oregon Oregon Oregon is a U.S. state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers and settlers.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Likely related to Coos, Alsea, possibly the Wintuan languages Wintuan languages Wintuan is a language family of languages spoken in the Sacramento Valley of central Northern California.All Wintuan languages are severely endangered language.... . Part of the Penutian hypothesis. |
| Takelma Takelma language Takelma was the language spoken by the Takelma people.... | Endangered | Spoken in Oregon Oregon Oregon is a U.S. state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers and settlers.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Part of the Penutian hypothesis. A specific relationship with Kalapuyan Kalapuyan languages Kalapuyan is a small extinct languages language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages.... is now rejected. |
| Timucua Timucua language Timucua is a language isolate formerly spoken in northern and central Florida, southern Georgia , and eastern Alabama by the Timucua people. Timucua was the primary language used in the area at the time of Spanish colonization of the Americas, and linguistic and archaeological studies suggest that it may have been spoken from around 2,000 BC.... | Extinct | Well attested. Was spoken in Florida Florida Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast.... and Georgia Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia is a U.S. state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against United Kingdom rule in the American Revolution.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . A connection with the poorly known Tawasa language has been suggested, but this may be a dialect. |
| Tonkawa Tonkawa language The Tonkawa language was spoken in Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico by the Tonkawa people. A language isolate, with no known related languages, Tonkawa is now extinct, and the members of the Tonkawa tribe now speak only English.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Texas Texas Texas is a U.S. state located in the South Central United States, nicknamed the Lone Star State. Texas is the second largest U.S. state in both area and population, spanning , and with a growing population of 24.3 million residents.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . |
| Tunica Tunica language The Tunica language was a language isolate spoken in what is now Louisiana in the United States by Native Americans in the United States Tunica-Biloxi peoples.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Mississippi Mississippi Mississippi is a U.S. state located in the Deep South of the United States. Jackson, Mississippi is the state capital and largest city. The state's name comes from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, and takes its name from the Anishinaabe language word misi-ziibi .... , Louisiana Louisiana The State of Louisiana is a U.S. state located in the U.S. Southern States of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans.... , and Arkansas Arkansas Arkansas is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States of the United States. Arkansas shares a border with six states, with its eastern border largely defined by the Mississippi River.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Often linked to Muskogean Muskogean languages Muskogean is an indigenous language family of the Southeastern United States. The Muskogean languages are generally divided into two rough branches, Eastern and Western, though these distinctions are the subject of some debate.... . |
| Washo Washo language The Washo language is an endangered language Native Americans in the United States language isolate spoken by the Washo people on the California?Nevada border in the drainages of the Truckee River and Carson River Rivers, especially around Lake Tahoe.... | Endangered | Spoken in California California California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California.... and Nevada Nevada Nevada is a U.S. state located in the Western United States of the United States of America. The capital is Carson City and the largest city is Las Vegas, Nevada.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Part of the Hokan hypothesis. |
| Xinca Xinca language The Xinca language is a Mesoamerican languages spoken by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas Xinca people from communities in the southern portion of Guatemala, near its border with El Salvador and in the mountainous region to the north.... | Endangered | Spoken in eastern Guatemala Guatemala Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast.... . A relationship with Lenca Lenca language The Lenca language is one of the indigenous Mesoamerican languages. At the time of the Spanish conquest of Central America in the early 16th century, it was spoken by the Lenca people in a region that incorporates northwestern and southwestern Honduras, and neighboring eastern El Salvador, east of the Lempa river.... has been proposed. |
| Yana Yana language Yana is an extinct language language isolate formerly spoken in north-central California between the Feather River and Pit River rivers in what is now Shasta County and Tehama County counties.... | Extinct | Was spoken in California California California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Part of the Hokan hypothesis. |
| Yuchi Yuchi language The Yuchi language is the language of the Yuchi people living in the southeastern United States, including eastern Tennessee, western Carolinas, northern Georgia and Alabama, in the period of early European colonization.... | Endangered | Spoken in Georgia Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia is a U.S. state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against United Kingdom rule in the American Revolution.... and Oklahoma Oklahoma Oklahoma is a U.S. state and a sovereignty located in the South Central United States and Southern United States of the United States of America .... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Connections to Siouan languages Siouan languages The Siouan languages are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas language family of North America, and the second largest indigenous language family in North America, after Algonquian.... have been proposed. |
| Zuni Zuni language Zuni is a language of the Zuni people, indigenous to western New Mexico and eastern Arizona in the United States. It is spoken by around 9,500 people worldwide, especially in the vicinity of Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico and much smaller numbers in parts of Arizona.... | Endangered | Spoken in New Mexico New Mexico New Mexico is a U. S. State located in the Southwestern United States of the United States. Inhabited by Native Americans in the United States populations for many centuries, it has also has been part of the Spanish Empire viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S.... , United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... . Connections to Penutian languages have been proposed, but is generally considered unlikely. |
South AmericaSouth America
South America is the southern continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere....
| Language | Status | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Aikaná Aikana language Aikan? is a nearly-extinct Native-American language that is spoken in Rond?nia, Brazil by about 100 people. It is morphologically complex and has SOV word order.... | Endangered | Spoken in Rondônia Rondônia Rond?nia is a States of Brazil in Brazil, located in the north-western part of the country. To the west is a short border with the state of Acre , to the north is the state of Amazonas, Brazil, in the east is Mato Grosso, and in the south is Bolivia.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . Arawakan Arawakan languages The Arawakan languages are an indigenous language family of South America and the Caribbean.Originally the name Arawak was used exclusively for a powerful tribe in Netherlands Antilles, Guyana and Suriname.... has been suggested. |
| Andoque Andoque language The Andoque language is an aboriginal language spoken by a few hundred Andoque in Northern South America, and is in decline.In 2000, there were 610 speakers in the area of the Anduche River, downstream from Aracuara, Amazonas, Colombia; 50 were monolinguals.... | Endangered | May be extinct now. Spoken in Colombia Colombia Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.... and Peru Peru Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.... . Possibly Witotoan Witotoan languages Bora-Wit?to is a proposal to unite the Boran languages and Witotoan languages language family of northeastern Peru , southwestern Colombia , and western Brazil .... . |
| Betoi | Extinct | Was spoken in Colombia Colombia Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.... . Paezan Paezan languages Paezan is a hypothetical language family of Colombia and Ecuador.... has been suggested. |
| Camsá Camsá language Cams? is a language isolate of Colombia.... | Endangered | Also known as Kamsa, Coche, Sibundoy, Kamentxa, Kamse, or Camëntsëá. Spoken in Colombia Colombia Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.... . |
| Canichana Canichana language Canichana is a language isolate of Bolivia . The tribe has 500 members but only 20 of them speak Canichana language.See: Tequiraca-Canichana languages... | Living | Spoken in Bolivia Bolivia The Republic of Bolivia , named after Sim?n Bol?var, is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil on the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina on the south, and Chile and Peru on the west.... . A connection with the extinct Tequiraca (Auishiri) has been proposed. |
| Cayubaba | Extinct | Was spoken in Bolivia Bolivia The Republic of Bolivia , named after Sim?n Bol?var, is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil on the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina on the south, and Chile and Peru on the west.... . |
| Cofán Cofán language The Cof?n language is the language of the Cof?n people, an Indigenous people group native to Napo Province northeast Ecuador and southern Colombia, between the Guamu?s River and the Aguarico River .... | Living | Spoken in Colombia Colombia Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.... and Ecuador Ecuador Ecuador , officially the , literally, "Republic of the equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, by Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west.... . Sometimes classified as Chibchan Chibchan languages The Chibchan languages make up a language family indigenous to the Isthmo-Colombian area, which extends from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia and includes populations of these countries as well as Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.... , but the similarities appear to be due to borrowings. |
| Culle Culle language Culle, also known as Cull? and Ilinga, is a poorly attested extinct language of northern Peru. It is the original language of the regions of La Libertad Region, Cajabamba Province, and Pallasca Province.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Peru Peru Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.... . Possibly related to the extinct Cholonan languages. |
| Gamela | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in Maranhão Maranhão Maranh?o is one of the states of Brazil of Brazil in the north-eastern region. To the north is the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Neighboring states are Piau?, Tocantins State and Par?.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . |
| Huamoé | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in Pernambuco Pernambuco Pernambuco is a States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil of the country. To the north are the states of Para?ba and Cear?, to the west is Piau?, to the south are Alagoas and Bahia, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . |
| Huaorani Huaorani language The Huaorani language is a language between the Napo River and Curaray Rivers. A small number of speakers with so-called uncontacted peoples groups may live in Peru.... | Endangered | Spoken in Ecuador Ecuador Ecuador , officially the , literally, "Republic of the equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, by Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west.... and Peru Peru Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.... . Also known as Waorani. |
| Irantxe Irantxe language Ir?ntxe is an Indigenous peoples of the Americas language that is spoken in Mato Grosso, Brazil by about 200 people. Linguistics believe that it is possibly related to the Arawakan languages.... | Living | Also known as Iranche or Münkü. Spoken in Mato Grosso Mato Grosso Mato Grosso is one of the States of Brazil of Brazil, the List of Brazilian states by area, located in the western part of the country.Neighboring states are Rond?nia, Amazonas State, Brazil, Par?, Tocantins State, Goi?s and Mato Grosso do Sul.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . Arawakan Arawakan languages The Arawakan languages are an indigenous language family of South America and the Caribbean.Originally the name Arawak was used exclusively for a powerful tribe in Netherlands Antilles, Guyana and Suriname.... has been suggested. |
| Itonama Itonama language Itonama is a moribund language language isolate of Bolivia.... | Endangered | Spoken in Bolivia Bolivia The Republic of Bolivia , named after Sim?n Bol?var, is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil on the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina on the south, and Chile and Peru on the west.... . Paezan Paezan languages Paezan is a hypothetical language family of Colombia and Ecuador.... has been suggested. |
| Jotí | Endangered | Spoken in Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a country on the northern coast of South America.The country comprises a continental mainland and numerous islands located off the Venezuelan coastline in the Caribbean Sea.... . Also known as Yuwana. |
| Karirí | Extinct | Was spoken in Paraíba Paraíba Para?ba is one of the States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic Ocean coast, where lies the easternmost point of the Americas, a cape called Ponta do Seixas.... , Pernambuco Pernambuco Pernambuco is a States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil of the country. To the north are the states of Para?ba and Cear?, to the west is Piau?, to the south are Alagoas and Bahia, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean.... , and Ceará Ceará Cear? is one of the 26 States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic Ocean coast. This land of the sun is one of the main tourist destinations of Brazil and has attractions for all tastes.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . Likely demonstration of being Macro-Gê. |
| Kawésqar Kawésqar language Kaw?sqar is an Alacalufan languages language spoken in southern Chile by the Alacaluf. Originally there were several distinct dialects. Kakauhua language is sometimes listed as a dialect, but is usually listed as a separate language, as in ISO 639-3 and Ethnologue.... | Endangered | Was spoken in the Chilean coast between Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego is an archipelago separated from the southernmost tip of the South American mainland by the Strait of Magellan. The southern point of the archipelago forms Cape Horn.... and Taitao Peninsula Taitao Peninsula The Taitao Peninsula is a westward projection of the mainland of Chile, with which it is connected by the narrow Isthmus of Ofqui, over which the natives and early missionaries were accustomed to carry their boats between the Moraleda Channel and Gulf of Penas.... . There are a few speakers left in Puerto Edén, Wellington Island Wellington Island Wellington Island is an island west of Southern Patagonian Ice Field, Chile. It has an area of 5,556 km? and most of the island forms part of Bernardo O'Higgins National Park.... . |
| Kukurá | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in Mato Grosso Mato Grosso Mato Grosso is one of the States of Brazil of Brazil, the List of Brazilian states by area, located in the western part of the country.Neighboring states are Rond?nia, Amazonas State, Brazil, Par?, Tocantins State, Goi?s and Mato Grosso do Sul.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . |
| Mapudungun Mapudungun Mapudungun is a language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina by the Mapuche people. It is also known as Mapudungu, Mapuche, and Araucanian .... | Vibrant | Spoken in Chile Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow coastal strip wedged between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean.... and Argentina Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city.... . Also known as Araucano or Araucanian. Considered a family of 2 languages by Ethnologue. Variously part of Andean, macro-Panoan Macro-Panoan Macro-Panoan is a hypothetical proposal linking four language families of Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. The Pano-Takanan connection is generally accepted.... , or macro-Waikuruan proposals. |
| Movima Movima language Movima is a language that is spoken by about 1400 of the Movima, a group of Native Americans that resides in Bolivia. It is considered a language isolate, as it has not been proven related to any other language.... | Living | Spoken in Bolivia Bolivia The Republic of Bolivia , named after Sim?n Bol?var, is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil on the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina on the south, and Chile and Peru on the west.... . |
| Munichi Munichi language Munichi is a recently extinct language which was spoken in the village of Munichis, about 10 miles or 16 km West of Yurimaguas, Loreto Region, Peru.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Peru Peru Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.... . |
| Nambikwaran Nambikwaran languages The Nambikwaran languages are a small language family of Mato Grosso Province, Brazil. They are often considered dialects of a single language, but are mutually unintelligible.... | Endangered | Spoken in Mato Grosso Mato Grosso Mato Grosso is one of the States of Brazil of Brazil, the List of Brazilian states by area, located in the western part of the country.Neighboring states are Rond?nia, Amazonas State, Brazil, Par?, Tocantins State, Goi?s and Mato Grosso do Sul.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . |
| Natú | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in Pernambuco Pernambuco Pernambuco is a States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil of the country. To the north are the states of Para?ba and Cear?, to the west is Piau?, to the south are Alagoas and Bahia, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . |
| Omurano Omurano language Omurano is an extinct language from Peru that may be related to the Zaparoan language family. It is also known as Humurana, Roamaina, Numurana, Umurano, and Mayna.... | Extinct | Spoken in Peru Peru Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.... . A tentative family composed of Omuranao, Candoshi, Tequiraca, and Taushiro has been proposed. |
| Otí | Extinct | Was spoken in São Paulo São Paulo S?o Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, and along with Tokyo, Seoul and Mexico City is among the four largest metropolitan regions of the world.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . Macro-Gêan Macro-Gê languages Macro-J? is a medium-sized language stock in South America centered around the Je languages, first proposed in 1926 and undergoing moderate modifications since then.... has been suggested. |
| Pankararú | Extinct | Was spoken in Pernambuco Pernambuco Pernambuco is a States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil of the country. To the north are the states of Para?ba and Cear?, to the west is Piau?, to the south are Alagoas and Bahia, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . |
| Pirahã Pirahã language Pirah? is a language spoken by the Pirah? people — an indigenous people of Amazonas , Brazil, who live along the Maici river, a tributary of the Amazon River.... | Endangered | Spoken in the Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... ian Amazon rainforest Amazon Rainforest The Amazon rainforest , also known as Amazonia, or the Amazon jungle, is a Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests that covers most of the Amazon Basin of South America.... . Related to other Muran languages Muran languages Muran is a small language family of Amazonas , Brazil.... that have recently become extinct. |
| Puquina Puquina language Puquina is an extinct language and language isolate, which was spoken by the ancient Inca in the region surrounding Lake Titicaca and in the north of what is now Chile.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Bolivia Bolivia The Republic of Bolivia , named after Sim?n Bol?var, is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil on the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina on the south, and Chile and Peru on the west.... . Puquina words survive in the Callahuaya jargon of Quechua. |
| Taushiro | Living | Spoken in Peru Peru Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.... . A tentative family composed of Omuranao, Candoshi, Tequiraca, and Taushiro has been proposed. |
| Tequiraca | Living | Spoken in Peru Peru Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.... . Also known as Auishiri. A tentative family composed of Omuranao, Candoshi, Tequiraca, and Taushiro has been proposed. |
| Ticuna Ticuna language T?cuna is a language spoken by approximately 40,000 people in Brazil, Peru, and Colombia. It is the native language of the T?cuna people. T?cuna is generally classified as a language isolate, but may be related to the extinct Yuri language .... | Living | Spoken in Colombia Colombia Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.... , Peru Peru Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.... , and Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . Perhaps related to the extinct Yuri language Yuri language The Yuri language, also known as Karkar, is a language isolate in the Papuan languages classifications of both Wurm and Ross. There are about a thousand speakers in Papua New Guinea along the Indonesian border.... . |
| Tuxá | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in Bahia Bahia Bahia is one of the 26 states of Brazil, and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast.It is the fourth most populous Brazilian state after S?o Paulo , Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro , and the fifth-largest in size.... and Pernambuco Pernambuco Pernambuco is a States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil of the country. To the north are the states of Para?ba and Cear?, to the west is Piau?, to the south are Alagoas and Bahia, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . |
| Warao Warao language Warao is a language isolate of the indigenous Warao people. It is the native language spoken by approximately 18000 people inhabiting the Orinoco River delta in northeastern Venezuela as well as small populations of speakers in western Guyana and Suriname.... | Endangered | Spoken in Guyana Guyana Guyana , officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America.... , Surinam, and Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a country on the northern coast of South America.The country comprises a continental mainland and numerous islands located off the Venezuelan coastline in the Caribbean Sea.... . Sometimes linked to Paezan Paezan languages Paezan is a hypothetical language family of Colombia and Ecuador.... . |
| Xokó | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in Alagoas Alagoas Alagoas is a small States of Brazil in northeastern Brazil lying between the states of Pernambuco and Sergipe; touching the state of Bahia along a part of its southwestern border.... and Pernambuco Pernambuco Pernambuco is a States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil of the country. To the north are the states of Para?ba and Cear?, to the west is Piau?, to the south are Alagoas and Bahia, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . |
| Xukurú | Extinct | Poorly known. Was spoken in Pernambuco Pernambuco Pernambuco is a States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil of the country. To the north are the states of Para?ba and Cear?, to the west is Piau?, to the south are Alagoas and Bahia, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean.... and Paraíba Paraíba Para?ba is one of the States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic Ocean coast, where lies the easternmost point of the Americas, a cape called Ponta do Seixas.... , Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . |
| Yámana Yaghan language Yag?n , also known as Y?mana and H?usi K?ta, is one of the indigenous languages of Tierra del Fuego, spoken by the Yag?n people. It is regarded as a language isolate, although some linguists have attempted to relate it to Kaw?sqar language and Chon languages.... | Endangered | Spoken in southern Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego is an archipelago separated from the southernmost tip of the South American mainland by the Strait of Magellan. The southern point of the archipelago forms Cape Horn.... , Chile Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow coastal strip wedged between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean.... . |
| Yuracaré Yuracaré language Yuracar? is an endangered language language isolate of central Bolivia in Cochabamba Department and Beni Department departments spoken by the Yuracar? people.... | Endangered | Spoken in Bolivia Bolivia The Republic of Bolivia , named after Sim?n Bol?var, is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil on the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina on the south, and Chile and Peru on the west.... . Connections to Mosetenan, Pano-Tacanan, Arawakan, and Chon CHON CHON is an mnemonic acronym for the four most common chemical elements in living organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These four elements are also notable for being the least massive in their periodic table group in the periodic table.... have been suggested. |
| Yuri Yuri language (Amazon) Yur? is an extinct language of the Amazon previously spoken along a stretch of the Caquet? river in the Brazillian Amazon, extending slightly into Colombia.... | Extinct | Was spoken in Colombia Colombia Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.... and Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world.... . Perhaps related to Ticuna Ticuna language T?cuna is a language spoken by approximately 40,000 people in Brazil, Peru, and Colombia. It is the native language of the T?cuna people. T?cuna is generally classified as a language isolate, but may be related to the extinct Yuri language .... |
| Yurumanguí | Extinct | Was spoken in Colombia Colombia Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.... . |
External links
Bibliography
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University PressOxford University Press
Oxford University Press is a publisher and a department of the University of Oxford in England. It is the largest university press in the world, being larger than all the American university presses combined with Cambridge University Press....
. ISBN 0-19-509427-1. - Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
- Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska PressUniversity of Nebraska Press
The University of Nebraska Press, founded in 1941, is a publisher of scholarly and popular-press books. It is the second-largest state university press in the United States and, including private institutions, ranks among the 10 largest university presses in the United States....
(Smithsonian Institute). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN 0-8032-9271-6. - Grimes, Barbara F. (Ed.). (2000). Ethnologue: Languages of the world, (14th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL InternationalSIL International
SIL International is a United States, worldwide Evangelicalism non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document lesser-known languages, in order to expand linguistics knowledge, promote literacy and aid minority language development....
. ISBN 1-55671-106-9. (Online edition: http://www.ethnologue.com/). - Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is a printer and publisher granted a Royal Letters Patent by Henry VIII of England in 1534. It is the world's oldest continually operating book publisher....
. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X. - Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).