Land Warrior is a
United States ArmyThe United States Army is the branch of the United States Military responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military and is one of seven uniformed services...
program in 2007, that will use a combination of commercial, off-the-shelf technology (
COTSCommercial, off-the-shelf or simply off the shelf is a term for software or hardware, generally technology or computer products, that are ready-made and available for sale, lease, or license to the general public. They are often used as alternatives to in-house developments or one-off...
) and current-issue military gear and equipment designed to:
- integrate small arms
Small arms is a term of art used by armed forces to denote infantry weapons an individual soldier may carry. The description is usually limited to revolvers, pistols, submachine guns, carbines, assault rifles, rifles, sniper rifles, squad automatic weapons, light machine guns, and sometimes hand...
with high-tech equipment;
- provide communication
Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another. Communication processes are sign-mediated interactions between at least two agents which share a repertoire of signs and semiotic rules. Communication is commonly defined as "the imparting or interchange of...
s and command and controlCommand and control, or C2, can be defined as the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commanding officer over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission....
at the infantryInfantrymen are soldiers who are specifically trained for the role of fighting on foot to engage the enemy face to face and have historically borne the brunt of the casualties of combat in wars. As the oldest branch of the Combat Arms they are the backbone of armies...
soldier level;
- look at the individual infantry soldier as a complete unit rather than as a segment of a larger force.
The systems and technology of the Land Warrior program will be rolled into the
Future Force WarriorFuture Force Warrior is a United States military advanced technology demonstration project that is part of the Future Combat Systems project. The FFW project seeks to create a lightweight, fully integrated infantryman combat system. It is one technology demonstration project in a series of...
program.
While technology had long been a primary focus of the
United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
military, very little of it had actually been adopted by the infantry soldier. With growing concerns of
urban warfareUrban warfare is combat conducted in urban areas such as towns and cities.Urban combat is very different from combat in the open at both the operational and tactical level...
and dismounted infantry actions, the U.S. Army recognized the need upgrade an individual infantrymen. The Land Warrior program drew upon many
wearable computerWearable computers are computers that are worn on the body. This type of wearable technology has been used in behavioral modeling, health monitoring systems, information technologies and media development...
concepts, and maximized existing technologies to correct most infantry soldier limitations in the short term.
The SI (
StrykerThe IAV Stryker is a family of eight-wheeled all-wheel-drive armored combat vehicles produced by General Dynamics Land Systems, in use by the United States Army. Based on the Canadian LAV III light-armored vehicle, which in turn is based on the Swiss MOWAG Piranha III 8x8, the Stryker is the U.S...
Interoperable) version of the system completed U.S. Army testing as of November 2004. Due to limited resources, and issues with the overall weight of the system, Land Warrior was cancelled by the Army in February 2007. Despite the system's cancellation the 4th Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT) was deployed to Iraq as part of the Spring 2007 "surge" of US forces, and used the Land Warrior, on which they had trained on for the previous few years.
Internationally, there are several similar development programs, these include
IdZInfanterist der Zukunft is the German Bundeswehr's program as part of the Future Soldier project.The IdZ or "Infanterist der Zukunft" is a modular, integrated fighting system designed to provide significant lethality, survivability, mobility, battle command, and training to the German infantryman...
(
GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
), FIST (
UKThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands...
),
FélinFÉLIN is the name for the French infantry combat system of the 2000s....
(
FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
),
Land 125LAND 125 Soldier Combat System refers collectively to various pieces of infantry equipment which is currently being planned and phased in by the Australian military...
(
AustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the continental mainland , the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans...
), MARKUS (
SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
), Soldato Futuro (
ItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
), IMESS (
SwitzerlandSwitzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 states named cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities...
),
Projekt TYTANThe ISW Tytan is Polish Future Soldier military project. Project started in 2006 and currently is in at first stage of development....
(
PolandPoland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
), FINSAS (
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
) and ACMS (
SingaporeSingapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, lying north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At , Singapore is a microstate and the smallest nation in Southeast...
).
History of the US Land Warrior program
The original Land Warrior program, by other name, was undertaken by GE, Moorestown NJ approximately 1989, as a prototype having intent to eventually reduce size and weight in future phases. Then in the mid-1990s, the name Land Warrior was initially handled by a division of Hughes Aerospace, which was subsequently acquired by
RaytheonRaytheon Company is a major American defense contractor and industrial corporation with core manufacturing concentrations in defense systems and defense and commercial electronics. It was previously involved in corporate and special-mission aircraft until early 2007...
. (The soldier radio component of Land Warrior was to be supplied by the Integrated Information Systems division of
MotorolaMotorola, Inc. is an American, multinational, Fortune 100, telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois. It is a manufacturer of wireless telephone handsets, and also designs and sells wireless network infrastructure equipment such as cellular transmission base stations and signal...
.)
Early demonstration versions of the LW system used software written in the Ada programming language running on a
UnixUnix is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna...
platform. In January 1999, in an attempt to reduce development costs and accelerate the program, the development work was transitioned to a multi-company team that had been organized by Exponent (
NASDAQThe National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations, known as NASDAQ, is an American stock exchange. It is the largest electronic screen-based equity securities trading market in the United States...
: EXPO), an engineering firm with headquarters in
Silicon ValleySilicon Valley is the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California, United States. The term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the area; it is now...
.
An intensive redesign of the system ensued, and both the embedded
firmwareIn electronics and computing, firmware is a term often used to denote the fixed, usually rather small, programs and data structures that internally control various electronic devices...
and the application software were rewritten from scratch. Many of the
COTSCommercial, off-the-shelf or simply off the shelf is a term for software or hardware, generally technology or computer products, that are ready-made and available for sale, lease, or license to the general public. They are often used as alternatives to in-house developments or one-off...
hardware components were purchased (literally "off the shelf") at
Fry's ElectronicsFry's Electronics is a big-box store and retailer of software, consumer electronics, computer hardware and household appliances with a chain of superstores headquartered in Silicon Valley...
, the Silicon Valley retail chain. Approximately 100 proof-of-concept Land Warrior units were built and successfully demonstrated in September 2000 by a U.S. Army platoon that was air-dropped into a large war-fighting exercise at
Fort PolkFort Polk is a United States Army base located near Leesville, Louisiana.It was named in honor of the Right Reverend Leonidas Polk, the first Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Louisiana, and a Confederate general. Fort Polk serves primarily as a training post for units preparing to deploy to fight...
,
LouisianaThe State of Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state divided into parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties...
.
These initial prototype units, designated Land Warrior v0.6, were built around a
PC/104PC/104 is an embedded computer standard controlled by the which defines both a form factor and computer bus. PC/104 is intended for specialized embedded computing environments where applications depend on reliable data acquisition despite an often extreme environment...
computer platform running
Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces...
. The system used the CAN-bus protocol on the wired PAN (
personal area networkA personal area network is a computer network used for communication among computer devices close to one's person. The devices may or may not belong to the person in question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters...
). The communications subsystem was built using
Windows CEWindows CE is an operating system developed by Microsoft for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinctly different operating system and kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows...
running on a
StrongARMThe StrongARM is a family of microprocessors that implemented the ARM V4 instruction set architecture . It was developed by Digital Equipment Corporation and later sold to Intel, who continued to manufacture it before replacing it with the XScale....
platform, and the wireless network protocol was
IEEE 802.11IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards carrying out wireless local area network computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands. They are implemented by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee .-General description:...
. During the Fort Polk exercise, preliminary interoperability with traditional military radio networks was also demonstrated for LW v0.6, using a two-way,
SINCGARSSINCGARS is a Combat Net Radio currently used by U.S. and allied military forces. The radios, which handle voice and data communications, are designed to be reliable, secure and easily maintained...
-compatible gateway radio.
The success of the Fort Polk exercise reinvigorated the program, and further funding was allocated for the next phase of LW development. A "Land Warrior Consortium" was formed by several of the contracting firms, with the goal of designing and building the first field-able LW system, designated LW v1.0, later LW-IC (Land Warrior - Initial Capability). The basic Windows and WinCE platforms were retained, and a new hybrid PAN was designed, which drew upon both USB and
FireWireThe IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer, frequently used by personal computers, as well as in digital audio, digital video, automotive, and aeronautics applications. The interface is also known by the brand...
protocols. A modified version of the IEEE 802.11 protocol was adopted, which added various enhancements for
COMSECThe compound word COMSEC is prevalent in the United States Department of Defense culture with hundreds of secondary and tertiary words. Historically, it is originated from COMmunications SECurity; however, in the 21st century, the compound word is used without regards to its origin in thousands of...
and
information securityInformation security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction.The terms information security, computer security and information assurance are...
, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) capabilities, and support for multi-hop packet
routingRouting is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic. Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including the telephone network, electronic data networks , and transportation networks...
.
In 2003, a variant of the LW-IC system was developed to incorporate features of the CombatID System (CIDS)—a form of IFF (
identification friend or foeIn telecommunications, identification, friend or foe is a cryptographic identification system designed for command and control. It is a system that enables military, and national interrogation systems to distinguish friendly aircraft, vehicles, or forces, and to determine their bearing and range...
) that is designed to reduce the potential for
friendly fireFriendly fire is an expression meaning fire from one's own side or allied forces, as opposed to fire coming from enemy forces, and was a tactic originally adopted by the United States military....
incidents. This version, designated LW-CIDS, was successfully demonstrated in interoperational tests with several other CIDS-equipped units at Moffett Field, California.
As the Land Warrior program matured, it became clear that its successful deployment would hinge significantly upon the key factor of batteries. The need to continuously resupply (or recharge) LW batteries was proving to be a major logistical challenge. This was one of the driving factors behind the decision to move away from an earlier plan to initially equip airborne Army units, as in the Fort Polk exercise, and to focus instead upon those using
StrykerThe IAV Stryker is a family of eight-wheeled all-wheel-drive armored combat vehicles produced by General Dynamics Land Systems, in use by the United States Army. Based on the Canadian LAV III light-armored vehicle, which in turn is based on the Swiss MOWAG Piranha III 8x8, the Stryker is the U.S...
ground vehicle systems. This latter approach would enable more LW batteries to be distributed and/or recharged as needed.
The contract for development of the Land Warrior - Stryker Interoperable (LW-SI) version of the system was awarded in 2003 to an industry team that was led by
General DynamicsGeneral Dynamics Corporation is a U.S. defense conglomerate formed by mergers and divestitures, and as of 2008 it is the fifth largest defense contractor in the world. The company has changed markedly in the post-Cold War era of defense consolidation. The company has four main business segments:...
and included most of the existing Land Warrior Consortium companies. At about the same time, further development of the existing LW-IC system was halted and the manufacturing plans for it were shelved indefinitely. The Land Warrior Consortium was formally disbanded and work got under way on the newly-focused LW-SI program.
In September 2006, the 4th Battalion,
9th Infantry RegimentThe 9th Infantry Regiment is one of the oldest and most decorated active units in the United States Army.-History:The 1st Battalion has served in the War of 1812, Mexican-American War, the Indian Wars, the Spanish-American War, the China Relief Expedition, the Philippine-American War, World War I,...
trained with and evaluated the LW-SI system. The system successfully completed the assessment, which was based on JCIDS guidance, and received testimonials from the unit. However, funding for further system development under the Land Warrior program was suspended in February 2007, although the 4-9 Infantry is currently deployed to Iraq and is using the LW-SI system extensively. This is the final trial phase before the key decision is made on the overall future of wearable soldier systems, including
Future Force WarriorFuture Force Warrior is a United States military advanced technology demonstration project that is part of the Future Combat Systems project. The FFW project seeks to create a lightweight, fully integrated infantryman combat system. It is one technology demonstration project in a series of...
.
The Land Warrior system
Land Warrior had three priority objectives:
- Improving the lethality of an individual soldier
- Increasing the survivability
Survivability is the ability to remain alive or continue to exist. The term has more specific meaning in certain contexts.-Engineering:In engineering, survivability is the quantified ability of a system, subsystem, equipment, process, or procedure to continue to function during and after a natural...
of a soldier
- Providing full command, communications, and control to a soldier
Land Warrior had seven main subsystems:
- Weapon
- Integrated helmet assembly
- Protective clothing and equipment
- Computer
- Navigation
- Radio
- Software system
Later features of the Land Warrior system included:
- providing dismounted soldier combat identification for enroute situational awareness and power recharge to reduce 'friendly fire' incidents
- Commander's Digital Assistant leader planning tool
- weight and power reduction
- scalability and tailorability for operational missions
Weapon
The original system was built around the
M16 rifleThe M16 is the U.S. military designation for the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle. Colt purchased the rights to the AR-15 and currently uses that designation only for semi-automatic versions of the rifle....
or
M4 carbineThe M4 carbine is a family of firearms tracing its lineage back to earlier carbine versions of the M16, all based on the original AR-15 made by ArmaLite. It is a shorter and lighter version of the M16A2 assault rifle, achieving 80% parts commonality with the M16A2...
, both with modular rail mounts to allow customization as needed for each mission. It included the weapon itself, plus components such as a daylight video sight, thermal weapons sight and MFL (Multi-Function Laser). The MFL provided range and direction information, as well as IR, visible, and MILES lasers, while the cameras provided a video feed and thermographic capabilities, plus allowing a soldier to shoot around corners or behind cover without actually exposing himself to enemy fire. This is highly effective for confirming kills without exposing one's position.
Helmet
The Helmet Subsystem (HSS) combined a lightweight advanced helmet with a computer and
OLEDAn organic light emitting diode , also light emitting polymer and organic electro luminescence , is a light-emitting diode whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. The layer usually contains a polymer substance that allows suitable organic compounds to...
display that provided various information from digital maps and troop locations down to his weapon-mounted video camera. This is what would have allowed the soldier to see (and fire) around corners. The HSS also incoporated a microphone as well as a headset.
Armor and protection
The
Interceptor Body ArmorInterceptor is a type of body armor formerly fielded by the U.S. military. It is more effective than traditional bulletproof vests and is the successor to Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops . Materials for Interceptor were developed by DARPA in the 1990s and a contract for production was...
system and Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment (
MOLLEMOLLE is an acronym for MOdular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment. It is used to define the current generation of load-bearing equipment and rucksacks utilized by the United States Army...
) load-bearing system currently in service with the
U.S. ArmyThe United States Army is the branch of the United States Military responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military and is one of seven uniformed services...
and Marine Corps today are partially a result of the Land Warrior program.
Computer
The Computer Subsystem (CSS) provided the processing power and storage capacity for the system. The CSS is based around an
ARMThe ARM is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computer instruction set architecture developed by ARM Limited. It was known as the Advanced RISC Machine, and before that as the Acorn RISC Machine. The ARM architecture is the most widely used 32-bit ISA in terms of numbers produced...
XScaleThe XScale, a microprocessor core, is Marvell's implementation of the fifth generation of the ARM architecture, and consists of several distinct families: IXP, IXC, IOP, PXA and CE . Intel sold the PXA family to Marvell Technology Group in June 2006.The XScale architecture is based on the ARMv5TE...
processor. The CSS connects to each one of the
LRUA line-replaceable unit is a complex component of an airplane, ship or spacecraft that is designed to be replaced quickly at the flightline or airport ramp area. An LRU is a black box , such as a radio or other auxiliary equipment....
s as well as to the batteries.
Navigation
The Navigation Subsystem (NSS) provided positional information, it integrates a GPS receiver and a Dead Reckoning Module (DRM) that maintains accurate location when GPS signal becomes unavailable.
Radio
The Communication Network Radio Subsystem (CNRS) provided communications capabilities for the Land Warrior. The CNRS is based on EPLRS.
Software
Land Warrior's software system was powered by a variant of the
LinuxLinux is a generic term referring to Unix-like computer operating systems based on the Linux kernel. Their development is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely modified, and redistributed,...
operating system and has a modular, open architecture for further improvement. Reliability in recent testing at
Fort BenningFort Benning is a United States Army post located southeast of the city of Columbus in Muscogee and Chattahoochee counties in Georgia and Russell County, Alabama...
has been extremely high. The Land Warrior software suite contains six main software packages for weapon sights and for data
Future developments
The Land Warrior program may play a huge part in
Urban warfareUrban warfare is combat conducted in urban areas such as towns and cities.Urban combat is very different from combat in the open at both the operational and tactical level...
situations in the future. Currently, the system has finished its first phase of testing, but limitations keep it from being adopted by soldiers in the field. Other elements may influence future Land Warrior development, such as the eventual adoption of new weapons systems like the
XM8The XM8 is a developmental U.S. military designation and project name for a lightweight assault rifle system that was under development by the United States Army from the late 1990s to early 2000s...
Carbine (shelved in Oct. 2005), the
XM29 OICWThe XM29 OICW was a series of prototypes of a new type of battle rifle that fired 20 mm HE airbursting projectiles. The prototypes were developed as part of the Objective Individual Combat Weapon program in the 1990s...
, and the
LSAT rifleThe LSAT rifle, of the LSAT program, is a developmental assault rifle. Design began in 2008, four years after the beginning of the LSAT program. Like the LSAT LMG, the rifle is designed to be significantly lighter than existing designs, and is designed to fire lighter ammunition...
, as well as new technologies from both military and civilian firms that may or may not be included. Several university research groups are developing
micropowerMicropower describes the work that researchers at several universities are doing to develop very small electric generators and prime movers or devices to convert heat or motion to electricity...
devices, which could provide electrical power for the communications devices, sensors, and computers to be carried by the Land Warrior, using miniature fuel burning turbines and generators fabricated from etched silicon like integrated circuits. They are expected to operated for ten times as long as batteries of the same weight.
Private industry continues to address the shortcomings of the current Land Warrior system. The FUSION (Future Soldier Integration) version, which combines 4 of the LRU's into one, has been created to address SWAP-C (size, weight, and power, cost) issues, and may soon be adopted as an upgrade to the system.
Stryker Interoperable Vehicle Kit
A key capability of the current Land Warrior development effort is the interoperability with the Stryker family of combat vehicles, attained through a Stryker Vehicle Integration Kit or VIK.
When Land Warriors are mounted in the Stryker vehicle, the VIK provides voice, data and power connectivity through an umbilical connection. The voice and data connectivity are achieved through an extension of the individual soldier's Personal Area Network. The mounted Land Warriors have the capability of communicating voice and data with each other, the vehicle crew, Land Warriors external to the vehicle and other Land Warrior units mounted in other Stryker vehicles. Communications with the vehicle crew are achieved by interfacing to the Vehicle Intercom System.
Dismounted Land Warriors, when within communications range of their Stryker vehicle, have the same voice connectivity and Army Battle Command System interoperability as the mounted Land Warrior.
The Vehicle Integration Kit (VIK) is being developed in a spiral fashion to help manage development risk. The first spiral produces early VIK prototypes that are used to validate physical integration approaches in the various vehicle configurations. It also demonstrates Land Warrior soldier voice connectivity with the Stryker crewmembers in and around the vehicle through the Vehicle Intercom System. The second VIK spiral delivers full functionality
There are future plans to integrate the
Boomerang Mobile Shooter Detection SystemBoomerang is a Gunshot Location Detection System developed by DARPA and BBN Technologies primarily for use against snipers on mobile vehicles such as the Humvee, Stryker, and MRAP combat vehicles...
onto the Stryker vehicle as part of the Land Warrior system.
See also
- Micropower
Micropower describes the work that researchers at several universities are doing to develop very small electric generators and prime movers or devices to convert heat or motion to electricity...
- MOLLE
MOLLE is an acronym for MOdular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment. It is used to define the current generation of load-bearing equipment and rucksacks utilized by the United States Army...
- Interceptor Body Armor
Interceptor is a type of body armor formerly fielded by the U.S. military. It is more effective than traditional bulletproof vests and is the successor to Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops . Materials for Interceptor were developed by DARPA in the 1990s and a contract for production was...
- M4 carbine
The M4 carbine is a family of firearms tracing its lineage back to earlier carbine versions of the M16, all based on the original AR-15 made by ArmaLite. It is a shorter and lighter version of the M16A2 assault rifle, achieving 80% parts commonality with the M16A2...
- Future Soldier
Future Soldier is the overall name given to a multi-nation military project by the United States and its allies launched in the late 1990s. Future Soldier is also name of the major international military exhibition for NATO and Partnership for Peace members....
, the multi-national Future Soldier project.
- Future Force Warrior
Future Force Warrior is a United States military advanced technology demonstration project that is part of the Future Combat Systems project. The FFW project seeks to create a lightweight, fully integrated infantryman combat system. It is one technology demonstration project in a series of...
, the United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
Future Soldier program.
- IdZ
Infanterist der Zukunft is the German Bundeswehr's program as part of the Future Soldier project.The IdZ or "Infanterist der Zukunft" is a modular, integrated fighting system designed to provide significant lethality, survivability, mobility, battle command, and training to the German infantryman...
, the GermanGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
BundeswehrThe Bundeswehr comprises the unified armed forces of Germany and their civil administration and procurement authorities...
Future Soldier project.
- IMESS, the Swiss Future Soldier program.
- FIST, the British
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands...
analog to the Future Force Warrior program.
- Félin
FÉLIN is the name for the French infantry combat system of the 2000s....
, the FrenchFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
Future Soldier program.
- Land 125
LAND 125 Soldier Combat System refers collectively to various pieces of infantry equipment which is currently being planned and phased in by the Australian military...
, the AustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the continental mainland , the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans...
n Future Soldier program.
- 21st Century soldier
The "21st Century soldier" is Czech Future Soldier military project. The agreement of Czech Ministry of Defence and VOP-026 Šternberk about the future soldier program was signed in 2004.-Weapon system:...
, the CzechThe Czech Republic is a country in Central Europe that is sometimes considered to be Eastern European. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The capital and largest city is Prague...
Future Soldier project.
- F-INSAS, the India
India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
n Futuristic soldier program.
- Projekt TYTAN
The ISW Tytan is Polish Future Soldier military project. Project started in 2006 and currently is in at first stage of development....
, the PolishPoland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
Future Soldier Program.
- ACMS
The Singapore Armed Forces' Advanced Combat Man System is part of the SAF's move to integrate into 3G to progressively provide tactical units with network capabilities.-Key Components:...
, the SingaporeSingapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, lying north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At , Singapore is a microstate and the smallest nation in Southeast...
an Future Soldier project.
- Zieniewicz, M.J. et al., "The Evolution of Army Wearable Computers", IEEE Pervasive Computing, Oct-Dec 2002, vol. 1 no. 4, pp. 30–40, http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MPRV.2002.1158276
External links