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Kuliak languages
 
 
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The Kuliak languages—Ik, Soo, and Nyang'i—are spoken by small relict communities in the mountains of northeastern Uganda
Uganda

The Republic of Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania....
. Bender (1989) had classified them within the Eastern Sudanic languages
Eastern Sudanic languages

The Eastern Sudanic languages form a family of languages spoken from Northern Sudan to northern Tanzania, usually considered a subfamily of Nilo-Saharan languages, following Joseph Greenberg....
, but by Bender (2000) he had separated them out as an isolate within Nilo-Saharan
Nilo-Saharan languages

The Nilo-Saharan languages are a hypothetical group of African languages spoken mainly in the upper parts of the Chari River and Nile rivers , including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributaries of Nile meet....
. Significant influence from Cushitic languages
Cushitic languages

The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages language family spoken in the Horn of Africa. They are named after the Biblical figure Cush by analogy with Shem being the eponym origin of Semitic languages....
, and more recently Nilotic languages
Nilotic languages

The Nilotic languages are a group of Eastern Sudanic languages spoken across a wide area between southern Sudan and Tanzania by the Nilotic peoples, particularly associated with cattle-herding....
, is observable in the vocabulary and phonology. Bernd Heine
Bernd Heine

Bernd Heine is a German linguistics and specialist in African studies.From 1978 to 2004 Heine held the chair for African Studies at the University of Cologne, Germany....
 and Christopher Ehret
Christopher Ehret

Christopher Ehret , a professor of African History at UCLA since 1968, is a major figure in African history and African historical linguistics, particularly known for his efforts to correlate linguistic taxonomy and reconstruction with the archaeological record....
 have both proposed reconstructions of Proto-Kuliak, which Ehret calls "Rub".






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The Kuliak languages—Ik, Soo, and Nyang'i—are spoken by small relict communities in the mountains of northeastern Uganda
Uganda

The Republic of Uganda is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania....
. Bender (1989) had classified them within the Eastern Sudanic languages
Eastern Sudanic languages

The Eastern Sudanic languages form a family of languages spoken from Northern Sudan to northern Tanzania, usually considered a subfamily of Nilo-Saharan languages, following Joseph Greenberg....
, but by Bender (2000) he had separated them out as an isolate within Nilo-Saharan
Nilo-Saharan languages

The Nilo-Saharan languages are a hypothetical group of African languages spoken mainly in the upper parts of the Chari River and Nile rivers , including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributaries of Nile meet....
. Significant influence from Cushitic languages
Cushitic languages

The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages language family spoken in the Horn of Africa. They are named after the Biblical figure Cush by analogy with Shem being the eponym origin of Semitic languages....
, and more recently Nilotic languages
Nilotic languages

The Nilotic languages are a group of Eastern Sudanic languages spoken across a wide area between southern Sudan and Tanzania by the Nilotic peoples, particularly associated with cattle-herding....
, is observable in the vocabulary and phonology. Bernd Heine
Bernd Heine

Bernd Heine is a German linguistics and specialist in African studies.From 1978 to 2004 Heine held the chair for African Studies at the University of Cologne, Germany....
 and Christopher Ehret
Christopher Ehret

Christopher Ehret , a professor of African History at UCLA since 1968, is a major figure in African history and African historical linguistics, particularly known for his efforts to correlate linguistic taxonomy and reconstruction with the archaeological record....
 have both proposed reconstructions of Proto-Kuliak, which Ehret calls "Rub". Soo and Nyang'i form a subgroup, Western Kuliak, against Ik. Blench notes that Kuliak appears to retain a core of non-Nilo-Saharan vocabulary, suggesting language shift
Language shift

Language shift, sometimes referred to as language transfer or language replacement or assimilation, is the progressive process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speaking another language....
 from an indigenous language like that seen in Dahalo
Dahalo language

Dahalo is an endangered language South Cushitic languages language spoken by at most 400 people on the Kenyan coast near the mouth of the Tana River....
.

Internal classification

See also

  • Ik
    IK

    IK or Ik may mean:*Traditional knowledge, a program run by the World Bank*Inupiak language *Ik A Ugandan tribe*Ik River in Russia*IK code is a classification of resistance to mechanical impacts...