Komi-Permyak language
Encyclopedia
Komi-Permyak language is one of two regional varieties of the pluricentrical Komi language
, the other variety being Komi-Zyrian
.
Komi is a Uralic
language closely related to Udmurt
.
The Komi-Permyak language, spoken in Perm Krai
of Russia
and written using the Komi Cyrillic alphabet
, was co-official with Russian
in the Komi Okrug
of the Perm Krai.
In the 1920s, the soviet authorities introduced the new name for the Komi language in Perm Region as , combining the native name of the language with the Russian one. The new name was transliterated in Komi as 'Komi-Permyak language'. In so way the local language was nominally separated from the Komi-Zyrian language, that officially received the original name . The Komis of Region Perm had to officially use the new name, even though it has abusive connotations for the speakers, continuing in their colloquial speech to use exclusively the original name of their language as .
Only in the early 2000s has started a controversial process of replacing the offensive official name by a more correct one. The term 'Permian Komi language' was proposed and it is used nowadays (alongside with the old term) in local mass-media, in scientific papers and in the Komi-Permyak Wikipedia.
The Permian Komi dialects are geographically divided into 4 main groups :
Earlier there was a southern group too, in the Obva river basin, but now it is fast entirely extinct. Its only remain, the Nerdva dialect, is regarded usually together with the central group, which in so way became "southern".
The central (new southern) and northern groups of Permian Komi are spoken in Komi Okrug
of Perm Krai
, where the language was standardized in 1920s. The modern standard is based on Kudymkar dialect of the central group, but many elements of northern dialects were included too, so that the "literary language" has significant differences in its morphological system from the "main" dialect.
The central dialects, spoken in Ińva
river basin, differ considerably from all the other Komi dialects due to the general shift of etymological /l/ to /v/, /w/ and finally to the lack of the consonant, that has provoked the huge changes in morphology.
The differences between the Kudymkar and Uliś Ińva dialects are mainly in accentuation: the Uliś Ińva has a phonological stress (the Öń too), whereas the Kudymkar dialect (like as Ńerdva) has a morphological one. The Ńerdva dialect retains the etymological /l/. The same can be said about the Öń dialect (recently extinct), that had connections with the eastern Permian.
The northern group of the Permian dialects (upon Kösva
, Kama
and Lup rivers) was under a strong Zyrian influence on all the levels. The Köć and Kös dialects are closely related with some Syktyv dialects of Zyrian, whereas the Lup dialect for a long time was in tenuous connections with the Upper Ezhva dialect.
The Permian Komi standard language refers only to the central and northern groups of the Permian Komi dialects. They can be called as proper Permian dialects. The other two groups are marginal.
An only relic of the eastern Permian is the Yaźva dialect, ca. 200 speakers of the ca. 900 ethnical Komis in Krasnovishersky District
of Perm Krai. In early 2000s it was standardized by authority of the krai. The dialect has archaic system of vowel
s (including /ö/, /ü/ and /ʌ/), while its accentuation is similar to Uliś Ińva's and its lexical system likes the Northern Permian one.
The Western Permian group is presented by another marginal dialect, Źuźdin (ca. 1000 person living in Kirov Oblast
near the border of Komi Okrug).
The table below gives the consonant set of Permian, grouping voiceless and voiced consonants together in a cell where appropriate, in that order.
The language does not distinguish between long and short vowels and does not have vowel harmony.
There are no diphthongs in Permian Komi too; when two vowels come together, which occurs at some morpheme boundaries, each vowel retains its individual sound.
The table below gives the vowel sounds of Permian.
s: singular and plural
. The singular is the unmarked form of a word, and the plural is obtained by inflecting the singular.
The plural marker of nouns is /ez/ (orthographically эз or ез) immediately following a word stem before any case or other affixes. The last consonant of the stem before the plural suffix has to be duplicated.
The plural suffix has also a redused variant (a "weak form") /е/ (orth. э or е), that is used combining with some weak forms of possessive suffixes. E.g. киэт 'your (Sg.) hands ' versa киэз 'hands'.
The possessive suffix of 3Sg is widely used also as a definite article. In colloquial speech it is the main meaning of this suffix.
: ten grammatical cases and eight locative cases. The disputes continue about the status of some monosyllabic postpositions and a set of dialectal reduced forms of postpositions that can be treated as case suffixes too. The maximal amount of all possible cases reaches 30.
The case suffixes are added to the end of nouns either before or after a possessive suffix depending of case. Some cases have weak variants of their suffixes combining with the weak variants of possessive suffixes.
However most adjectives can also be used as nouns and sometimes as appositions, in which case they are declined: e.g. ыджыт ("big") → ыджыттэзісь ("out of the bigs"). The declensional paradigma is the same as by nouns, except the main accusative form, that became by adjectives suffix ö instead of öс or a null morpheme by nouns: адззи басöк нывкаöс 'I have found a beautiful girl' → адззи басöкö 'I have found a beautiful [girl]'.
Being predicative an adjective agrees with the subject for number. The plural marker of the predicative is öсь: керкуыс ыджыт 'the house is big ' → керкуэc ыджытöсь 'the houses are big'.
The adjective in Permian Komi have 5 degrees of comparison
The comparative und the superlative compare the intensivity of a object's quality with the other object's one. The sative, excessive and diminutive compare the intensivity of the quality with its basic degree.
, future
, past
), mood (indicative, imperative
, evidential, optative, conditional
and conjunctive), voice
and aspect
.
The verbal stem is a 2ed person singular of imperative mode: мун 'go', кер 'make'. All the other forms are formed by adding suffixes to the stem.
Some verbal stems having a consonant cluster at the end become expanded with a so called "voyelle de soutien" ы which is dropped before the suffixes beginning with a vowel: кывзы = кывз+ы 'hear', видчы 'swear' = видч+ы, e. g. кывзыны 'to hear', кывзытöн 'by hearing' but кывзі 'I heard', кывзö 'he hears', кывзан 'you hear'. Thus, these stems with a consonant cluster have their full und reduced variants.
Permian infinitive
s are marked with -ны added to a stem as in мyнны 'to go', кывзыны 'hear'
All Permian Komi verbs are conjugated in the same way, except for the defective verb вöвны 'to be'.
Negation is mostly expressed by a conjugated negator preceding the stem, e. g. эг мун 'I didn't go'.
The indicative mood has three tenses: present, future and past. The main marker of the present and future tense is а (negat. о), the marker of the past tense is и (negat. э).
Here is conjugation of verb керны 'make, do':
Komi language
The Komi language is a Finno-Permic language spoken by the Komi peoples in the northeastern European part of Russia. Komi is one of the two members of the Permic subgroup of the Finno-Ugric branch...
, the other variety being Komi-Zyrian
Komi-Zyrian language
Komi-Zyrian language, or simply Komi, Zyrian or Zyryan, is one of the two regional varieties of the pluricentrical Komi language, the other regional variety being Komi-Permyak....
.
Komi is a Uralic
Uralic languages
The Uralic languages constitute a language family of some three dozen languages spoken by approximately 25 million people. The healthiest Uralic languages in terms of the number of native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Mari and Udmurt...
language closely related to Udmurt
Udmurt language
Udmurt is an Uralic language, part of the Permic subgroup, spoken by the Udmurt natives of the Russian constituent republic of Udmurtia, where it is coofficial with Russian. It is written in the Cyrillic script with five additional characters. Together with Komi and Komi-Permyak languages, it...
.
The Komi-Permyak language, spoken in Perm Krai
Perm Krai
Perm Krai is a federal subject of Russia that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. The city of Perm became the administrative center of the new federal subject...
of Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
and written using the Komi Cyrillic alphabet
Cyrillic alphabet
The Cyrillic script or azbuka is an alphabetic writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 10th century AD at the Preslav Literary School...
, was co-official with Russian
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
in the Komi Okrug
Komi-Permyak Okrug
Komi-Permyak Okrug , or Permyakia is a territory with special status within Perm Krai, Russia. Population: It was a federal subject of Russia until December 1, 2005. It was called Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug at that time.-History:Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug was established on February...
of the Perm Krai.
Glottonym
The original name of the Komi-Permyak language is "Komi language", identical with the native name of the Komi-Zyrian language.In the 1920s, the soviet authorities introduced the new name for the Komi language in Perm Region as , combining the native name of the language with the Russian one. The new name was transliterated in Komi as 'Komi-Permyak language'. In so way the local language was nominally separated from the Komi-Zyrian language, that officially received the original name . The Komis of Region Perm had to officially use the new name, even though it has abusive connotations for the speakers, continuing in their colloquial speech to use exclusively the original name of their language as .
Only in the early 2000s has started a controversial process of replacing the offensive official name by a more correct one. The term 'Permian Komi language' was proposed and it is used nowadays (alongside with the old term) in local mass-media, in scientific papers and in the Komi-Permyak Wikipedia.
Permian Dialects of Komi language
All the Permian Komi dialects are easily intelligible to each other and to some extent to the Zyrian Komi dialects.The Permian Komi dialects are geographically divided into 4 main groups :
- Central (dialects: Kudymkar, Uliś Ińva, Ńerdva, Öń)
- North (dialects: Köć, Kös, Lup)
- East (Yaźva dialect)
- West (Źuźdin dialect)
Earlier there was a southern group too, in the Obva river basin, but now it is fast entirely extinct. Its only remain, the Nerdva dialect, is regarded usually together with the central group, which in so way became "southern".
The central (new southern) and northern groups of Permian Komi are spoken in Komi Okrug
Komi-Permyak Okrug
Komi-Permyak Okrug , or Permyakia is a territory with special status within Perm Krai, Russia. Population: It was a federal subject of Russia until December 1, 2005. It was called Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug at that time.-History:Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug was established on February...
of Perm Krai
Perm Krai
Perm Krai is a federal subject of Russia that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. The city of Perm became the administrative center of the new federal subject...
, where the language was standardized in 1920s. The modern standard is based on Kudymkar dialect of the central group, but many elements of northern dialects were included too, so that the "literary language" has significant differences in its morphological system from the "main" dialect.
The central dialects, spoken in Ińva
Inva River
Inva – is a river in Perm Krai, Russia. Begins in the Upper Kama Upland, near the border of Kirov oblast. Then, is flows through Komi-Permyak Okrug and flows into Kama Reservoir, forming Invensky bay....
river basin, differ considerably from all the other Komi dialects due to the general shift of etymological /l/ to /v/, /w/ and finally to the lack of the consonant, that has provoked the huge changes in morphology.
The differences between the Kudymkar and Uliś Ińva dialects are mainly in accentuation: the Uliś Ińva has a phonological stress (the Öń too), whereas the Kudymkar dialect (like as Ńerdva) has a morphological one. The Ńerdva dialect retains the etymological /l/. The same can be said about the Öń dialect (recently extinct), that had connections with the eastern Permian.
The northern group of the Permian dialects (upon Kösva
Kosa River
Kosa River Komi]]: Кöсва) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, right tributary of the Kama River. The length of the river is 267 km, the area of its basin is 10,300 km². The Kosa River freezes up in late October - November and stays icebound until April - early May.It starts in extreme south...
, Kama
Kama River
Kama is a major river in Russia, the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge; in fact, it is larger than the Volga before junction....
and Lup rivers) was under a strong Zyrian influence on all the levels. The Köć and Kös dialects are closely related with some Syktyv dialects of Zyrian, whereas the Lup dialect for a long time was in tenuous connections with the Upper Ezhva dialect.
The Permian Komi standard language refers only to the central and northern groups of the Permian Komi dialects. They can be called as proper Permian dialects. The other two groups are marginal.
An only relic of the eastern Permian is the Yaźva dialect, ca. 200 speakers of the ca. 900 ethnical Komis in Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District
Krasnovishersky District is an administrative district of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai. Municipally, it is incorporated as Krasnovishersky Municipal District...
of Perm Krai. In early 2000s it was standardized by authority of the krai. The dialect has archaic system of vowel
Vowel
In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as English sh! , where there is a constriction or closure at some...
s (including /ö/, /ü/ and /ʌ/), while its accentuation is similar to Uliś Ińva's and its lexical system likes the Northern Permian one.
The Western Permian group is presented by another marginal dialect, Źuźdin (ca. 1000 person living in Kirov Oblast
Kirov Oblast
Kirov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kirov. Population: -History:In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Vyatka remained a place of exile for opponents of the tsarist regime, including many prominent revolutionary figures.In 1920, a number of...
near the border of Komi Okrug).
Phonology
In the Komi-Permyak standard language there are the same 26 main consonants and 7 vowels as in Komi-Zyrian.Consonants
The nowadays consonant system includes the 26 main consonants, treated as native ones, and additional consonants /ts/, /f/, /x/, appearing only in Russian loanwords. In traditional speech the "foreign sounds" were replaced with respectively /c͡ç/, /p/ and /k/.The table below gives the consonant set of Permian, grouping voiceless and voiced consonants together in a cell where appropriate, in that order.
| Bilabial Bilabial consonant In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips. The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:... |
Labio- dental Labiodental consonant In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.-Labiodental consonant in IPA:The labiodental consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:... |
Dental | Post- alveolar Postalveolar consonant Postalveolar consonants are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge, further back in the mouth than the alveolar consonants, which are at the ridge itself, but not as far back as the hard palate... |
Palatal Palatal consonant Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate... |
Velar Velar consonant Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum).... |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal Nasal consonant A nasal consonant is a type of consonant produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. Examples of nasal consonants in English are and , in words such as nose and mouth.- Definition :... |
m | n | ɲ | |||
| Plosive | p b | t d | c ɟ | k ɡ | ||
| Affricate Affricate consonant Affricates are consonants that begin as stops but release as a fricative rather than directly into the following vowel.- Samples :... |
t͡s* | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ | |||
| Fricative Fricative consonant Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate, in the case of German , the final consonant of Bach; or... |
f* v | s z | ʃ ʒ | ç ʝ | x* | |
| Trill Trill consonant In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the place of articulation. Standard Spanish <rr> as in perro is an alveolar trill, while in Parisian French it is almost always uvular.... |
r | |||||
| Approximant Approximant consonant Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough or with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. Therefore, approximants fall between fricatives, which do produce a turbulent airstream, and vowels, which produce no... |
j | |||||
| Lateral | l | ʎ |
- Only in Russian loanwords.
Vowels
The Permian Komi vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by three features: front and back, rounded and unrounded and vowel height.The language does not distinguish between long and short vowels and does not have vowel harmony.
There are no diphthongs in Permian Komi too; when two vowels come together, which occurs at some morpheme boundaries, each vowel retains its individual sound.
The table below gives the vowel sounds of Permian.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Low | a |
Writing system
The both regional standards of the Komi language have an identical alphabet, introduced in 1938. The alphabet (анбур) includes all the Russian letters plus two additional graphemes: і and .| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | |
| Ж ж | З з | И и | І і | Й й | К к | Л л | |
| М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с | ||
| Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | |
| Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Grammar
Komi is an agglutinating language. It uses affixes to express possession, to specify mode, time, and so on.Nouns
All Permian Komi nouns are declined for number, case und possession, adding special suffixes to word stem.Number
In Permian Komi there are two grammatical numberGrammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
s: singular and plural
Plural
In linguistics, plurality or [a] plural is a concept of quantity representing a value of more-than-one. Typically applied to nouns, a plural word or marker is used to distinguish a value other than the default quantity of a noun, which is typically one...
. The singular is the unmarked form of a word, and the plural is obtained by inflecting the singular.
The plural marker of nouns is /ez/ (orthographically эз or ез) immediately following a word stem before any case or other affixes. The last consonant of the stem before the plural suffix has to be duplicated.
| Singular | Plural | English |
|---|---|---|
| керку | керкуэз /kerkuez/ | building - buildings |
| морт | морттэз /morttez/ | human - humans |
| нянь | няннез /ɲaɲɲez/ | bread - breads |
| вӧв | вӧввез /vəvvez/ | horse - horses |
| джыдж | джыджжез /d͡ʒɨd͡ʒd͡ʒez/ | martlet - martlets |
| кай | кайез /kajjez/ | bird - birds |
The plural suffix has also a redused variant (a "weak form") /е/ (orth. э or е), that is used combining with some weak forms of possessive suffixes. E.g. киэт 'your (Sg.) hands ' versa киэз 'hands'.
Possession
The Permian Komi possessive suffixes are added to the end of nouns either before or after a case suffix depending of case. The three suffixes of singular possession have in addition to their main forms the weak variants used combining with a weak form of plural suffix, weak forms of some cases or forming the suffixes of plural possession.| Person | Suffix | Examples | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | |||
| 1 | ö | керкуö | my house |
| м1 | керкуам | in my house | |
| 2 | ыт | керкуыт | your (Sg.) house |
| т1 | керкусит | out of your (Sg.) house | |
| 3 | ыс | керкуыс | his house, the house |
| с1 | керкуэс | his houses, the houses | |
| Plural | |||
| 1 | ным | керкуным 2 | our house |
| 2 | ныт | керкуныт 2 | your house |
| 3 | ныс | керкуныс 2 | their house |
- The weak variants of the suffix
- The element ны is a marker of plural possession
The possessive suffix of 3Sg is widely used also as a definite article. In colloquial speech it is the main meaning of this suffix.
Cases
It is assumed, that the Permian Komi standard language has eighteen noun casesDeclension
In linguistics, declension is the inflection of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles to indicate number , case , and gender...
: ten grammatical cases and eight locative cases. The disputes continue about the status of some monosyllabic postpositions and a set of dialectal reduced forms of postpositions that can be treated as case suffixes too. The maximal amount of all possible cases reaches 30.
The case suffixes are added to the end of nouns either before or after a possessive suffix depending of case. Some cases have weak variants of their suffixes combining with the weak variants of possessive suffixes.
| Permian Komi cases | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Suffix | Example | Translation |
| Grammatical cases | |||
| nominative Nominative case The nominative case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments... |
- | öшын | window |
| accusative Accusative case The accusative case of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of prepositions... |
- | öшын | window (as an object) |
| öc | мортöc | a man (as an object) | |
| ö | öшынсö | the window (as an object) | |
| genitive Genitive case In grammar, genitive is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun... |
лöн | öшынлöн | of a window / window's |
| ablative Ablative case In linguistics, ablative case is a name given to cases in various languages whose common characteristic is that they mark motion away from something, though the details in each language may differ... |
лiсь | öшынлісь | from a window |
| dative Dative case The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given, as in "George gave Jamie a drink".... |
лö | öшынлö | to a window |
| instrumental Instrumental case The instrumental case is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action... |
öн | öшынöн | by means of a window |
| на | öшыннас | by means of the window | |
| comitative Comitative case The comitative case , also known as the associative case , is a grammatical case that denotes companionship, and is used where English would use "in company with" or "together with"... |
кöт | öшынкöт | with a window |
| abessive Abessive case In linguistics, abessive , caritive and privative are names for a grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun... |
тöг | öшынтöг | without a window |
| consecutive | лa | öшынла | to get a window |
| preclusive | ся | öшынся | except a window; then a window |
| Locative cases | |||
| inessive Inessive case Inessive case is a locative grammatical case. This case carries the basic meaning of "in": for example, "in the house" is "talo·ssa" in Finnish, "maja·s" in Estonian, "etxea·n" in Basque, "nam·e" in Lithuanian and "ház·ban" in Hungarian.In Finnish the inessive case is typically formed by adding... |
ын | öшынын | in a window |
| а | öшынас | in the window | |
| illative Illative case Illative is, in the Finnish language, Estonian language and the Hungarian language, the third of the locative cases with the basic meaning of "into ". An example from Hungarian is "a házba"... |
ö | öшынö | into a window |
| а | öшынас | into the window | |
| elative Elative case See Elative for disambiguation.Elative is a locative case with the basic meaning "out of".... |
ись | öшынісь | out of a window |
| си | öшынсис | out of the window | |
| approximative | лaнь | öшынлaнь | towards a window |
| ланя | öшынланяс | towards the window | |
| egressive | сянь | öшынсянь | starting from a window |
| сяня | öшынсяняс | starting from the window | |
| prolative Prolative case The prolative case is a declension of a noun or pronoun that has the basic meaning of "by way of".... |
öт | öшынöт | along a window |
| öття | öшынöттяс | along the window | |
| terminative Terminative case In morphology, the terminative case is a case specifying a limit in space and time and also to convey the goal or target of an action.-Usage in Estonian:In the Estonian language, the terminative case is indicated by the '-ni' suffix:... 1 |
öдз | öшынöдз | as far as a window |
| öдзза | öшынöдззас | as far as the window | |
| terminative Terminative case In morphology, the terminative case is a case specifying a limit in space and time and also to convey the goal or target of an action.-Usage in Estonian:In the Estonian language, the terminative case is indicated by the '-ni' suffix:... 2 |
ви | öшынви | up to a window |
Adjectives
Used attributively, Permian Komi adjectives precede the nouns they modify, and are not declined: басöк нывка 'beautiful girl' → басöк нывкаэслö 'to the beautiful girls'.However most adjectives can also be used as nouns and sometimes as appositions, in which case they are declined: e.g. ыджыт ("big") → ыджыттэзісь ("out of the bigs"). The declensional paradigma is the same as by nouns, except the main accusative form, that became by adjectives suffix ö instead of öс or a null morpheme by nouns: адззи басöк нывкаöс 'I have found a beautiful girl' → адззи басöкö 'I have found a beautiful [girl]'.
Being predicative an adjective agrees with the subject for number. The plural marker of the predicative is öсь: керкуыс ыджыт 'the house is big ' → керкуэc ыджытöсь 'the houses are big'.
The adjective in Permian Komi have 5 degrees of comparison
| Degree | Affix | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic | - | том | yang |
| Comparative Comparative In grammar, the comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another, and is used in this context with a subordinating conjunction, such as than,... |
-жык | томжык | yanger |
| Superlative Superlative In grammar, the superlative is the form of an adjective that indicates that the person or thing modified has the quality of the adjective to a degree greater than that of anything it is being compared to in a given context. English superlatives are typically formed with the suffix -est In... |
мед- | медтом | the yangst |
| Sative | -кодь | томкодь | pretty yang |
| Excessive | -öв | томöв | too yang |
| Diminutive Diminutive In language structure, a diminutive, or diminutive form , is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment... |
-ыник / -ик | томыник | quite a yang |
The comparative und the superlative compare the intensivity of a object's quality with the other object's one. The sative, excessive and diminutive compare the intensivity of the quality with its basic degree.
Numerals
The numerals in Komi-Permyak| Figures | Cardinal numerals | Ordinal numerals |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ӧтік | медодзза |
| 2 | кык | мöдік |
| 3 | куим | куимöт |
| 4 | нёль | нёльöт |
| 5 | вит | витöт |
| 6 | квать | кватьöт |
| 7 | сизим | сизимöт |
| 8 | кыкьямыс | кыкьямысöт |
| 9 | ӧкмыс | ӧкмысöт |
| 10 | дас | дасöт |
| 11 | дасӧтік | дасӧтікöт |
| 12 | даскык | даскыкöт |
| 13 | даскуим | даскуимöт |
| 14 | даснёль | даснёльöт |
| 15 | дасвит | дасвитöт |
| 16 | дасквать | даскватьöт |
| 17 | дассизим | дассизимöт |
| 18 | даскыкьямыс | даскыкьямысöт |
| 19 | дасӧкмыс | дасӧкмысöт |
| 20 | кыкдас | кыкдасöт |
| 21 | кыкдас ӧтік | кыкдас ӧтікöт |
| 30 | куимдас | куимдасöт |
| 40 | нёльдас | нёльдасöт |
| 50 | витдас | витдасöт |
| 60 | кватьдас | кватьдасöт |
| 70 | сизимдас | сизимдасöт |
| 80 | кыкьямысдас | кыкьямысдасöт |
| 90 | ӧкмысдас | ӧкмысдасöт |
| 100 | сё | сёöт |
| 1000 | сюрс | сюрсöт |
| 1985 | сюрс öкмыссё кыкьямысдас вит |
сюрс öкмыссё кыкьямысдас витöт |
Personal pronouns
Komi personal pronouns inflect in all the cases. The language makes no distinction between he, she and it. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table:| Personal pronouns | |
|---|---|
| P. Komi | English |
| Singular | |
| мe | I |
| тэ | you |
| ciя | he/she/it |
| Plural | |
| мийö | we |
| тiйö | you |
| нія | they |
Verb
Permian Komi verbs show tense (presentPresent
Present is a time that is neither past nor future.Present may also refer to:- Time and timing :* Present tense, the grammatical tense of a verb* Before Present, radiocarbon dates relative to AD 1950* Presenting, a medical term* Presenteeism...
, future
Future
The future is the indefinite time period after the present. Its arrival is considered inevitable due to the existence of time and the laws of physics. Due to the nature of the reality and the unavoidability of the future, everything that currently exists and will exist is temporary and will come...
, past
Past
Most generally, the past is a term used to indicate the totality of events which occurred before a given point in time. The past is contrasted with and defined by the present and the future. The concept of the past is derived from the linear fashion in which human observers experience time, and is...
), mood (indicative, imperative
Imperative
Imperative can mean:*Imperative mood, a grammatical mood expressing commands, direct requests, and prohibitions * A morphological item expressing commands, direct requests, and prohibitions...
, evidential, optative, conditional
Conditional
Conditional may refer to:*Causal conditional, if X then Y, where X is a cause of Y*Conditional mood , a verb form in many languages*Conditional probability, the probability of an event A given that another event B has occurred...
and conjunctive), voice
Voice
Voice may refer to:* Human voice* Voice control or voice activation* Writer's voice* Voice acting* Voice vote* Voice message-In film:* Voice , a 2005 South Korean film* The Voice , a 2010 Turkish horror film directed by Ümit Ünal...
and aspect
Aspect
Aspect may be:*Aspect , a feature that is linked to many parts of a program, but which is not necessarily the primary function of the program...
.
The verbal stem is a 2ed person singular of imperative mode: мун 'go', кер 'make'. All the other forms are formed by adding suffixes to the stem.
Some verbal stems having a consonant cluster at the end become expanded with a so called "voyelle de soutien" ы which is dropped before the suffixes beginning with a vowel: кывзы = кывз+ы 'hear', видчы 'swear' = видч+ы, e. g. кывзыны 'to hear', кывзытöн 'by hearing' but кывзі 'I heard', кывзö 'he hears', кывзан 'you hear'. Thus, these stems with a consonant cluster have their full und reduced variants.
Permian infinitive
Infinitive
In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives...
s are marked with -ны added to a stem as in мyнны 'to go', кывзыны 'hear'
All Permian Komi verbs are conjugated in the same way, except for the defective verb вöвны 'to be'.
Negation is mostly expressed by a conjugated negator preceding the stem, e. g. эг мун 'I didn't go'.
The indicative mood has three tenses: present, future and past. The main marker of the present and future tense is а (negat. о), the marker of the past tense is и (negat. э).
Here is conjugation of verb керны 'make, do':
| erson | Present | Future | Past | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | Negation | Affirmative | Negation | Affirmative | Negation | |||||||
| Singular | ||||||||||||
| 1st |
кера | ог кер | кера | ог кер | кери | эг кер | ||||||
| 2nd |
керан | он кер | керан | он кер | керин | эн кер | ||||||
| 3rd |
керö | оз кер |
керас | оз кер | керис | эз кер | ||||||
| Plural | ||||||||||||
| 1st | керам(ö) | ог(ö) керö | керам(ö) | ог(ö) керö | керим(ö) | эг(ö) керö | ||||||
| 2nd | керат(ö) | од(ö) керö | керат(ö) | од(ö) керö | керит(ö) | эд(ö) керö | ||||||
| 3rd | керöны | оз(ö) керö | керасö | оз(ö) керö | керисö | эз(ö) керö | ||||||
- Notes.
- Present and future forms differ just in affirm. 3st person (ö / öны to ас / асö).
- Future and past forms differ only with tense marker (the future -а / о- to the past -и / э-).
- In present affirmative forms the marker of 3st person is -ö, which at the same time indicates the tense.
Some phrases
| Permian Komi | English |
|---|---|
| Дыр ов! Дыр олö! |
Hello! (Sg) Hello! (Pl) |
| Олат-вöлат! | How do you do! |
| Бур асыв! | Good morning! |
| Бур лун! | Good afternoon! |
| Бур рыт! | Good evening! |
| Аттьö! | Thank you! |
| Нем понда! | Not at all! |
| Эн жö вид! | Excuse me! |
| Кыдз тэнö шуöны? | What's your name? |
| Менö шуöны Öньö. | My name is Andrew. |
| Инглишöн кужан-он? | Do you speak English? |
| Ог! | No, I don't! |
| Кöр локтан? | When are you coming? |
| Ашын. | Tomorrow. |
| Мый керан? | What are you doing? |
| Муна босьтасьны. | I'm going to the shops. |
| Тэ кытöн? | Where are you? |
| Ме öши. | I've lost my way. |
| Мый дона? | How much it is? |
| Вит руб. | Five rubles. |
| Адззисьлытöдз! | Good-bye! |
| Талун кресення? | Is it Sunday today? |
| Ну! | Yeah! |
| Мыйнö! | Yes! |
| Ог тöд! | I don't know! |
| Менам абу сьöм. | I have no money. |
| Сэтчин пос абу. | There is no bridge there. |
| Но! | O.K. |
External links
- Books in Komi-Permyak from Finno-Ugric Electronic Library (by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in SyktyvkarSyktyvkar-Twin towns/sister cities:Syktyvkar is twinned with the following sister cities: Cullera, Spain Debrecen, Hungary Los Altos, United States Lovech, Bulgaria Taiyuan, China-External links:* * * *...
, Komi RepublicKomi RepublicThe Komi Republic is a federal subject of Russia .-Geography:The republic is situated to the west of the Ural mountains, in the north-east of the East European Plain...
(interface in Russian and English, texts in MariMari languageThe Mari language , spoken by more than 600,000 people, belongs to the Uralic language family. It is spoken primarily in the Mari Republic of the Russian Federation as well as in the area along the Vyatka river basin and eastwards to the Urals...
, Komi, UdmurtUdmurt languageUdmurt is an Uralic language, part of the Permic subgroup, spoken by the Udmurt natives of the Russian constituent republic of Udmurtia, where it is coofficial with Russian. It is written in the Cyrillic script with five additional characters. Together with Komi and Komi-Permyak languages, it...
, ErzyaErzya languageThe Erzya language is spoken by about 500,000 people in the northern and eastern and north-western parts of the Republic of Mordovia and adjacent regions of Nizhniy Novgorod, Chuvashia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan in Russia...
and MokshaMoksha languageThe Moksha language is a member of the Finno-Volgaic subdivision of the Uralic languages with about 500,000 native speakers. Moksha is the majority language in the western part of Mordovia....
languages)) - Баталова Р. М. Коми-пермяцкий язык.
- Кривощёкова-Гантман А.С. Коми-пермяцко-русский словарь. (Krivoshchokova-Gantman A.S. Komi-Permyak-Russian Dictionary)