Kitwe is the second largest city in terms of size and population in
ZambiaZambia , officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west....
. With a population of 547,700 (2007 census) Kitwe is one of the most developed commercial and industrial areas in the nation, alongside
NdolaNdola is the third largest city in Zambia, with a population of 495,000 . It is the industrial, commercial, on the Copperbelt, Zambia's copper-mining region, and capital of Copperbelt Province. It is also the commercial capital city of Zambia and has one of the three international airports, others...
and
LusakaLusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. It is located in the southern part of the central plateau, at an elevation of about 1,300 metres . It has a population of about 1.7 million . It is a commercial centre as well as the centre of government, and the four main highways of Zambia head...
. It has a complex of mines on its north-western and western edges.
Kitwe includes a number of townships and suburbs including Nkana East, Nkana West, Mindolo and Garneton. The city is sometimes referred to as
Kitwe-Nkana.
History
Kitwe was founded in 1936 in north-central Zambia as the railway was being built by Cecil Rhodes' company. It was first established as an adjunct, non-mining-related but supportive part of an expanding copper-mining centre at Nkana. The expanding copper mines at Nkana made it the dominant centre in the region and Kitwe started building up its size and significance over the years, finally surpassing Nkana as the main centre. The Rhodesia Railways main line reached the town in 1937, providing passenger services as far south as Bulawayo, with connections to Cape Town. The line was extended into DR Congo, and from there eventually linked to the Benguela Railway to the Atlantic port of Lobito Bay, which used to take some of Zambia's copper exports but is currently closed.
Mining
Kitwe is the base for a number of mining operations including the Mopani Copper Mines.
Railway
Kitwe lies at the end of
Zambia RailwaysZambia Railways is the national railway of Zambia, one of the two major railroad organizations in Zambia, which may also be referred to as Railway Systems of Zambia...
' passenger services from
LivingstoneLivingstone or Maramba is a historic colonial city and present capital of the Southern Province of Zambia, a tourism centre for the Victoria Falls lying north of the Zambezi River, and a border town with road and rail connections to Zimbabwe on the other side of the Falls...
,
LusakaLusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. It is located in the southern part of the central plateau, at an elevation of about 1,300 metres . It has a population of about 1.7 million . It is a commercial centre as well as the centre of government, and the four main highways of Zambia head...
and
NdolaNdola is the third largest city in Zambia, with a population of 495,000 . It is the industrial, commercial, on the Copperbelt, Zambia's copper-mining region, and capital of Copperbelt Province. It is also the commercial capital city of Zambia and has one of the three international airports, others...
, but freight lines continue to the mining towns to the north-west. The main highway through the Copperbelt runs south-east to north-west through the city, to
NdolaNdola is the third largest city in Zambia, with a population of 495,000 . It is the industrial, commercial, on the Copperbelt, Zambia's copper-mining region, and capital of Copperbelt Province. It is also the commercial capital city of Zambia and has one of the three international airports, others...
(as a freeway) in the south-east, and to Nchanga,
ChingolaChingola is a city in Zambia's Copperbelt Province, the country's copper-mining region, with a population of 157,340 . It is the home of Nchanga Copper Mine, a deep-shaft high-grade content copper mining operation, which subsequently led to the development of two open pit operations, Chingola...
and
ChililabombweChililabombwe is a city located in Zambia's Copperbelt Province. The name means 'place of the croaking frog'.The main economic activity is the mining of copper....
in the north-west. A laterite road goes west to
Kasempa-Location:Kasempa located in Kasempa District, Northwestern Province, Zambia. This location is approximately , by road, northwest of Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, and that country's largest city. The town of Kasempa is located on the western bank of the Lufupa River, as it flows south into Kafue...
.
Airport
Southdowns Airport, near Kitwe, lies about 12 km south-west of the town but does not currently receive many scheduled services. Its coordinates are 12° 54' 0.70" South, 28° 8' 59" East, at an elevation of 4,145 ft (1,244 m).
The airport has ICAO code FLSO, IATA code KIW, and a world area code called 597. Runway length is 6,660 ft (1,998 m). The airport was closed down for repair in 2005, and re-opened in 2008.
Ndola Airport-Location:Ndola Airport is located in Copperbelt Province in nothern Zambia, in the city of Ndola, near the International border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo....
is 60 km south-east and services regular commercial flights from
LusakaLusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. It is located in the southern part of the central plateau, at an elevation of about 1,300 metres . It has a population of about 1.7 million . It is a commercial centre as well as the centre of government, and the four main highways of Zambia head...
,
SolweziSolwezi is the capital of the North Western Province of Zambia. Solwezi has approximately 65,000 inhabitants at an elevation of 1235 m above sea level...
,
NairobiNairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The city and its surrounding area also forms the Nairobi County. The name "Nairobi" comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nyirobi, which translates to "the place of cool waters". However, it is popularly known as the "Green City in the Sun" and is...
, and
JohannesburgJohannesburg also known as Jozi, Jo'burg or Egoli, is the largest city in South Africa, by population. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa...
.
Schools
A
studentA student is a learner, or someone who attends an educational institution. In some nations, the English term is reserved for those who attend university, while a schoolchild under the age of eighteen is called a pupil in English...
and
teacherA teacher or schoolteacher is a person who provides education for pupils and students . The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional...
exchange programme was introduced in 1999 with teacher exchange visits by Kingsmead Community School in
WiveliscombeWiveliscombe is a town and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated west of Taunton in the Taunton Deane district. The town has a population of 2,670. The parish includes the nearby hamlet of Maundown.-History:...
,
EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
with two Kitwe schools - Helen Kaunda High School and Mukuba High School. This started a series of partnerships between Zambian schools such as Kitwe Boys, Kitwe Basic, Fatima, Nkana High, etc. and UK schools, and there are now over 30 such school partnerships. Students from Kingsmead paid a visit to the Kitwe schools in 2005. Kitwe has a number of private schools, five being:
Lechwe School is one of the biggest schools in the city. An international school, it provides pre-school, primary, secondary, and advanced level teaching following a Cambridge curriculum. Lechwe school is a multi-cultural school, hence there is not much religious teachings but a large number of subject options in secondary and advanced level schooling. The school is known for having a good disciplinary policy and a number of extracurricular activities like chess, table tennis, volleyball, basketball, tennis, squash, rugby, hockey, football, cricket, athletics, swimming, softball, netball, handball, baseball, rounders, a Duke of Edinburgh program, and martial arts. Lechwe school is known for its students' abilities: swimmer Ellen Hight represented Zambia at the 2000 Summer Olympics, swimmers Andre and Ursula Kuenzli represented Zambia in the Commonwealth Games in England in July 2002,
Jacob MulengaJacob Mulenga is a Zambian football striker. He currently plays for FC Utrecht.- External links:**...
main striker of the Zambian Football Team, and swimmer Jade Howard represented Zambia in the FINA World Championship. Eppa Tembo, a chess player, represented Zambia in 2008 World Championship.
Mpelembe Secondary School is one of the biggest secondary schools in the city and a preeminent secondary school. It offers Zambian Standard syllabus and Cambridge curriculum. Being one of the top 10 best schools in Zambia, Mpelembe has a highly selective admissions at both eighth and tenth grade entry levels. Each year, there are thousands of applicants and only about one hundred and fifty students are enrolled. Mpelembe has an A level program under the Cambridge Local Examination Syndicate. Students who meet the grades go on to study at Universities in the UK, US, Canada, South Africa and other developed countries. The most popular Universities for Mpelembe Students are University of Manchester, Birmingham, UMIST, Imperial college, Leeds University. Camborne School of Mines is the default college for Mining Engineering students. Mpelembe has produced some of the best students at grade nine and twelve levels with some among the top two in the nation. Results such as 100% in maths are common at this prestigious school. The former students have an association known as MESA [Mpelembe Ex- Students Association] which has been sponsoring deserving students to do grade 10-12 at the school. Lately, Ex-Mpelempe students are scattered all over the world working for various organisations ranging from Government departments to Google.
Nkana Trust School is a trust school that provides pre-school, primary, and secondary school education. It offers the Zambian syllabus. Nkana Trust School is known for having one of the best sports and education facilities in the city and the country as a whole. Nkana trust school students produce best results in Grade 7 composite final examinations and Grade 10 and 12 final examinations.
Elim Primary School is a small school that provides pre-school and primary school following a Zambian Standard syllabus (mainly Macmillan and Longman), and provides the basic facilities in swimming and athletics four times a week. Despite its small size, it produces one of the nation's best Grade 7 composite examination.
St. Johns Convent School is one of the largest Catholic schools in the province, a convent school that provides pre-school, primary and secondary teaching following a Zambian syllabus and providing some facilities such as athletics, swimming, basketball, rugby, football, chess, and softball. The school was founded and is run by the Sisters of John the Baptist (the
BaptistinesBaptistines were the name given to a number of Roman Catholic religious orders dedicated to Saint John the Baptist....
).
Kawama Pentecostal Holiness School (not to be confused with Kawama School in Kamitondo) is currently under construction by
Cranleigh SchoolCranleigh School is an independent English boarding school in the village of Cranleigh, Surrey. It was founded in 1865 as a boys' school and started to admit girls in the early 1970s. It is now co-educational. The current headmaster is Guy de W...
in partnership with a UK charity, Beyond Ourselves. The school is located in the suburbs of Kitwe in the deprived area of Kawama. In August 2011, 17 past and present students of
Cranleigh SchoolCranleigh School is an independent English boarding school in the village of Cranleigh, Surrey. It was founded in 1865 as a boys' school and started to admit girls in the early 1970s. It is now co-educational. The current headmaster is Guy de W...
spent two weeks laying the blocks of the 4 classroom building located adjacent to the current church building. Another
Cranleigh SchoolCranleigh School is an independent English boarding school in the village of Cranleigh, Surrey. It was founded in 1865 as a boys' school and started to admit girls in the early 1970s. It is now co-educational. The current headmaster is Guy de W...
trip is planned for October 2011 with the aim of completing the school building and opening the new school to the 210 students (who currently all study in the single-room church building)in January 2012.
The construction work has been funded largely by the money raised in a Sponsored Walk held during the Summer of 2010 and marks the start of a long term relationship between Cranleigh and Kawama School over the coming years. Cranleigh School is now working to develop the Child Sponsorship Programme at Kawama which will provide a salary for the staff (allowing them to complete their teaching qualifications) plus a lunch time meal and school uniform for every child. The feeding programme which provides a meal is particularly important as it not only provides employment for local women in the kitchen, but vitally it means that the children are receiving at least one square meal per day. In a region where the HIV/AIDS rate is very high, and many children are on ARV's (antiretroviral drugs), being adequately nourished is essential for this medication to work effectively.
Cranleigh School is now actively seeking to sponsor every child attending Kawama School. This is being achieved through direct appeals to parents, and through campaigns in each boarding house, who are using ingenious ways to raise the necessary funds.
Kitwe has a mining school,
Konkola Trust School, that trains miners in the copperbelt; and a flying club that trains pilots near the Showgrounds. The flying club is housed in the area that was occupied by the former Kitwe airport.
Universities, Colleges and Institutes
Kitwe has three universities:
CBU (Copperbelt University)"Knowledge and Service"Copperbelt University was established by an act of the Zambian Parliament in 1987. It is located in Kitwe and earlier it was part of the University of Zambia...
-a public university that was initially the Zambia Institute of Technology (ZIT), then part of
UNZA (University of Zambia)The University of Zambia is Zambia's largest university, founded in 1966. It has a student population of about 10,000.-Academics:The University of Zambia is divided into the following faculties:*School of Agricultural Sciences *School of Engineering...
(oddly, as University of Zambia, Ndola campus, "UNZANDO"). It was separated and established as an independent institution in 1987. It is one of the biggest and best universities in the country as it has 5000 students and 600 members of staff. The University is organised under a lifelong education directorate and five schools namely:
- School of technology
- School of Mathematics and Natural sciences
- School of Natural Resources
- School of Business
- School of built environment and the centre for lifelong education(CLLE)
Copperstone University-a privately owned university.
Zambia Catholic Universitya private university owned and run by the Zambia Episcopal Conference is located in the Kitwe suburb of Kalulushi.
The city is also home to many colleges and institutes.
KCE (Kitwe College of Education)opened in 1935 -formely called KTTC (Kitwe Teachers' Training College) - The largest Primary teachers' College in Zambia. Currently, It offers certificates in Primary and Pre-school teachers' education. From 2011 it will start offering diploma courses in primary teachers Education.
The Copperbelt College of Education", formerly known as Copperbelt Secondary Teachers College (cosetco) is one of the affiliate colleges of the University of Zambia, It has had the important specialized function of training teachers of Science, Mathematics and home Economics for the nation`s secondary schools, a task it has performed since it was first opened by the Ministry of Education in 1974.
ZIBSIP (Zambia Institute of Business Studies and Industrial Practice)-an institute that provides Business courses.
Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation
The Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation, founded in 1958, in Mindolo Township, Kitwe. Mindolo is an interdenominational center that serves as a place of worship, study, consultation and reconciliation.
The campus includes:
- Africa Literature Center
- Young Women's Christian Association
- United Church of Zambia Theological College
- Theological Education by extension in Zambia
- St. John's Anglican Seminary
- A peace training programme called "The Dag Hammarskjöld 'Messengers of Peace' Training Programme"
The Dag Hammarskjöld 'Messengers of Peace' Training Programme is run by the Foundation. The objectives of this bi-annual two-week training programme are:
- To spread information and knowledge of conflict resolution at different levels of society in Africa and the world;
- To promote a culture of peaceful conflict resolution among people.
In addition to this two-week training programme, the Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation (MEF), which executes the programme, offers a three-month Peace Certificate covering conflict analysis, conflict resolution, human rights, training of trainers, mediation skills, restorative justice and non-violent strategies. A nine-month Peace Certificate in conflict resolution, peace-building, computer training and democracy is also offered.
Health care
Kitwe has a good health care system.
Dentist surgeries include:
- Sinozam hospital
- Wusakile
- Tejani's Surgery
- Esthetix
Optical clinics include:
- Kitwe central hospital ( State Hospital)
- Kumar's Surgery ( Private clinic)
- Verma's Surgery ( Private clinic)
- Muldeang's Surgery (Private clinic)
Other health facilities and Hospitals include:
- Wusakile
- Hillview medical centre
- Company Clinic
- Progress
- Kitwe Central Hospital
- Sinozam Hospital
Religion
The majority of the population of Kitwe, about 98.5%, are Christians but there are still some minor groups such as the Muslims and the Hindus. There are also some Sikhs, Jains and Jews.
| Religion |
Population |
Percentage |
| Christians |
538,995 |
98.5% |
| Muslims |
7,400 |
1.4% |
| Other |
600 |
0.6% |
Nationality
Kitwe is known for having the most Europeans of any city in Zambia. About 2% of Kitwe are Europeans, 1% are Asians, half a percent are Arabs and 1.5% Africans (excluding Zambians.) The rest are Zambians, mainly Bemba but including tribes like Chewa, Lozi, Tonga, Mambwe, Lunda, Kaonde and Ila.
Features of Kitwe
- Obote Ave Market
A market is one of many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange. While parties may exchange goods and services by barter, most markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services in exchange for money from buyers...
: arts and crafts stalls, including copper craft items.
- Copperbelt University
- Mindolo Ecumenical Foundation Campus
- Kitwe Central Hospital
- Nkana FC
- Power Dynamos FC
Power Dynamos FC is a Zambian football club based in Kitwe, Zambia.Its home stadium is known as Arthur Davis Stadium. The club is sponsored by Copperbelt Energy Corporation.-Honors:*African Cup Winners' Cup: 1*Zambian Premier League: 6...
- Kitwe United Football Club
- Arthur Davies Stadium
Arthur Davies Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Kitwe, Zambia. The current stadia no longer meets FIFA standards and therefore is being rebuilt. The new stadium will seat 15500 people with about 20% of the seats being in the grandstand and the rest in open wings...
- Chisokone Market
- Nkana Mine
- Ek Park
Ek Park is a cricket ground in Kitwe, Zambia. The first recorded match on the ground came in 1957 when Northern Rhodesia played the touring Australians....
, a cricketCricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on an oval-shaped field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the...
ground which in 1962 played host to two first-classFirst-class cricket is a class of cricket that consists of matches of three or more days' scheduled duration, that are between two sides of eleven players and are officially adjudged first-class by virtue of the standard of the competing teams...
matches, which are to date the only first-class matches to have been played anywhere in Zambia.
Sightseeing
The landscape around Kitwe is an attractive mix of gently undulating woodland, dambos, farmland and rivers such as the
Kafue RiverThe Kafue River sustains one of the world's great wildlife environments. It is a major tributary of the Zambezi, and of Zambia's principal rivers, it is the most central and the most urban, and the longest and largest lying wholly within Zambia....
flowing along Kitwe's eastern and southern edges.
- Mindolo Dam 7 km west of the city centre towards Kalulushi
Kalulushi is a town in the Copperbelt Province in north central Zambia. Municipal population 75,806 at the 2000 Census.It was established in 1953 as a company town for workers at the nearby Chibuluma copper and cobalt mine, and it became a public town in 1958...
has a boating club, motorcross racing track, canoeing, table tennis, a dam, a good field for picnicking, swimming poolA swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, or simply a pool, is a container filled with water intended for swimming or water-based recreation. There are many standard sizes; the largest is the Olympic-size swimming pool...
and bar.
- Mwekwera Falls 9 km south east just off the Kitwe-Ndola freeway, with a small lake and fish farms. The falls are small but scenic with an attractive pool below.
- Chembe Bird Sanctuary 20 km east on the Kasempa Road has a small lake surrounded by woodland and is excellent for birdwatching, fishing, camping and picnics. The shady lake shore has campsites with a communal amenities block, firewood, and water. Boats are available for hire and fishing is permitted. It is run by the Wildlife and Environmental Conservation Society of Zambia.
- Kumasamba lodge, a lodge that has a swimming pool and facilities such as fishing, picnicking and boating. There are a variety of animals that can be seen including crocodiles, pythons, cobras and monitor lizards. There is a big forest where people can move around seeing some other animals such as lions etc.
Recent development
Kitwe is now experiencing massive development as two shopping malls are going to be constructed, one near on freedom park which will be bigger than manda hill or arcades and one on Kitwe-Chingola road, near Chambishi (which is considered to be 70% on the Kitwe side and will be the biggest in Zambia and one of the biggest in Africa). One new multi-national company has been opened namely Wimpy and two new shopping centres are under construction, one is newly made namely Sunshine Centre and the other is still under construction namely Mega Shopping Centre. One new restaurant has recently opened namely Mahak and one area is still under construction and no one really has an idea what is going to be made there.
Commercial
Kitwe is commercially rich as almost all banks in Zambia have at least one branch in Kitwe. The following banks are in Kitwe.
- Investrust Bank
- Cavmont Capital Bank
- Zanaco
- Finace Bank
- National Saving and Credit Bank
- Indo-Zambia Bank
- Standbic Bank
- Standard-Chartered Bank
- Barclays Bank
- There is also Barclays Prestige
- Corporative Bank
- First Alliance Bank
- African Commercial Bank
Market
Kitwe has a variety of markets. The two major ones being:
- Chisokone Market-a market near Matuka avenue, one of the biggest and oldest in the city.
- Obote Market-located behind Chisokone Market, includes art and craft stalls including copper craft items.
Known personalties
- Blaaze
Blaaze is a rap artist and a popular playback singer in Indian films. An Indian by birth, born in Chennai, he grew up in Zambia and later did his education in England and in the US...
, Hip-hop rap singer
- Frederick Chiluba
Frederick Jacob Titus Chiluba was a Zambian politician who was the second President of Zambia from 1991 to 2002. Chiluba, a trade union leader, won the country's multi-party presidential election in 1991 as the candidate of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy , defeating long-time President...
, 2nd President
- Jacob Mulenga
Jacob Mulenga is a Zambian football striker. He currently plays for FC Utrecht.- External links:**...
, main striker of the Zambian football team also called 'chipolopolo'
- Kennedy Mweene
Kennedy Mweene is a Zambian football goalkeeper who plays for South African Premier Soccer League club Free State Stars. He is the current Captain of his club and has been on many occasions a Captain of his country. The player is arguably one of the best goalkeepers on the African continent...
, goalkeeper of the Zambian football team
- Zeddy Saileti
Zeddy Saileti is a former Zambian football striker and present football coach. Currently he is the manager of RoPS Youth Academy based in Kitwe. A good goalscorer, he formed part of the squad that reached the final of the 1994 African Nations Cup. Saileti was born and raised in a family of eleven...
, ex-footballer and football coach
Sister cities
Kitwe's has four
sister citiesTwin towns and sister cities are two of many terms used to describe the cooperative agreements between towns, cities, and even counties in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.- Terminology :...
: -
Baia MareBaia Mare is a municipality in northwestern Romania and the capital of Maramureş County. The city is situated about 600 kilometres from Bucharest, the capital of Romania, 70 kilometres from the border with Hungary and 50 kilometres from the border with Ukraine...
,
RomaniaRomania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
-
BorBor is a town and municipality located in eastern Serbia, with one of the largest copper mines in Europe and it has been a mining centre since 1904, when a French company began operations there. It is the administrative center of the Bor District of Serbia...
,
SerbiaSerbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...
-
SheffieldSheffield is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. Its name derives from the River Sheaf, which runs through the city. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and with some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its largely...
,
South YorkshireSouth Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. It has a population of 1.29 million. It consists of four metropolitan boroughs: Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham, and City of Sheffield...
,
EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
,
United KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
-
DetroitDetroit is the major city among the primary cultural, financial, and transportation centers in the Metro Detroit area, a region of 5.2 million people. As the seat of Wayne County, the city of Detroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and serves as a major port on the Detroit River...
,
MichiganMichigan is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake"....
,
United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
-
Ponta GrossaPonta Grossa is a city in the state of Paraná, Brazil. With a population of over 315,000 inhabitants, it is the 4th most populous city of Paraná.It is the second industrial pole of the State, exceeded only by Curitiba—the State's capital and largest city...
,
ParanáParaná is one of the states of Brazil, located in the South of the country, bordered on the north by São Paulo state, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina state and the Misiones Province of Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay,...
, Brasil
External links