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Kite buggy

Kite buggy

Overview
A kite buggy is a light, purpose-built vehicle
Vehicle
A vehicle is a mechanical means of conveyance, a carriage or transport. Most often they are manufactured , although some other means of transport which are not made by humans also may be called vehicles; examples include icebergs and floating tree trunks.Vehicles may be propelled or pulled by...

 powered by a traction kite (power kite)
Power kite
A power kite or traction kite is a large kite designed to provide significant pull to the user. They come in three main forms: foils, leading edge inflatables and supported leading edge. There are also rigid-framed kites and soft single skin kites...

. It is single-seated and has one steerable front wheel
Wheel
A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis, facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load , or performing labour in machines. Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel, together with an axle overcomes friction by facilitating motion by...

 and two fixed rear wheels. The driver sits in the seat located in the middle of the vehicle and accelerates and slows down by applying steering manoeuvres in coordination with flying manoeuvres of the kite. This activity is called kite buggying. The speed achieved in kite buggies by skilled drivers can range up to around 110 km/h (70 mph), hence protective clothing, including a safety helmet
Helmet
A helmet is a form of protective gear worn on the head to protect it from injuries, a variation of the hat. The oldest known use of helmets was by Assyrian soldiers in 900BC, who wore thick leather or bronze helmets to protect the head from sword blows and arrows...

, is commonly worn.

The kite buggy was probably invented in China around the 13th century.
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Encyclopedia
A kite buggy is a light, purpose-built vehicle
Vehicle
A vehicle is a mechanical means of conveyance, a carriage or transport. Most often they are manufactured , although some other means of transport which are not made by humans also may be called vehicles; examples include icebergs and floating tree trunks.Vehicles may be propelled or pulled by...

 powered by a traction kite (power kite)
Power kite
A power kite or traction kite is a large kite designed to provide significant pull to the user. They come in three main forms: foils, leading edge inflatables and supported leading edge. There are also rigid-framed kites and soft single skin kites...

. It is single-seated and has one steerable front wheel
Wheel
A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis, facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load , or performing labour in machines. Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel, together with an axle overcomes friction by facilitating motion by...

 and two fixed rear wheels. The driver sits in the seat located in the middle of the vehicle and accelerates and slows down by applying steering manoeuvres in coordination with flying manoeuvres of the kite. This activity is called kite buggying. The speed achieved in kite buggies by skilled drivers can range up to around 110 km/h (70 mph), hence protective clothing, including a safety helmet
Helmet
A helmet is a form of protective gear worn on the head to protect it from injuries, a variation of the hat. The oldest known use of helmets was by Assyrian soldiers in 900BC, who wore thick leather or bronze helmets to protect the head from sword blows and arrows...

, is commonly worn.

The kite buggy was probably invented in China around the 13th century. It was promulgated by George Pocock (inventor)
George Pocock (inventor)
George Pocock was an English schoolteacher and inventor of the "Charvolant", a kite-drawn carriage.Pocock was interested in kites from an early age, and experimented with pulling loads using kite power, gradually progressing from small stones to planks and large loads. He taught at a school in...

 in the UK in 1827 http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/mar2001.html and kite buggies were available commercially in US and UK in the late 1970's.http://www.amphi-kiting.com/html/amphi-kiting.html Peter Lynn
Peter Lynn
Peter Lynn is a New Zealand kitemaker, engineer and inventor. He is notable for his construction of the world's largest kites , giant inflatable display kites , the invention of kite buggying and contributions to the development of power kiting and kitesurfing...

 is generally attributed with the modern popularization of buggies and kite buggying with his introduction of strong, lightweight, affordable buggies in the early 1990's

Kite buggying is similar to land yachting, windsurfing
Windsurfing
Windsurfing is a surface water sport using a windsurf board usually two to four meters long and powered by the effect of the wind on a sail. The rig is connected to the board by a free-rotating universal joint and comprises a mast, wishbone boom and sail...

 or even yachting, and therefore much of its terminology and technique has been adopted from these activities. Kite buggies are classified as "Class 8 Land Yachts " by FISLY and kite buggying competitions are often based on established land yachting guidelines.

Details, Steering, Seat


The kite buggy's rear wheels are mounted at the ends of the rear axle
Axle
An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. In some cases the axle may be fixed in position with a bearing or bushing sitting inside the hole in the wheel or gear to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. In other cases the wheel or gear may be fixed to the axle, with...

. The front wheel is mounted in the front fork. In advanced buggy designs either or both front and rear wheels can be attached via suspension mechanisms
Suspension (vehicle)
Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve a dual purpose – contributing to the car's roadholding/handling and braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and keeping vehicle occupants...

.

The front fork is not unlike a bicycle's fork
Bicycle fork
A bicycle fork is the portion of a bicycle that holds the front wheel and allows the rider to steer and balance the bicycle. A fork consists of two dropouts which hold the front wheel axle, two blades which join at a fork crown, and a steerer or steering tube to which the handlebars attach ...

 apart from proportions and the fact that there is no handle bar at the top. Instead there are two foot rests sticking out on the left and right of it, attached to the fork very low down, near where the wheel is mounted. These foot rests have two main purposes:
  • they allow the pilot to easily steer the buggy. Pushing the left foot forward will turn the front wheel to the right, pushing the right foot forward will turn the front wheel to the left.
  • they allow the pilot to lodge himself tightly into the seat so he is not pulled out of the buggy by the kite.


Foot rests can be fitted with foot straps and grip tape to prevent the feet from sliding off the rests during extreme buggying action. Foot straps are not recommended for beginners, due to the possibility that they will not be able to remove their feet from the pegs if the buggy flips over and therefore risk breaking their ankles.

The seat of the buggy is a bucket style seat
Bucket seat
A bucket seat is a seat contoured to hold one person, distinct from bench seats which are flat platforms designed to seat multiple people. Bucket seats are standard in fast cars to keep riders in place when making sharp or quick turns....

 giving the pilot good side and back support. This is necessary as the driver has to transfer the force of the used traction kite into the buggy.

Power and Braking


The buggy is powered by a traction kite, controlled by the pilot. The traction kite is normally not directly attached to the buggy. Instead it is—through its lines and handles—either held by the pilot or attached to the pilot by a harness and strop line. The kite is used to accelerate the buggy and also assists in braking.

The buggy itself does not have any dedicated braking system
Brake
A brake is a device for applying a force against the friction of the road, slowing or stopping the motion of a machine or vehicle, or alternatively a device to restrain it from starting to move again. The kinetic energy lost by the moving part is usually translated to heat by friction...

 that would apply a braking force directly to the wheels. Instead, rapidly stopping the buggy requires the pilot to perform the following:
  • taking the kite out of the power zone (the area of sky where the kite delivers most of its power) such that it flies overhead the pilot and stops pulling horizontally; this is usually preceded by turning the kite around and briefly flying it against the direction of the buggy to assist
  • performing a tight 180°-turn of the buggy, often involving sideways sliding action to stop it.


With some practice the buggy can thus be halted out of considerable speed within a few metres.

Frame, Wheels and Weight


The geometry and measurements of a buggy's frame determine what kind of buggying activities it is best suited for.

Longer buggies are generally more stable on a straight line whereas shorter buggies tend to be more nimble when cornering. A wider rear axle will make the buggy more resistant against accidentally toppling over. However, intentional trick riding, e.g. on only two wheels (the front and one of the rear wheels), is more difficult. Rear axles will generally be in the range of about 1.0 to 1.5 metres. Shorter or longer measures are possible for more extreme applications.

Possible styles of wheels vary from very thin (like a speed-sail's wheels) over standard size (like a wheelbarrow
Wheelbarrow
A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles to the rear or a sail may be used to guide the ancient wheelbarrow by wind....

's) to very large, also known as "big foot". Wheels are not constructed with exposed bare spoke
Spoke
A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel , connecting the hub with the round traction surface....

s (like bicycle wheels are) because this would put the buggy driver's hands and kite handles at risk of getting caught in the wheel.

The different types of wheels are used in different terrain conditions and buggying activities. Here a few examples:
  • thin rim wheel: best used on very firm ground; activities: race and speed buggying
  • standard size wheel: best used on very to moderately firm sand, not too bumpy fields; activities: general buggying, trick buggying
  • big foot: best used on beaches of any kind, fields, even if uneven and bumpy; activities: general buggying, trick buggying, racing


The buggy's (and pilot's) mass has a considerable impact on its handling. A very light buggy is more agile and quicker to manoeuvre. A heavier buggy does not slide sideways as easily, enabling it to transfer higher lateral kite force
Force
In physics, a force is any agent that causes a change in the motion of a free body, or that causes stress in a fixed body. It can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or pull that can cause an object with mass to change its velocity , i.e., to accelerate, or which can cause a...

s into the ground via friction
Friction
Friction is the force resisting the relative lateral motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, or material elements in contact. It is usually subdivided into several varieties:...

. This allows the use of higher powered kites which can propel the buggy to higher speeds.

To increase the usable kite force, a buggy can be equipped with additional weights. These weights will be attached to the buggy as low down as possible to keep the overall centre of gravity low. Also possible is filling some of the buggy frame's usually hollow tubes with a dense
Density
The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol of density is ρ .- Formula :Mathematically:where: is the density, is the mass, is the volume....

 substance such as lead
Lead
Lead is a main-group element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be one of the heavy metals. Lead has a bluish-white color when freshly cut, but tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air...

.

Tandem Configurations


Some buggies allow for attaching a second buggy using a specialized kind of trailer coupling.

Buggies joined up like this can be powered by a single kite controlled by the pilot in the first buggy. This allows the passenger in the second buggy to be simply pulled along passively.

Alternatively, a tandem
Tandem
Tandem is a Latin adverb meaning "at length" or "finally." In English, the term was originally used for two or more draft horses harnessed one behind another as opposed to side-by-side...

 kite configuration can be flown where both front and rear buggy pilots steer a separate and independent kite each. This requires very skilled pilots and good communication between them.

Extensions, Custom Designs


In addition to the traditional 3-wheeled buggy there are designs applying 4 wheels—with a more complex steering mechanism
Steering
Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. which will allow for a vessel or vehicle to follow the desired course...

. Even 2-wheeled buggies exist—with only one single wheel at the back instead of the common 2-wheel rear axle.

Some buggies can be equipped with ice skating
Ice skate
Ice skates are boots with blades attached to the bottom, used to propel oneself across a sheet of ice. They are often worn as footwear in ice hockey. The first ice skates were made from leg bones of horse, ox or deer, and were attached to feet with leather straps...

 blades replacing the wheels for use on ice
Ice
Ice is a solid phase, usually crystalline, of a non-metallic substance that is liquid or gas at room temperature, such as carbon dioxide ice , ammonia ice, or methane ice. However, the predominant use of the term ice is for water ice, technically restricted to one of the 15 known crystalline phases...

 or cut-down skis for use on snow.

Buggy Jumping



One of the more extreme manifestations of the sport is buggy jumping. This involves the pilot being physically attached—which is not the case for the other, more moderate kite buggying activities—to the buggy by means of a lap belt and the use of relatively large kites.

The pilot flies the kite overhead to generate maximum lift and is then—with the buggy—hoisted up to tens of feet into the air. Very advanced pilots even perform aerial manoeuvres such as 360° (or more) spins, sidewinders, pendulum swings and reverse landings.

Safety


Kite buggying and other traction kite activities can be classified as extreme sports. Wind is the only power source and is often very unpredictable. An attitude of caution and respect towards the wind is essential, for the novice just as well as the advanced pilot.

Common advice is to start with a relatively small kite in relatively low wind conditions (e.g. 2 to 3 m² kites in winds of force 2 to 3 bft
Beaufort scale
The Beaufort scale is an empirical measure for describing wind speed based mainly on observed sea conditions. Its full name is the Beaufort wind force scale.-History:...

) and progress to bigger kites or higher wind conditions as ability improves. Novices should first achieve and practice full control over their kite before considering the next step, the actual kite buggying.

Performing the sport, the kite buggy pilot has to always act responsibly and make sure to not harm bystanders or cause damage to the environment or property. Choosing a kiting location with enough space is crucial for this.

All possible safety precautions should be taken: protective clothing and an adequate helmet are a must. Helmets to be considered are downhill mountain bike helmets with chin guard (light, well ventilated, good field of vision) or paragliding helmets (light, relatively well ventilated, good field of vision). True motorbike helmets are often considered less suitable as they are relatively heavy and the field of vision can be impaired (when kite buggying, both the kite itself and the terrain around the buggy should be easily visible).

A frequent cause of accidents is flying a kite too large for the wind conditions and experience of the pilot. In such a case buggy and pilot tend to be pulled downwind, often skidding and sliding sideways with a high risk of the pilot entirely losing control of kite and buggy. This can be avoided by flying kites small enough so that they allow the pilot to safely stop the buggy by turning it through the wind and driving upwind.

Pilots are encouraged to obtain 3rd party liability insurance as there is a risk of coming into contact with bystanders or each other. Such insurance is available through the various national and regional organisations like the South and West Association of Traction Kiting (SWATK) http://www.swatk.co.uk/, the British Power Kitesports Association (BPKA) http://www.britishbuggyclub.co.uk/, or the Power Kite Sport Federation (PKSF).

Responsible shops should strongly discourage newcomers from buying very powerful kites without instruction. They should also offer or help organising tuition for novice pilots, ideally through PKSF-accredited instructors.

As with all kite-flying activities, the kiting code of conduct
Code of Conduct
A code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the responsibilities of or proper practices for an individual or organization. Related concepts include ethical codes and honor codes....

 applies.

External links