Kingdom of Sardinia

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Kingdom of Sardinia

Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy

House of Savoy

The House of Savoy was formed in the early eleventh century in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, it grew from ruling a small county in that region to eventually rule the Kingdom of Italy until the end of the Second World War....
in 1720, when the island of Sardinia

Sardinia

Treaty of London

The Treaty of London may refer to:* Treaty of London ceding western France to England, repudiated by the Estates-General in Paris, 19 May 1359...
to Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy

Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

Victor Amadeus II, Italian language Vittorio Amedeo II was Duke of Savoy from 1675 to 1730. He also held the titles of marquis of Saluzzo, marquis of Monferrato, prince of Piedmont, count of Aosta, Moriana and Nizza....
to compensate him for the loss of Sicily

Sicily

Sicily is an Autonomous regions with special statute of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 km? and currently has just over five million inhabitants....
to Austria

Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire was a periodization successor state empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire centered on what is today's Austria that officially lasted from 1804 to 1867....
. Besides Sardinia, the kingdom included Savoy

Savoy

Savoy is a region of Europe on the western flank of the Alps that emerged following the collapse of the Frankish Empire Kingdom of Burgundy. Installed by Rudolph III, King of Burgundy, officially in 1003, the House of Savoy became the longest surviving royal house in Europe....
, Piedmont

Piedmont

Piedmont is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. It has an area of 25,399 km? and a population of about 4.4 million. The capital is Turin. The main local dialect is Piedmontese....
and Nice

Nice

Nice is a city in Southern France France located on the Mediterranean Sea coast, between Marseille, France, and Genoa, Italy, with 1,197,751 inhabitants in the 2007 estimate....
; Liguria

Liguria

Liguria is a coastal Regions of Italy of north-western Italy, the third smallest of the Italian regions. Its capital is Genoa. It is a popular region with tourists for its beautiful beaches, picturesque little towns, and food....
, including Genoa

Genoa

Genoa is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. The city has a population of about 610,000 and the urban area has a population of about 900,000....
, was added by the Congress of Vienna

Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815....
in 1815. Officially, the nation's name became Kingdom of Sardinia, Cyprus, and Jerusalem, Duchy of Savoy and Montferrat, Principality of Piedmont.

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Encyclopedia

Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy

House of Savoy

Sardinia

Treaty of London

The Treaty of London may refer to:* Treaty of London ceding western France to England, repudiated by the Estates-General in Paris, 19 May 1359...
to Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy

Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia

Sicily

Austrian Empire

Savoy

Piedmont

Piedmont is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. It has an area of 25,399 km? and a population of about 4.4 million. The capital is Turin. The main local dialect is Piedmontese....
and Nice

Nice

Nice is a city in Southern France France located on the Mediterranean Sea coast, between Marseille, France, and Genoa, Italy, with 1,197,751 inhabitants in the 2007 estimate....
; Liguria

Liguria

Genoa

Congress of Vienna

House of Savoy

Turín

Tur?n is a municipality in the Ahuachap?n Department Departments of El Salvador of El Salvador....
. In 1860 Nice and Savoy were ceded to France as a price paid for French support in the campaign to unify Italy. In 1861, it became a founding state of the new Kingdom of Italy, and ceased to exist after that date.

Early history of Piedmont

Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-Ligurian

Ligurian

Ligurian may mean one of several things:* Pertaining to the ancient Ligures* Pertaining to modern Liguria* The Romance Ligurian language * The extinct Ligurian language spoken by the ancient Ligures...
tribes such as the Taurini

Taurini

The Taurini were an ancient Celt-Ligures people, who occupied the upper valley of the river Po River, in the centre of modern Piedmont. In 218 BC, they were attacked by Hannibal since his allies were the Insubres....
and the Salassi

Salassi

The Salassi were an Alpine tribe whose lands lay on the Italian side of the Little St Bernard Pass across the Graian Alps to Lyons, and the Great St Bernard Pass over the Pennine Alps....
. They were later submitted by the Romans

Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
(c. 220 BC), who founded several colonies there including Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) and Eporedia (Ivrea

Ivrea

Ivrea is a town and comune of the province of Turin in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy. Situated on the road leading to the Aosta Valley , it straddles the Dora Baltea and is regarded as the centre of the Canavese area....
). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire

Western Roman Empire

The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285; the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire, today widely known as the Byzantine Empire....
, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians

Burgundians

File:Roman Empire 125.svgThe Burgundians were an East Germanic language Germanic tribes which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose old form in Old Norse still was Burgundarholmr , and from there to mainland Europe....
, the Goths

Goths

The Goths were East Germanic tribes who, in the 3rd and 4th centuries, invasion the Roman Empire and later adopted Arian Christianity. In the 5th and 6th centuries, divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula and Italy....
(5th century), Byzantines, Lombards

Lombards

The Lombards were a Germanic peoples originally from Northern Europe who settled in the valley of the Danube and from there invaded Byzantine Italian peninsula in 568 under the leadership of Alboin....
(6th century), Franks

Franks

The Franks or Frankish people were a West Germanic ethnic group first identified in the 3rd century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River....
(773). In the 9th-10th centuries there were further incursions by the Magyars and Saracens. At the time Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy

Kingdom of Italy

There have been several distinct entities known as the Kingdom of Italy. Italy under the rule of Odoacer from 476 to 493 is often called the kingdom of Italy, since it encompassed the Italia and Odoacer is periodically styled rex ....
within the Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
, was subdivided into several marks and counties.

In 1046, Oddo of Savoy added Piedmont to their main territory of Savoy

Savoy

Chambéry

Chamb?ry is the capital of the Departments of France of Savoie, France. It has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V of Savoy made it his seat of power....
(now in France

France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful communes of Asti

Asti

Asti is a city and comune of c. 75,000 inhabitants located in the Piedmont region of north-western Italy, about 55 kilometres east of Turin in the plain of the Tanaro River....
and Alessandria

Alessandria

Alessandria is a city in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. The city is sited on the alluvial plane between the Tanaro River and the Bormida River rivers, c....
and the marquisates of Saluzzo and Montferrat. The County of Savoy was elevated to a duchy in 1416, and Duke Emanuele Filiberto moved the seat to Turin

Turín

Tur?n is a municipality in the Ahuachap?n Department Departments of El Salvador of El Salvador....
in 1563. In 1720, the Duke of Savoy became King of Sardinia, founding what evolved into the Kingdom of Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont and increasing Turin's importance as a European capital.

Early history of Sardinia

The title "King" first appears as an informal praise of Constantine I of Logudoro, though his successor Gonario II

Gonario II of Torres

Gonario II was the giudicati of Logudoro from the death of his father to his own abdication in 1154. He was a son of Constantine I of Torres and Marcusa de Gunale....
employed it in official documents. The first crowned "King of Sardinia" or rex Sardiniae was the judge Barisone II of Arborea

Barisone II of Arborea

Barison II or Barisone II was the giudicati of Giudicato of Arborea, a kingdom of Sardinia, from 1146 to 1186. He was the son of Comita II of Arborea and Elena de Orrubu....
. Frederick Barbarossa, who invested him as such in 1164, was forced to reverse this decision and regrant Sardinia to the Archdiocese of Pisa the next year. Barisone's successors, Hugh I

Hugh I of Arborea

Hugh I was the son of Ispella di Serra and Hugh I of Bas. He was a grandson -through his mother- of Barisone II of Arborea. He is often known as Ugone de Bas in Italian language, Bas being the common denomination for the viscounty of Besal?....
and Peter I

Peter I of Arborea

Peter I , of the Serra family, was the eldest son and successor of Barisone II of Arborea, reigning from 1186 to his death. His mother was Barisone's first wife, Pellegrina de Lacon....
, continued to claim the title, but it never had any meaning. Briefly after succeeding to the Giudicato of Gallura

Giudicato of Gallura

The Giudicato of Gallura was one of four Sardinian giudicati of the Middle Ages. These were de facto independent states ruled by judges bearing the title iudex ....
, Enzo

Enzio of Sardinia

Enzio or Enzo was an illegitimate son of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sardinia....
, son of the Emperor Frederick II, was installed as king, but was captured and never succeeded in making the kingship hereditary.

Sardinia under Aragonese and Spanish domination

In 1297, Pope Boniface VIII

Pope Boniface VIII

Pope Boniface VIII , born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1294 to 1303....
, intervening between the Houses of Anjou

Angevin

Angevin is the name applied to the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Ancien R?gime in France, as well as to the residents of Angers....
and Aragon

House of Barcelona

The House of Barcelona was a medieval dynasty that ruled the County of Barcelona continuously from 878 and the Crown of Aragon from 1137 . According to one proposed genealogy, they were the Bellonids; certainly since the twelfth century they have been regarded as the descendants of Wifred the Hairy....
, established on paper a regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae that would be a fief of the Papacy. Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to the Valencian James II the Just

James II of Aragon

James II , called the Just was the King of Sicily from 1285 to 1296 and King of Aragon and Kingdom of Valencia and Count of Barcelona from 1291 to 1327....
, king of the Crown of Aragon

Crown of Aragon

The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon.At the height of its power by the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy controlling a large portion of the present-day eastern Spain, Northern Catalonia, as well as some of the major islands and mainland...
(a confederation made up of the kingdoms of Aragon and Valencia

Kingdom of Valencia

The Christian Kingdom of Valencia , located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon....
, and the Counties of Barcelona

Barcelona

Barcelona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous communities of Spain of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, with a population of 1,615,908 in 2008, while the population of the Metropolitan Area was 3,161,081....
, Pallars Sobirà and Urgell), promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. In 1323 James II formed an alliance with Hugh II of Arborea

Hugh II of Arborea

Hugh II was the illegitimate son of Marianus III of Arborea and Paulesa de Serra. He succeeded his father as Giudice of Arborea in 1321.Hugh sided with James II of Aragon, who had been invested with the Kingdom of Sardinia by Pope Boniface VIII in 1297....
and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of Cagliari

Cagliari

Cagliari is the capital of the island of Sardinia, a region of Italy. Cagliari's Sardinian name Casteddu literally means the castle. It has about 160,000 inhabitants, or about 500,000 including the suburbs : Elmas, Assemini, Capoterra, Selargius, Sestu, Monserrato, Quartucciu, Quartu Sant'Elena....
and Gallura

Gallura

Gallura is a geographical and cultural region in northern Sardinia, Italy. In the Middle Ages, it formed it was one of the four giudicati of the island....
along with the city of Sassari

Sassari

Sassari , is a town in the province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. The second-largest town on the island in terms of population, Sassari is one of the most ancient Sardinian towns, and contains a considerable collection of Sardinian art....
, claiming the territory as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica. In 1353 Aragon made war on Arborea, then fought with its leader Marianus IV of Arborea

Marianus IV of Arborea

Marianus IV , called the Great, was the Giudice of Arborea from 1347 to his death. He was, as his nickname indicates, the greatest sovereign of Giudicato of Arborea....
,of the Cappai de Bas

Cappai de Bas

Cappai des Baux, originally ?apay viscounts of Bas , is the name of an old Aragonese noble family who came to Sardinia in the XIV century with the king James II of Aragon during his campaign to conquer the island....
family, but did not reduce the last of the autochthonous giudicati until 1410. The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, Peter IV of Aragon

Peter IV of Aragon

Peter IV, also known as Pedro or Pere , called the Ceremonious or El del Punyalet , was the King of Aragon, King of Sardinia , King of Valencia , and Count of Barcelona from 1336 until his death....
granted an autonomous legislature to the Kingdom, which had one of Europe's most advanced legal traditions. The Kingdom was governed in the king's name by a viceroy. When in 1409, Martí the younger, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, defeated the last Sardinian giudicato but then died in Cagliari of malaria, without issue, Sardinia passed with the Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title.

Changeover to the House of Savoy

The loss of the autochthonous' independence, the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, with the introduction of a sterile feudalism

Feudalism

Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period , in its most classic sense refers to a Middle Ages European political system composed of a set of reciprocal law and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs....
, as well as the discovery of the Americas

Americas

The Americas are the region of the Western hemisphere that consists of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions....
, provoked an unstoppable decline of Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of resurgence occurred under the local noble Leonardo de Alagon, marquess of Oristano

Oristano

Oristano is a town and municipality, chef-lieu of the province of Oristano, on the island of Sardinia, Italy. It has approximately 33,000 inhabitants....
, who managed to defeat the viceroyal army in the 1470s but was later crushed at the Battle of Macomer (1478), ending any further hope of independence for the island. The unceasing attacks from North African pirates and a series of plagues (from 1582, 1652 and 1655) further worsened the situation. The Spanish domination on Sardinia ended at he beginning of XVIII century, as a result of War of the Spanish succession

War of the Spanish Succession

War of the Spanish Succession was a war fought in 1701-1714, in which several European powers combined to stop a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Bourbon monarch, upsetting the European Balance of power in international relations....
. By the Treaty of Utrecht

Treaty of Utrecht

The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document, comprises a series of individual peace treaty signed in the Dutch Republic city of Utrecht in March and April 1713....
of 1713, Spain

Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
's European empire was divided: Savoy

House of Savoy

Sicily

Duchy of Milan

The Duchy of Milan was a state in northern Italy from 1394 to 1797. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire, by then a decentralised entity, and was ruled by several dynasties, most of them major powers from outside Italy....
, while Charles VI

Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles VI was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary from 1711 to 1740, Archduke of Austria. From 1703 to 1711 he was an active claimant to the List of Spanish monarchs as Charles III....
(the Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Emperor

Image:HRR 14Jh.jpgThe Roman of the Emperor's title was a reflection of the translatio imperii principle that regarded the Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480....
and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples

Kingdom of Naples

The Kingdom of Naples is the modern day name for a polity which existed on the southern part of the Italian peninsula. Also known contemporaneously, and somewhat confusingly, as the Kingdom of Sicily, this kingdom was founded after the secession of the island of Sicily from the old Kingdom of Sicily as a result of the Sicilian Vespers...
, Sardinia

Sardinia

Sardinia is the Mediterranean islands#By area island in the Mediterranean Sea . The area of Sardinia is . The island is surrounded by the France island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Tunisia and the Balearic Islands....
, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. In 1718, by the Treaty of London among the great powers, Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy and sovereign of Piedmont, was forced to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and in exchange received Sardinia. Two years later, on Aug. 24, 1720, he formally took possession of the island.

Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna

In 1792 Piedmont-Sardinia joined the First Coalition

First Coalition

The First Coalition was the first major concerted effort of multiple European power s to contain French First Republic. It took shape after the French Revolutionary Wars had already begun....
against the French First Republic

French First Republic

The French First Republic was founded on 22 September, 1792, by the newly established National Convention. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First French Empire in 1804 under Napoleon....
, but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796)

Treaty of Paris (1796)

The Treaty of Paris of May 15 1796 was a treaty between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia during the War of the First Coalition....
, giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On December 6, 1798 Joubert

Barthélemy Catherine Joubert

Barth?lemy Catherine Joubert was a France general....
occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV

Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia

Charles Emmanuel IV was Kingdom of Sardinia from 1796 to 1802....
to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupy the city, but with the Battle of Marengo (1800), the French regain control. The island of Sardinia stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war.

In 1814 the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa

Republic of Genoa

The Most Serene Republic of Genoa was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italy coast from the 11th century to 1797, when it was invaded by armies of First French Republic under Napoleon I of France....
, now a duchy, and it served as a buffer state

Buffer state

A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile Great Power, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them....
against France

France

Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815....
. In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by conservative monarchs: Victor Emmanuel I

Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia

File:Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia.jpgVictor Emmanuel I was the Duke of Savoy, Piedmont , and Aosta, and King of Sardinia from 1802 to 1821....
(1802-21), Charles Felix

Charles Felix of Sardinia

Charles Felix I of Sardinia was the Duke of Savoy, Piedmont , Aosta and King of Sardinia from 1821 to 1831.He was the eleventh child and fifth son born to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain....
(1802-21) and Charles Albert (1821-49), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the Battle of Trocadero

Battle of Trocadero

The Battle of Isla del Trocadero 31 August 1823, was a battle in the Spanish Civil War, 1820-1823 of 1820?23 which ended the war in favor of the conservative reaction to the constitutional rebellion....
, which set the reactionary Ferdinand VII

Ferdinand VII of Spain

Ferdinand VII was list of Spanish monarchs twice, in 1808, and from 1813 to 1833 . He was also known as 'Ferdinand, the desired'.The eldest surviving son of Charles IV of Spain, king of Spain, and of his wife Maria Louisa of Parma, he was born in the vast palace of El Escorial near Madrid....
on the Spanish throne. The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the Statuto Albertino
Statuto Albertino

The Statuto Albertino or Albertine Statute was the constitution that Monarch Charles Albert of Sardinia conceded to the Kingdom of Sardinia on 4 March 1848....
, was enacted in the year of revolutions, 1848

Revolutions of 1848

The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent....
, under liberal pressure, and under the same pressure war was declared on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and the Kingdom of Sardinia lost.

Risorgimento

Like all of Italy, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability, under alternating governments. After a very short and disastrous second war with Austria, Charles Albert abdicated on March 23, 1849, in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II

Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy , was the Monarch of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia from 1849 to 1861. On February 18, 1861, he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a Italian unification, a title he held until his death in 1878....
.

In 1850 a liberal ministry under Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was installed, and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving the Italian Unification

Italian unification

Italian Unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century....
. The Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) took part in the Crimean War

Crimean War

The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Oriental War was fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other....
, allied with Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
, Britain

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
and France

France

Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
.

In 1859 France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against Austria

Austrian Empire

Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia was a kingdom in northern Italy, and part of the Austrian Empire. It was established after the defeat of Napoleon, according to the decisions of the Congress of Vienna, on 9 June 1815....
had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of Magenta

Battle of Magenta

The Battle of Magenta was fought on June 4, 1859 during the Second Italian War of Independence, resulting in a French-Sardinian victory under Napoleon III against the Austrian Empire under Marshal Ferencz Gyulai....
and Solferino

Battle of Solferino

The Battle of Solferino was fought on June 24, 1859 and resulted in the victory of the allied Second French Empire Army under Napoleon III of France and Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia Army under Victor Emmanuel II of Italy against the Austrian Empire Army under Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria ; it was the last major battle in world history w...
, both Sardinian/French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede Lombardy

Lombardy

Lombardy is one of the 20 regions of Italy. The capital is Milan. One-sixth of Italy's population lives in Lombardy and about one fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in this region....
to Napoleon who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid 'embarrassing' the defeated Austrians.

Garibaldi and the Mille

On March 5 1860 Parma

Parma

Parma is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its architecture and the fine countryside around it. It is the home of the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world....
, Tuscany

Tuscany

Tuscany is a region in Italy. It has an area of and a population of about 3.6 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence.Tuscany is known for its landscapes and its artistic legacy....
, Modena

Modena

Modena is a city and a comune on the south side of the Padan Plain, in the Province of Modena in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.An ancient town, it is the seat of an archbishop, but is now best known as "the capital of engines", since the factories of the famous Italian sports car makers Ferrari, De Tomaso, Lamborghini, Pagani and...
and Romagna

Romagna

Romagna is an Italy historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. Traditionally, it is limited by the Apennine Mountains to the south-west, the Adriatic to the east, and the rivers River Reno and Sillaro to the north and west....
voted in referendum

Referendum

A referendum , ballot question, or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire Constituency is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal....
s to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon who feared a strong Savoyard state on his southeastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done after dubious referendums showed around 90% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France. In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italians military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection....
started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the largest of the Italian states before Italian unification....
and marched to Gaeta

Gaeta

Gaeta is a city and comune in the province of Latina, in Lazio, central Italy. Set on a promontory stretching towards the Gulf of Gaeta, it is 120 km from Rome and 80 km from Naples....
. Cavour was actually the most satisfied with the unification while Garibaldi wanted to conquer Rome. Garibaldi was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister.

Towards Kingdom of Italy

On March 17, 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed thus ending the Kingdom of Sardinia as a separate kingdom. Piedmont would become the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, would remain the Italian capital until 1865 when the capital was moved to Florence

Florence

Florence is the Capital city of the Italy Regions of Italy of Tuscany and of the provinces of Italy Province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany and has a population of 364,779 ....
. The House of Savoy

House of Savoy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
was proclaimed.

Kingdom of Sardinia

Early history of Piedmont

Early history of Sardinia

Sardinia under Aragonese and Spanish domination

Changeover to the House of Savoy

Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna

Risorgimento

Garibaldi and the Mille

Towards Kingdom of Italy

Sources

External links