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Kinase

 

 
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Kinase
 
 
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In chemistry
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
 and biochemistry
Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
, a kinase, alternatively known as a phosphotransferase, is a type of enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
 that transfers phosphate
Phosphate

A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry....
 groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
, to specific target molecules (substrate
Substrate (biochemistry)

In biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalysis chemical reactions involving the substrate. The substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed....
s); the process is termed phosphorylation
Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule. Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes....
 (An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from targets is known as a phosphatase
Phosphatase

A phosphatase is an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its Substrate by Hydrolysis phosphoric acid monoesters into a phosphate ion and a molecule with a free hydroxyl group ....
.)

of the largest group of kinases are protein kinase
Protein kinase

A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them . Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein by changing enzyme catalysis, cellular location, or association with other proteins....
s, which act on and modify the activity of specific proteins.






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In chemistry
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
 and biochemistry
Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
, a kinase, alternatively known as a phosphotransferase, is a type of enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
 that transfers phosphate
Phosphate

A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry....
 groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
, to specific target molecules (substrate
Substrate (biochemistry)

In biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalysis chemical reactions involving the substrate. The substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed....
s); the process is termed phosphorylation
Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule. Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes....
 (An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from targets is known as a phosphatase
Phosphatase

A phosphatase is an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its Substrate by Hydrolysis phosphoric acid monoesters into a phosphate ion and a molecule with a free hydroxyl group ....
.)

Types

One of the largest group of kinases are protein kinase
Protein kinase

A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them . Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein by changing enzyme catalysis, cellular location, or association with other proteins....
s, which act on and modify the activity of specific proteins. These are used extensively to transmit signals and control complex processes in cells. Up to 518 different kinases have been identified in humans. Their enormous diversity and role in signaling makes them attractive targets for drug design.

Various other kinases act on small molecules (lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, and more), either for signaling or to prime them for biochemical reactions in metabolism. These are named after their substrates.

See also

  • Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
  • Signal transduction
    Signal transduction

    In biology, 'signal transduction' refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. Most processes of signal transduction involve ordered sequences of biochemistry chemical reaction inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes, activated by Second messenger systems, resulting in a signal tran...
  • G protein-coupled receptor
    G protein-coupled receptor

    G protein-coupled receptors , also known as seven transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors , comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the Cell and activate inside signal transductio...