Kiev Missal
Encyclopedia
The Kiev Missal is a 7-folio Glagolitic Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic or Old Church Slavic was the first literary Slavic language, first developed by the 9th century Byzantine Greek missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius who were credited with standardizing the language and using it for translating the Bible and other Ancient Greek...

 canon manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...

 containing parts of the Roman-rite liturgy. It is usually held to be the oldest Old Church Slavonic manuscript with coherent text, dated at the latter half of the 10th century. Seven folios have been preserved in small format (cca 14,5x10,5 cm) of easily portable book to be of use to the missionaries on the move.

By content it is a Roman Missal
Roman Missal
The Roman Missal is the liturgical book that contains the texts and rubrics for the celebration of the Mass in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church.-Situation before the Council of Trent:...

, i.e., a book collecting all the text used at the holy mass
Mass (liturgy)
"Mass" is one of the names by which the sacrament of the Eucharist is called in the Roman Catholic Church: others are "Eucharist", the "Lord's Supper", the "Breaking of Bread", the "Eucharistic assembly ", the "memorial of the Lord's Passion and Resurrection", the "Holy Sacrifice", the "Holy and...

 service. Missal texts are accompanied by instructions on how to perform rites throughout the liturgical year, called rubric
Rubric
A rubric is a word or section of text which is traditionally written or printed in red ink to highlight it. The word derives from the , meaning red ochre or red chalk, and originates in Medieval illuminated manuscripts from the 13th century or earlier...

s
, which is a term originating from Latin word rubrica designating red soil used for painting. The text of the Kiev Missal folios has been for the most part written in black (these are the texts meant to be pronounced), and for the lesser part in red (these are the instructions interpreting gestures that priest must perform and other instructions for the ceremony). Since Kiev Missal has only 13 pages preserved, it's obvious that only a part of the missal has been preserved, from the Sacramentary
Sacramentary
The Sacramentary is a book of the Middle Ages containing the words spoken by the priest celebrating a Mass and other liturgies of the Church. The books were usually in fact written for bishops or other higher clegy such as abbots, and many lavishly decorated illuminated manuscript sacramentaries...

 containing crucial and unchangeable parts spoken by the priest.

Kiev Folios have been found in the 19th century in Jerusalem by the Archimandrite Andrej Kapustin (Antonin Kapustin) and were donated by him to the Kiev Theological Academy
Kiev Theological Academy
The Kievan Theological Academy and Seminary is the oldest college of the Russian Orthodox Church. It is situated in Kiev and traces its history back to 1615, when Yelisey Pletenetsky founded a "brotherhood school" at the Theophany Monastery....

. After the revolution the folios were transferred to the library of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine
The Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine is the main academic library and main scientific information centre in Ukraine, one of the world's largest national libraries. It is located in the capital of the country – Kiev. The library contains about 15 million items...

 in Kiev
Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....

 where they are kept today.

The Kiev missal was published by the renowned Slavist Ismail Ivanovich Sreznjevski, who edited the first edition of the Kiev Folios in 1874. It has been published many times, not always successfully. Notable editions are by Vatroslav Jagić
Vatroslav Jagic
Vatroslav Jagić was a Croatian language researcher and a famous expert in Slavic languages in the second half of the 19th century.-Life:...

 in 1890 (Glagolitica. 2. Würdigung neuendtdeckter Fragmente, Mit 10 Taf., Wien 1890, Denkschrift. Kaiserl. Akad., Bd. 38), by Sievers in 1924 (Die altslavischen Verstexte von Kiew und Freising, Leipzig 1924, Akad. Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl., Bd. 76/2) and by Mohlberg in 1928 (Il messale di Kiew/sec IX./ed il suo prototipo Romano del VI-VII). Special attention to the Kiev folios has been paid by Václav Vondrák
Václav Vondrák
Václav Vondrák was a Czech slavist and professor at Vienna University and Brno University.- Life :...

 in a paper O pùvodu Kijevskych listù a Pražskych zlomkù a o bohemismech v staršich cirkevnìslovanskych pamatkach vùbec (Praha, 1904). The newest facsimile edition has been published in 1983 in Kiev to honour the ninth International Congress of Slavists
International Congress of Slavists
The International Congress of Slavists is a Slavist quinquennial gathering for the humanities and social sciences. The first Congress was held in 1929 in Prague.Forty countries worldwide are represented...

 which was held in Kiev (V. V. Nimčuk, Kijivs′ki hlaholični lystky, AN USSR). That edition contains extensive overview of the oldest Old Church Slavonic canon manuscript.

The Croatian Slavist Josip Hamm
Josip Hamm
Josip Hamm was a Croatian Slavist.-Biography:Hamm was born in the village of Gat near Belišće and Valpovo. In 1924 he finished the classical gymnasium in Osijek, and in 1929 he graduated in Slavic and Germanic studies at the University of Zagreb.He worked as a lecturer at the gymnasiums in...

 stirred a fierce debate in his book Das Glagolitische Missale von Kiew (Wien, 1979). In it, and in his other papers and lectures he maintained the view that the Kiev Folios are a 19th century fake by Czech patriots in order to prove the antiquity of Czech literary culture. However, in general Slavistics do not hold this view.

The first page of the first folio was written later than other pages, probably at the transition from 11th to 12th century. Linguistic, paleographical and graphical analysis point to the South Slavic area. That page contains parts of Paul's epistles (13, 11-14 and 14, 1-4). That part of Kiev Folios and the problems associated with it have been heavily analysed by the Croatian Slavist Marija Pantelić, who situates them somewhere in the Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea coast, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its total population is 42,641...

 area.

The Kiev Folios are generally held by Slavistics as the oldest among the OCS canon manuscripts, even though they exhibit several West Slavic features that place them at the beginning of the Czech-Moravian recension of OCS. These are:
  • Instead of OCS št, žd we find West Slavic reflexes of Proto-Slavic */tj/ (*ktj) and */dj/, i.e. instead of pomoštь we find pomocь, instead of prosęšte we find prosęce, instead of daždь we find dazь, instead of tuždimь we find tuzimь etc.
  • At the place of Proto-Slavic *stj and *skj we would expect a reflex of OCS št, but we find šč: očiščeniě, zaščiti (imperative), zaščititь.
  • As an ending of instrumental singular of masculine o-stems we would expect -omь. But instead, -ъmь is used, so instead of expected oplatomь, obrazomь, vъsǫdomь we find oplatъmь, obrazъmь, vъsǫdъmь.
  • Genitive of first-person pronoun azъ is mene in OCS. In Kiev Folios we find mne by the elision of weak yer
    Havlík's law
    Havlík's law is a Slavic rhythmic law dealing with the reduced vowels in Proto-Slavic. It is named for the Czech scholar Antonín Havlík , who determined the pattern in 1889. While Havlík's law was a precursor to the loss of the jers, that process is part of the individual history of the various...

    .


As features that connect Kiev Folios to the canonic manuscripts of other Slavic areas (namely Bulgaro-Macedonian), one has to note:
  • consistent distinguishing between yers ъ and ь, and only twice ъ is found where ь is expected
  • Kiev folios preserve nasal vowels (/ę/ and /ǫ/) and don't mix them

External links

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