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Khedive (from Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
 for "lord") was a title first used by Muhammad Ali Pasha
Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha , Muhamed Ali Pasha in Albanian language or Kavalali Mehmet Ali Pasa in Turkish language, , was Wali of Egypt and Sudan, and is regarded as the "founder of modern Egypt"....
 as governor and monarch of Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
 and Sudan
Sudan

Sudan is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest in the African continent and the Arab World, and List of countries and outlying territories by total area by area....
, and subsequently by his dynastic successors.

title, known for its use by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty
Muhammad Ali Dynasty

The Muhammad Ali Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th Century. It is named after its progenitor, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, regarded as the founder of modern Egypt....
 of Egypt and Sudan, is recorded in English since 1867, derived via the French khédive from Turkish khidiv, from Persian khidiw "prince," derivative of khuda "master, prince," from Old Persian khvadata- "lord," from the compound khvat-data-, literally "created from oneself," from khvat- (from the Proto-IndoEuropean root swe-tos "from oneself," ablative of base s(w)e-; see idiom) + data- "created."

owing the French invasion of Egypt in 1798, and Napoleon's defeat of the Mamluks, the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
 dispatched Albanian troops under the command of Muhammad Ali to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province.






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Muhammad Ali Pascha
Khedive (from Persian
Persian language

name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
 for "lord") was a title first used by Muhammad Ali Pasha
Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha , Muhamed Ali Pasha in Albanian language or Kavalali Mehmet Ali Pasa in Turkish language, , was Wali of Egypt and Sudan, and is regarded as the "founder of modern Egypt"....
 as governor and monarch of Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
 and Sudan
Sudan

Sudan is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest in the African continent and the Arab World, and List of countries and outlying territories by total area by area....
, and subsequently by his dynastic successors.

Etymology

This title, known for its use by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty
Muhammad Ali Dynasty

The Muhammad Ali Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th Century. It is named after its progenitor, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, regarded as the founder of modern Egypt....
 of Egypt and Sudan, is recorded in English since 1867, derived via the French khédive from Turkish khidiv, from Persian khidiw "prince," derivative of khuda "master, prince," from Old Persian khvadata- "lord," from the compound khvat-data-, literally "created from oneself," from khvat- (from the Proto-IndoEuropean root swe-tos "from oneself," ablative of base s(w)e-; see idiom) + data- "created."

Egyptian History

Following the French invasion of Egypt in 1798, and Napoleon's defeat of the Mamluks, the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
 dispatched Albanian troops under the command of Muhammad Ali to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province. However, upon the French defeat and departure, Muhammad Ali seized control
Muhammad Ali's seizure of power

The process of Muhammad Ali's seizure of power in Egypt was a long three way civil war between the Ottoman Turks, Egyptian Mamluks, and Albanian mercenaries....
 of the country and declared himself ruler of Egypt, quickly consolidating an independent local powerbase. After repeated failed attempts to remove and kill him, in 1805, the Porte
Porte

Ottoman Porte used to refer to the Divan of the Ottoman Empire where government policies were established....
 officially recognized Muhammad Ali as Pasha
Pasha

Pasha or pacha, formerly bashaw, was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals....
 and Wali
Wali

Wali , is an Arabic word meaning "trusted one"; it generally denotes "friend of God" in the phrase ??? ???? waliyu 'llah It should not be confused with the word Wali which is an administrative title that was used in the Muslim Caliphate, and still today in some Muslim countries....
 (Governor) of Egypt. However, demonstrating his grander ambitions, he claimed for himself the higher title of Khedive, as did his successors, Ibrahim Pasha, Abbas I
Abbas I of Egypt

Abbas I , , Wali of Egypt and Sudan, was a son of Tusun Pasha and grandson of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, founder of the reigning Muhammad Ali Dynasty of Egypt and Sudan at the time....
, and Sa'id I
Sa'id of Egypt

Sa'id of Egypt was the Wali of Egypt and Sudan from 1854 until 1863, officially owing fealty to the Ottoman Sultan but in practice exercising virtual independence....
.

The Muhammad Ali Dynasty
Muhammad Ali Dynasty

The Muhammad Ali Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th Century. It is named after its progenitor, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, regarded as the founder of modern Egypt....
’s use of the title Khedive was not sanctioned by the Ottoman Empire until 1867 when Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz officially recognized it as the title of Ismail Pasha. Moreover, the Porte
Porte

Ottoman Porte used to refer to the Divan of the Ottoman Empire where government policies were established....
 accepted Ismail's alteration of the royal line of succession to go from father to son, rather than brother to brother as was the tradition in the Arab World
Arab world

The Arab World refers to Arabic-speaking countries stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast....
 and the Ottoman Empire. In 1879, the Great Powers forced the abdication and exile of Ismail in favor of his son Tewfik
Tewfik Pasha

HH Muhammed 'Tewfik Pasha' was Khedive of Egypt and Sudan between 1879 and 1892, and the sixth ruler from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty....
 who succeeded him as Khedive.

After the nationalist Urabi Revolt
Urabi Revolt

The Urabi Revolt or Orabi Revolt , also known as the Orabi Revolution, was an uprising in Egypt in 1879-82 against the Khedive and European influence in the country....
 of 1882, Britain
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
 invaded Egypt in support of Tewfik, and would continue to occupy and dominate the country for decades. During this period, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty under Tewfik and his son Abbas II
Abbas II of Egypt

HH Abbas II Hilmi Bey was the last Khedive of Egypt and Sudan ....
 continued to rule Egypt and Sudan using the title Khedive, whilst still nominally under Ottoman sovereignty. With the outbreak of the First World War, Abbas sided with the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on the side of the Central Powers
Central Powers

The Central Powers was one of the two sides that participated in World War I, the other being the Allies of World War I....
, and was subsequently deposed by the British, who declared Egypt a protectorate
Protectorate

A protectorate, in international law, is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship....
. Abbas was replaced by his uncle Husayn
Husayn Kamil

Sultan Husayn Kamil was the Sultan of Egypt and Sudan from December 19 1914 - October 9 1917, during the United Kingdom occupation which lasted from 1882-1922....
 who took the title Sultan
Sultan

Sultan is an Islamic honorifics, with several historical meanings. Originally it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", or "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ???? sulah, meaning "authority" or "power"....
, thereby ending the use of the title Khedive.

See also

  • List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty
    List of monarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty

    File:Flag of Egypt 1922.svgMonarchs of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty reigned over Egypt from 1805 to 1953. During the 19th century, their rule also extended to Sudan as well as other parts of the Middle East, notably Syria....
  • List of colonial heads of Egypt
    List of colonial heads of Egypt

    List of colonial heads of Egypt ...