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The Khanate of Kokand was a state in Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
 that existed from 1709–1876 within the territory of modern Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan , is a Landlocked_country#Doubly_landlocked_country country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union....
, southern Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a large Eurasian country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the List of countries by area as well as the world's largest landlocked country, it has a territory of 2,727,300 km? ....
, Tajikistan
Tajikistan

Tajikistan , officially the Republic of Tajikistan , is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east....
 and Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a country in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, it is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and People's Republic of China to the east....
. The name of the city and the khanate is also often spelled as Khoqand in modern scholarly literature.

Khanate of Kokand was established in 1709 when the Shaybanid emir Shahrukh of the Minglar Uzbeks
Uzbeks

The Uzbeks are a Turkic peoples people of Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China....
 declared independence from the Khanate of Bukhara
Khanate of Bukhara

Khanate of Bukhara was a feudal state in Central Asia during the 16th?18th centuries. It received this name when the capital of the Shaybanid state was moved to Bukhara....
, establishing a principality in the western part of the Fergana Valley
Fergana Valley

The Fergana Valley or Farghana Valley is a region in Central Asia spreading across eastern Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Shakhimardan khanate Pamirs Central Asia....
.






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The Khanate of Kokand was a state in Central Asia
Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
 that existed from 1709–1876 within the territory of modern Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan , is a Landlocked_country#Doubly_landlocked_country country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union....
, southern Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a large Eurasian country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the List of countries by area as well as the world's largest landlocked country, it has a territory of 2,727,300 km? ....
, Tajikistan
Tajikistan

Tajikistan , officially the Republic of Tajikistan , is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east....
 and Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a country in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, it is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and People's Republic of China to the east....
. The name of the city and the khanate is also often spelled as Khoqand in modern scholarly literature.

History

The Khanate of Kokand was established in 1709 when the Shaybanid emir Shahrukh of the Minglar Uzbeks
Uzbeks

The Uzbeks are a Turkic peoples people of Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China....
 declared independence from the Khanate of Bukhara
Khanate of Bukhara

Khanate of Bukhara was a feudal state in Central Asia during the 16th?18th centuries. It received this name when the capital of the Shaybanid state was moved to Bukhara....
, establishing a principality in the western part of the Fergana Valley
Fergana Valley

The Fergana Valley or Farghana Valley is a region in Central Asia spreading across eastern Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Shakhimardan khanate Pamirs Central Asia....
. He built a citadel to be his capital in the small town of Kokand
Kokand

Kokand is a city in Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. It has a population of 192,500 . Kokand is 228 km southeast of Tashkent, 115 km west of Andijan, and 88 km west of Fergana....
, thus starting the Khanate of Kokand.

His son Abd al-Karim and grandson Narbuta Beg enlarged the citadel. However, both Abd al-Karim and Narbuta Beg were forced to summit as protectorate
Protectorate

A protectorate, in international law, is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship....
 and pay tribute to the Qing dynasty
Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
 in China
China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
 between 1774 and 1798, which to this day forms the basis for occasional Chinese claims of sovereignty over the Fergana Valley
Fergana Valley

The Fergana Valley or Farghana Valley is a region in Central Asia spreading across eastern Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Shakhimardan khanate Pamirs Central Asia....
.

Narbuta Beg’s son Alim was both ruthless and efficient. He hired a mercenary army of Tajik
Tajiks

Tajik is a general designation for a wide range of mostly Persian language peoples of Iranian peoples, with traditional homelands in present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, southern Uzbekistan, north west Pakistan and western China....
 highlanders, and conquered the western half of the Fergana Valley, including Khujand
Khujand

Khujand , also transliterated as Khudzhand, , formerly Khodjend or Khodzhent until 1939 and Leninabad until 1992, is the second-largest city of Tajikistan....
 and Tashkent
Tashkent

Tashkent is the Capital of Uzbekistan and also of the Tashkent Province. The officially registered population of the city in 2008 was 2.18 million....
. He was assassinated by his brother Omar in 1809. Omar’s son, Mohammed Ali (Madali Khan) ascended to the throne in 1821 at the age of 12. During his reign, the Khanate of Kokand reached its greatest territorial extent. In 1841, the British
British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, and other Dependent territory ruled or administered by the United Kingdom , that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries....
 officer Captain Arthur Conolly
Arthur Conolly

Arthur Conolly was a United Kingdom intelligence officer, explorer and writer. He was a captain of the Sixth Bengal Light Cavalry, who worked for the British East India Company....
 failed in an effort to persuade the various khanates to put aside their differences, in an attempt to counter the growing penetration of the Russian Empire
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
 into the area. He left Kokand for Bukhara
Bukhara

Bukhara , also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian ?uxarak , is the Capital of the Bukhara Province of Uzbekistan. The nation's fifth-largest city, it has a population of 237,900 ....
 in an ill-fated attempt to rescue fellow officer Colonel Charles Stoddart
Charles Stoddart

Colonel Charles Stoddart was a United Kingdom officer and diplomat. He was a famous British agent in Central Asia during the Great Game.Stoddart, the son of Major Stephen Stoddart , was commissioned into the Royal Staff Corps from Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1823....
 in November 1841 and both were executed in 1842.

Despite the best efforts of Omar’s widow, the famed poetess Nadira, Madali Khan excelled at cruelty and debauchery, giving Emir
Emir

Emir , is a high Nobility or office, used throughout the Arab World and historically in some Turkic peoples states and Afghanistan. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking sheikhs, but in monarchical states the term is also used for princes, with "Emirate" being analogous to principality in this sense....
 Nasrullah Khan
Nasrullah Khan (Bukhara)

Nasrullah Khan, Emir of Emirate of Bukhara from 1826 to 1860, a time when the Central Asian states were under pressure from the advance of Russia from the north and the British Empire from the south....
 of Bukhara an excuse to invade Kokand in 1842. Preferring their own cruel and debauched despots over outsiders, the people of Kokand soon rebelled, and installed Madali Khan’s cousin Shir Ali on the throne. Over the next two decades, the khanate was weakened by bitter civil war and ethnic conflicts, further inflamed by Bukharan and Russian incursions. Shir Ali’s son Khudayar ruled from 1845 to 1858, and, after another interlude under Emir Nasrullah, again from 1865. In the meantime, Russia was continuing its advance. On June 28, 1865 Tashkent was taken by Russian troops of General Chernyayev
Mikhail Chernyayev

Mikhail Grigorievich Chernyayev was a Imperial Russia general, who, together with Konstantin Kaufman and Mikhail Skobelev, led the Russian conquest of Central Asia under Alexander II of Russia....
; loss of Khujand followed in 1867.

Shortly before the fall of Tashkent, Kokand’s most famous son, Yakub Beg
Yakub Beg

Muhammad Yaqub Bek was an Uzbeks adventurer who became head of the kingdom of Kashgaria....
, former lord of Tashkent, was sent by the then ruler of Kokand, Alimqul
Alimqul

`Alimqul was the warlord in Khanate of Kokand, and its de facto ruler in 1863-65.Alimqul was born at Buchun Bitkan near Kokand ca. 1833, into a family of a Kyrgyz-Kipchak baig....
, to Kashgar
Kashgar

Kashgar or Kashi ...
, then in rebellion against the Chinese. As Alimqul was killed in 1865, and Tashkent was lost, many other Kokandian soldiers fled to join Yaqub Beg, helping him establish his dominion throughout the Tarim Basin
Tarim Basin

The Tarim Basin is a large endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400,000 km2. It is located in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in PRC's far west....
 until 1877.

Kokand
In 1868, a commercial treaty turned Kokand into a Russian vassal state
Vassal state

The term vassal state commonly refers to any state that was subordinate to another in the pre-modern international system. The vassal in these cases was the ruler, rather than the state itself....
. The now powerless Khudayar Khan spent his energies improving his lavish palace. Western visitors were impressed by the city of 80,000 people, with some 600 mosque
Mosque

A mosque is a place of worship for followers of Islam. Muslims often refer to the mosque by its Arabic name, masjid, ? . The word "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship, although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller, privately owned mosque and the larger, "collective" mosque ,...
s and 15 madrasah
Madrasah

File:Registan_-_Sherdor_madrasa.jpgMadrasah is the Arabic word for any type of school, whether secular or religious . It is variously Arabic transliteration as madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrassa, madraza, madarsa, etc....
s. Insurrections against Russian rule and Khudayar’s oppressive taxes forced Khudayar into exile in 1875. He was succeeded by kinsman Pulad Khan, whose anti-Russian stance provoked the annexation of Kokand (after fierce fighting) by Generals Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman
Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman

Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman was the first Governor-General of Russian Turkestan....
 and Mikhail Skobelev
Mikhail Skobelev

Mikhail Dmitrievich Skobelev was a Russian general famous for his conquest of Central Asia and heroism during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78....
 in March 1876. Tsar Alexander II
Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II Nikolaevich , also known as Alexander the Liberator was the List of Russian rulers of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881....
 stated that he had been forced to "yield to the wishes of the Kokandi people to become Russian subjects." The Khanate of Kokand was declared abolished, and incorporated into the Fergana Province
Fergana Province

Fergana Province is an viloyat of Uzbekistan, located in the southern part of the Fergana Valley in the far east of the country. It borders the Namangan Province and Andijan Provinces of Uzbekistan, as well as Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan....
 of Russian Turkestan
Russian Turkestan

Russian Turkestan , also known as Western Turkestan or Turkestanskiy Krai , was the western part of Turkestan within the Russian Empire , comprising the oasis region to the south of the Kazakhstan steppes, but not the protectorates of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva....
.

Altun Bishik

The Khans of Kokand wished to legitimize their rule of the khanate through a connection with the Timurids
Timurid Dynasty

The Timurids, self-designated Gurkani , were a Persianate society Central Asian Sunni Islam dynasty of originally Turko-Mongol descent whose empire included the whole of Central Asia, Iran, modern Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as large parts of India, Mesopotamia and Caucasus....
 (ruled 1370–1506). From the time of the last Timurids to that of the first Khans of Kokand there was a period of more than two hundred years. Faced with this situation, the Khans connected their genealogy with Babur
Babur

Babur was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal Empire of Indian subcontinent....
 through a legendary figure, “Altun Bishik
Altun Bishik

Altun Bishik is a mythological figure through whom the Khanate of Kokand claimed descent from the Timurid dynasty.The Khanate of Kokand wished to legitimize their rule of the Khan through a connection with the Timurid dynasty ....
”. In the legend, a baby of Babur's family was left in a bishik (cradle) when Babur fled prosecution, making for the limits of Transoxiana. The child was named Altun Bishik, after its imperial cradle, and in the legend he ostensibly lived from 918 AH/1512 CE
Common Era

Common Era, abbreviated as CE, is a designation for the calendar system most commonly used in the Western world, and also internationally, for numbering the year part of the calendar date....
 – 952 AH/1545 CE. Even in historical sources, he has appeared as a historic figure. In the legend of this baby began the Khans of Kokand. The legend in various versions has resulted in manuscripts on Kokand historical writings, since the beginning of the 19th century. Despite it, Altun Bishik and the legend connected with him are not the historical truth.

Khans of Kokand (1800-1876)

  • Alim Khan (1800 - 1809)
  • Muhammad Umar Khan (1809 - 1822) (styled Amir al-Muslimin from 1814)
  • Muhammad Ali Khan (1822 - 1841)
  • Shir 'Ali Khan (June 1842 - 1845)
  • Murad Beg Khan (1845)
  • Muhammad Khudayar Khan (1845 - 1852) (1st time)
  • Muhammad Khudayar Khan (1853 - 1858) (2nd time)
  • Muhammad Malla Beg Khan (1858 - 1 March 1862)
  • Shah Murad Khan (1862)
  • Muhammad Khudayar Khan (1862 - 1865) (3rd time)
  • Muhammad Sultah Khan (1863 - March 1865) (1st time) (with Alimqul
    Alimqul

    `Alimqul was the warlord in Khanate of Kokand, and its de facto ruler in 1863-65.Alimqul was born at Buchun Bitkan near Kokand ca. 1833, into a family of a Kyrgyz-Kipchak baig....
     as the regent)
  • Bil Bahchi Khan (1865)
  • Muhammad Sultah Khan (1865 - 1866) (2nd time)
  • Muhammad Khudayar Khan (1866 - 22 July 1875) (4th time)
  • Nasir ad-Din Khan (1875) (1st time)
  • Muhammad Pulad Beg Khan (1875 - December 1875)
  • Nasir ad-Din Khan (December 1875 - 19 February 1876) (2nd time)


External links