Kappaphycus cottonii
Encyclopedia
Kappaphycus alvarezii is a species of red alga. It is one of the most important commercial sources of carrageenan
s, a family of gel-forming, viscosifying polysaccharides. Farming methods affect the character of the carrageenan that can be extracted from the seaweed.
This alga grows to two meters long and is green or yellow in color. It is very fast-growing, known to double its biomass in 15 days.
Different carrageenan types differ in composition and conformation, resulting in a wide range of rheological and functional properties. Carrageenans are used in a variety of commercial applications as gelling, thickening, and stabilizing agents, especially in food products such as frozen desserts, chocolate milk, cottage cheese, whipped cream, instant products, yogurt, jellies, pet foods, and sauces. Aside from these functions, carrageenans are used in pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and industrial applications such as mining. Carrageenan is extracted from this seaweed in two ways. In native extraction, the seaweed is made into an aqueous solution
, and the residue is filtered, leaving nearly pure carrageenan. The alkaline-modified method is less expensive and easier. The seaweed is mixed in an alkali solution, leaving a mixture of carrageenan and cellulose that can be sold as semirefined carrageenan.
K. alvarezii is affected by ice-ice
, a disease that severely reduces its yield.
This alga is an introduced species
and a noxious aquatic weed in Hawaii
.
However, recent molecular studies have revealed the most abundant species in Hawaii reported to caused an invasion on the coral reefs is actually Euchema denticulatum and not K. alvarezii. K. alvarezii has been and will be introduced into many different tropical places, since it is the main source of carrageenan in the world. Several thousands coastal people can be benefit from its cultivation. Most notably, it is increasingly being cultivated on the coasts of Rameshwaram, India. The local people call it, Pepsi Paasi since it was the PepsiCo which started the cultivation of this alga here.
Carrageenan
Carrageenans or carrageenins are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red seaweeds. There are several varieties of carrageen used in cooking and baking. Kappa-carrageenan is used mostly in breading and batter due to its gelling nature...
s, a family of gel-forming, viscosifying polysaccharides. Farming methods affect the character of the carrageenan that can be extracted from the seaweed.
This alga grows to two meters long and is green or yellow in color. It is very fast-growing, known to double its biomass in 15 days.
Different carrageenan types differ in composition and conformation, resulting in a wide range of rheological and functional properties. Carrageenans are used in a variety of commercial applications as gelling, thickening, and stabilizing agents, especially in food products such as frozen desserts, chocolate milk, cottage cheese, whipped cream, instant products, yogurt, jellies, pet foods, and sauces. Aside from these functions, carrageenans are used in pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and industrial applications such as mining. Carrageenan is extracted from this seaweed in two ways. In native extraction, the seaweed is made into an aqueous solution
Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is usually shown in chemical equations by appending aq to the relevant formula, such as NaCl. The word aqueous means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in water...
, and the residue is filtered, leaving nearly pure carrageenan. The alkaline-modified method is less expensive and easier. The seaweed is mixed in an alkali solution, leaving a mixture of carrageenan and cellulose that can be sold as semirefined carrageenan.
K. alvarezii is affected by ice-ice
Ice-ice
Ice-ice is a disease condition of seaweed. Ice-ice is caused when changes in salinity, ocean temperature, and light intensity cause stress to seaweeds, making them produce a "moist organic substance" that attracts bacteria in the water and induces the characteristic "whitening" and hardening of the...
, a disease that severely reduces its yield.
This alga is an introduced species
Introduced species
An introduced species — or neozoon, alien, exotic, non-indigenous, or non-native species, or simply an introduction, is a species living outside its indigenous or native distributional range, and has arrived in an ecosystem or plant community by human activity, either deliberate or accidental...
and a noxious aquatic weed in Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of...
.
However, recent molecular studies have revealed the most abundant species in Hawaii reported to caused an invasion on the coral reefs is actually Euchema denticulatum and not K. alvarezii. K. alvarezii has been and will be introduced into many different tropical places, since it is the main source of carrageenan in the world. Several thousands coastal people can be benefit from its cultivation. Most notably, it is increasingly being cultivated on the coasts of Rameshwaram, India. The local people call it, Pepsi Paasi since it was the PepsiCo which started the cultivation of this alga here.