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Kamuia
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Kamuia or Kamuio is the family name used by some members of king Maues or Moga’s family. For example, in the Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions, last name Kamuia has been used after the name of princess Aiyasi and its modified form Kamuio after the name of her father, Yuvaraja Kharaosta .
ia or Kamuio of the Lion Capital Inscriptions obviously represents Sanskrit Kamboja or Pali Kambojaka (or Kambojika).
Yona-KamboYa-Gamdharanam Rathikanam Pitinikanam ye va pi Aparamta..................................
Yona-KamboY.esu.......................
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Kamuia or Kamuio is the family name used by some members of king Maues or Moga’s family. For example, in the Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions, last name Kamuia has been used after the name of princess Aiyasi and its modified form Kamuio after the name of her father, Yuvaraja Kharaosta .
Etymology of Kamuia
Kamuia or Kamuio of the Lion Capital Inscriptions obviously represents Sanskrit Kamboja or Pali Kambojaka (or Kambojika).
- The platal j can easily become soft y in Prakritic languages. This is not unusual. The Shabazgarhi Inscriptions of king Ashoka also write Kamboja as Kamboya.
Yona-KamboYa-Gamdharanam Rathikanam Pitinikanam ye va pi Aparamta..................................
Yona-KamboY.esu....................... .
Uttaraadhyana-Sutra of Jaina Canon also writes Kamboja as Kamboya. For example see:
- jaha se
KamboYanam aiynne kanthai sya ||
- To give few more illustrations, the terms ,
Javadvipa, SamJogita, SamaJa, Jajman, Jadu, Jogi and GaJni etc are also found written as Yavadvipa, SamYokita, SamaYa Yajman Yadu, Yogi and GaYni where also the platal J has become soft Y.
- And the cluster mb in Kambojika first transforms to mm and then becomes m in Kharoshthi dialect.
Hence:
KamboJika
> KamboYika (j >y)
Kamboyika
> kammoyika (mb >mm)
Kammoyika
> Kamoyika (mm >m)
Kamoyika
> Kamoika (yi >i)
k being sandwiched between two vowels gets eliminated in ancient Indo-Aryan languages following a documented procedure as noted by ancient Prakritic Grammarians. According to third century Prakritic Grammarian Acharya Varruchi, the consonants k, g, ch, j, t, d, p etc falling between two vowel sounds usually get elited.
Hence
Kamoika
> Kamoia (k > 0 i.e zero)
Sodasa, the name of Rajuvula's son is found written as Sudase (See: inscription no C3) . It is noteworthy that the common o in name Sodasa here has been replaced with u in the Lion Capital inscriptions. In a like manner, common o in the name Kamoia (=Kambojika) has also similarly been replaced with u in the same inscriptions, which is understandable.
Hence:
Sodasa
> Sudase (o >u)
Kamoia
>Kamuia or Kamuio (o >u)
Or alternatively, Kamuia can straightaway be derived from Iranian Kambujiya as follows:
Kambujiya
> Kambujia (Jiya > Jia)
Kambujia
> Kambuyia (J > y)
Kambuia
> Kamuia (mb > mm
> m)
remembering that Sanskrit Kamboja (q.v.) appears as K.b.u.ji.i.y, Kabujiya or perhaps Kabaujiya and Kambujiya or perhaps Kambaujiya ( OR with -n- in place of -m- as Kanbujiya or Kanbaujiya) of Old Persian inscriptions, and Cambyses of Greek writings. The same name appears as C-n-b-n-z-y in Aramaic, Kambuzia in Assyrian, Kambythet in Egyptian, Kam-bu-zi-ya or Ka-am-bu-zi-ya in Akkadian, Kan-bu-zi-ia or Kan-bu-si-ya in Elamite, and Kanpuziya in Susian language . It appears to have been quite a popular name among the ancient Iranians, of whom the ancient Kambojas are said to have formed a clan.
Some noted scholars on Kamuia
Dr Sten Konow: If we bear in mind that mb becomes m i.e mm in the dialect of Kharoshthi dhammapada, and that u is used for the common o in Sudasa in the Lion Capital Inscriptions, the Kamuia of the Lion Capital can very well represent a Sanskrit Kambojika .
Indian Culture: "The Kamuias, who are associated with the familiy of the Saka Mahakshatrapa Rajuvula of the Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions, are in fact, the Kambojas -- Kamuias being just the form we would expect in the dialect for an old Kambojika" .
H. W. Bailey: The Kamuias of Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions have been traced to the Kambojas of Sanskrit and Pali texts .
Dr Moti Chandra: Kamuia (appearing in the Mathura Lion Capital) is a local name of the queen meaning the Kambojan i.e one belonging to Kamboja .
Dr K. P. Jayswal: "Dr Konow's recognition of Kamuia, occurring in Lion Capital Inscriptions of Mathura as = Kambojika is convincing" .
Dr R. K. Mukerjee: "Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions refer to names of several persons like Aiyasi Kamuia or Kambojaka, the chief queen of Rajuvula. She was the daughter of Yuvaraja Kharaosta, the heir-apparent to the position of king of kings after Moga. Kharaosta has also been addressed as Kamuio or Kambojaka. Kharaostas was son of king Moga's brother Arta, as is clear from his own coins " .
Dr K. A. Nilakanta Sastri: "According to newer view propounded by S. Konow, the name of the principal donor (in Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions) was Aiyasi Kamuia (Kambojaka, belonging to the Kambuja/Kamboja tribe) who was daughter of Yuvaraja Kharaosta, also Kambojaka and the mother of Nada Diaka (or Siaka) " .
Dr Buddha Parkash: "Along with the Sakas, the Kambojas also entered India and spread into whole of North India, especially in Panjab and Uttar Pradesh. The verses of Mahabharayta (12.105.5) composed and added around the beginning of Christian era also attest the conquest of Mathura by the Yavanas and Kambojas. There is also a reference to the Kambojas in the Lion Capitol inscriptions of Saka Satrap (Kshatrapa) Rajuvula found in Mathura .
RTAM observes: "The real name of Rajuvula's queen is Aiyasi Kamuia; where Kamuia seems to have been her family name....The Kamuia may be an adjective derived from Kamboja or old Persian Kambuja meaning 'the Kambojan'. Aiyasi Kamuia was the daughter of Kharaosta and mother of Nadadiaka. The name Nadadiaka is Iranian" .
Dr Chandra Chakraberty: "The Kambujas appear as Kamuias in Lion Capital inscriptions of Mathura, and are now the Kambohs of NW Punjab. They were branch of the Scythian Kambysenas of ancient Armenia, to west of Caspian sea". . Also cf: "The kambojas were a clan of the Sakas-Kamuias (cf: Iranian Kambujiya-Kambyses)-the Kambohs of north-western Punjab" .
Journal of Indian History records: "Yuavaraja Kharosta (of the Mathura Lion Capital) is evidently identified with Kharaosta known from the coins. He is designated as Kamuia which can very well be Prakrit for Kambojika (i.e. Kamboja). ...Prof Levi has given good reasons to identify Kamboja with Kapisa i.e with trhe country the Chinese called Ki-pin" .
JRAS 1990 records: It has not, however, proved possible to interpret title of yuvaraja attached to Kharaosta in a satisfactory way, for the person entitled to be styled yuvaraja in the province of the Mahaksatrpa Rajuvula would naturally be his son Sodasa. It is a priori likely that the yuvaraja was something more than the heir of the Mahaksatrapa. It is however possible to explain Kamuia as corresponding to Sanskrit Kambojika, and at all events, it seems clear that Rajuvula’s chief queen was a Kamuia just as was the case with Kharaosta. Such designations are naturally inherited from the father and not the mother. Therefore, yuvaraja Kharaosta was father and not the son of chief queen Aiyasi Kamuia .
Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute: Kamuia has been restored as Kambojika, a lady of the Kamboja country .
Our Heritage: The name Kamuia is an adjective of Kamboja and should be stated as belonging to Kamboja or Kambojas .
In addition, there are numerous other scholars who also accept the equivalence between the Kamuia of Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions and the Sanskrit Kamboja or Pali Kambojika .
Ptolemian Komoi
Komoi is the name of a people living to the north of Bactria . This probably referred to the Kamboj people living in the Doab of rivers Oxus and Jaxartes in Central Asia. It is very important to note that with reference to the location of Kambojas, the ancient commentator on Bana Bhatta's seventh century creation, Harsha-Carita, also remarks: Kambojah Bahlika-desajaha i.e the Kambojas originate in Bahlika Desa (Bactria) .
Modern Kamo or Kamoi
In modern times, sometimes, the standard ancient term Kamboja is also found written/spoken in its highly prakrtised/vulgo form as Kamo or Kamoi, especially among the illiterate circles of Panjab population.
See also
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