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Kaluga is a city in western Russia, located on the Oka River
Oka River

Oka is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol Oblast, Tula Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Ryazan Oblast, Vladimir Oblast and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as to the town of Kaluga....
 188 km southwest of Moscow. It is the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast
Kaluga Oblast

Kaluga Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kaluga....
. Population: It is served by Kaluga Grabtsevo Airport.

ga was founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Muscovy. It was first mentioned by its present name in 1371. In the Middle Ages, Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky.






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Kaluga is a city in western Russia, located on the Oka River
Oka River

Oka is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol Oblast, Tula Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Ryazan Oblast, Vladimir Oblast and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as to the town of Kaluga....
 188 km southwest of Moscow. It is the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast
Kaluga Oblast

Kaluga Oblast is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kaluga....
. Population: It is served by Kaluga Grabtsevo Airport.

History

Kaluga was founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Muscovy. It was first mentioned by its present name in 1371. In the Middle Ages, Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky. The ancestral home
Vorotynsk

Vorotynsk was one of the Upper Oka towns and seat of the mediaeval Princes Vorotynsky. It was first mentioned in the Hypatian Codex under the year 1155....
 of these princes is located south-west from the modern city.

Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and the ancient roadway (E105
European route E105

The E 105 is part of the International E-road network, which is a series of main roads in Europe.The E 105 starts from Kirkenes, Norway and runs along the Russian route M18, Russian route M10, Russian route M2 and Ukrainian route M18 to Yalta, Ukraine....
 International highway
International E-road network

The international E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. The network is numbered from E 1 up and its roads cross national borders....
) which is known as the Kaluga road. This road was the favoured escape route from the Moscow trap for Napoleon in the fall of 1812. But General Kutuzov
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov was the Russian Field Marshal who defeated the Napoleon I of France Grande Arm?e during Napoleon's French invasion of Russia of Russia of 1812, the decisive turning point of the Napoleonic Wars....
 repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the old Smolensk road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia.

Kaluga was occupied by the Nazi
Nazism

Nazism, officially National Socialism , refers to the ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Workers? Party under Adolf Hitler, and the policies adopted by the dictatorial government of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945....
 armies in 1941.

Kaluga is known for its most famous resident, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was an Imperial Russian and Soviet Union rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautics. He is considered by many as a father of theoretical astronautics....
, a rocket science pioneer who worked here as a school teacher. There is a museum in Kaluga dedicated to his theoretical achievements and their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's coat of arms: "The Cradle of Space Exploration".

Economy

In recent years Kaluga has become one of the centers of the Russian automotive industry, with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area.

In May 2007, Volkswagen
Volkswagen

Volkswagen Passenger Cars, also known as VW, is an automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Germany and is the original as well as the largest brand by sales volume within the Volkswagen Group....
 announced a new assembly plant in Kaluga, to be finished by 2009. It is expected that the investment will surpass 370 million Euro. The plant will begin assembly of the Skoda Octavia in 2008, and by 2009 production will begin with the models Passat, Touareg and Polo. At its peak, the VW Kaluga plant is planned to produce 115,000 vehicles per year.

On October 15, 2007, the Volvo Group broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, scheduled to be finished in early 2009. Once completed the plant is expected to have yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 Renault trucks.

On December 12, 2007, PSA Peugeot Citroën
PSA Peugeot Citroën

PSA Peugeot Citro?n is a France automobile and motorcycle automobile manufacturer; these are sold under the Peugeot and Citro?n marques. The PSA Peugeot Citro?n is owned by Peugeot S.A....
 announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga, scheduled to be finished in 2010. The plant is slated to produce midsize passenger vehicles.

On December 28, 2007, Mitsubishi Motors
Mitsubishi Motors

is the fifth largest automaker in Japan and the fifteenth largest in the world by global unit sales. It is part of the Mitsubishi keiretsu, formerly the biggest industrial group in Japan, and was formed in 1970 from the automotive division of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries....
 announced its intent to build an assembly plan in Kaluga with the initial annual production capacity of 50,000 cars.

Notable people

  • Aleksandr Amfiteatrov
    Aleksandr Amfiteatrov

    Aleksandr Valentinovich Amfiteatrov was a Russian writer and historian.Born a priest's son in Kaluga, he was trained as a lawyer but became a journalist and popular novelist....
  • Yuri Averbakh
    Yuri Averbakh

    Yuri Lvovich Averbakh is a Russian chess player and author. His father was Germany Jewish, and his ancestors came from Germany and were named Auerbach, meaning "meadow brook." His mother was Russian....
  • Mykola Azarov
    Mykola Azarov

    Mykola Azarov is a former First Vice Prime Minister, Finance Minister of Ukraine. He served in this position in 2002 ? 2005 and 2006 as well he was acting prime minister of that country for two short periods in late 2004 and early 2005....
  • Alexander Chizhevsky
    Alexander Chizhevsky

    Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, February 7 , 1897 ? December 20, 1964 was a Belarusians interdisciplinary scientist variously described as physiologist, biophysicist and cycles researcher....
  • David Edelstadt
    David Edelstadt

    David Edelstadt was a Jewish-Russian-United States anarchism poet of Yiddish language....
  • Jonah of Manchuria
    Jonah of Manchuria

    Jonah , Bishop of Hankou , was a diocese bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia who served in Northern China in the years immediately following the October Revolution....
  • Andrei Kalaychev
    Andrei Kalaychev

    Andrei Sergeyevich Kalaychev is a retired Soviet Union and Russian football player....
  • Vadim Kosmatschof
    Vadim Kosmatschof

    Vadim Kosmatschof is a sculpture and Painting. He immigrated to Germany in 1979 and has since lived and worked in Wiesbaden. Specializing in monumental sculpture, his work is publicly displayed in a number of large European cities....
     (born in 1938 in Kaluga), sculptor and painter
    Painting

    Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface . In art, the term describes both the act and the result, which is called a painting....
  • Mikhail Linge
    Mikhail Linge

    Mikhail Innokentyevich Linge was a gold medalist in the men's 4x400 m relay at the 1980 Summer Olympics for the Soviet Union....
  • Nikolai Rakov
    Nikolai Rakov

    Nikolai Petrovich Rakov was a Russian composer....
  • Imam Shamil
    Imam Shamil

    Imam Shamil was an Caucasian Avars political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus. He was a leader of anti-Russian Empire resistance in the Caucasian War and was the third Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya ....
  • Nikolay Skvortsov
    Nikolay Skvortsov (swimmer)

    Nikolay Valeryevich Skvortsov is a butterfly swimming swimmer from Russia, who won a silver and a bronze medal at the European LC Championships 2004 in Madrid, Spain....
    , swimmer
  • Yuliya Tabakova
    Yuliya Tabakova

    Yuliya Gennadiyevna Tabakova , is a Russian track and field sprint athlete, competing internationally for Russia.She has won the silver medal in the Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Women's 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece....
  • Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
    Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

    Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was an Imperial Russian and Soviet Union rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautics. He is considered by many as a father of theoretical astronautics....
  • Georgy Zhukov
    Georgy Zhukov

    Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov, Order of the Bath was a Soviet Union military commander who, in the course of World War II, played an important role in leading the Red Army to liberate the Soviet Union from the Axis Powers' occupation, to advance through much of Eastern Europe, and to conquer Nazi Germany's capita...
  • Olesya Zykina
    Olesya Zykina

    Olesya Nikolaevna Zykina is a Russian athlete who mainly competes in the 400 metres. In addition to winning medals in individual contests, she has been a very successful relay race runner, winning the silver medal at the Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Women's 4 x 400 metres relay....
  • Valery Kobelev
    Valery Kobelev

    Valery Kobelev is a Russian ski jumping from Kaluga....
    , Ski jumper.


Sister cities

  • Lahti
    Lahti

    Lahti is a List of cities and towns in Finland and Municipalities of Finland in Finland.It is the capital of the P?ij?nne Tavastia located in the province of Southern Finland....
    , Finland
    Finland

    Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
    .
  • Suhl
    Suhl

    Suhl is a town in Thuringia, Germany. Its population in 2003 was 43,610....
    , Germany
    Germany

    Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
    .
  • Tiraspol
    Tiraspol

    Tiraspol is the second largest city in Moldova and is the capital and administrative centre of the de facto independent Transnistria . The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester....
    , Transnistria
    Transnistria

    Transnistria, also known as Trans-Dniester, Transdniestria, and Pridnestrovie is a disputed region in southeast Europe. Since its declaration of independence in 1990, followed by the War of Transnistria in 1992, it is governed by the Unrecognized states Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic , which claims the left bank...
    .


See also



External links

  • , official website in English