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Julio Cortázar, born Jules Florencio Cortázar (August 26, 1914 – February 12, 1984) was an Argentine
Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city....
 author of novel
Novel

File:2009 stapelweise Neuerscheinungen im Buchladen.JPGA novel is today a long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern Romance and in the tradition of the novella....
s and short stories
Short story

The short story refers to a work of fiction that is usually written in prose, usually in narrative format. This format or medium tends to be more pointed than longer works of fiction, such as novellas and novels or books....
. He influenced an entire generation of Latin American writers from Mexico to Argentina, but most of his best-known work was written in France, where he established himself in 1951.

ázar was born in Bruxelles-Brussels
Brussels

Brussels , officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is the de facto capital city of the European Union and the largest urban area in Belgium....
, Belgium
Belgium

* A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
 on August 26, 1914 a few days after the invasion of Belgium by Germany at the start of World War I.






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Julio Cortázar, born Jules Florencio Cortázar (August 26, 1914 – February 12, 1984) was an Argentine
Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city....
 author of novel
Novel

File:2009 stapelweise Neuerscheinungen im Buchladen.JPGA novel is today a long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern Romance and in the tradition of the novella....
s and short stories
Short story

The short story refers to a work of fiction that is usually written in prose, usually in narrative format. This format or medium tends to be more pointed than longer works of fiction, such as novellas and novels or books....
. He influenced an entire generation of Latin American writers from Mexico to Argentina, but most of his best-known work was written in France, where he established himself in 1951.

Early life

Cortázar was born in Bruxelles-Brussels
Brussels

Brussels , officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is the de facto capital city of the European Union and the largest urban area in Belgium....
, Belgium
Belgium

* A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
 on August 26, 1914 a few days after the invasion of Belgium by Germany at the start of World War I. His father, Julio José Cortázar, was the European commercial representative for the family of his wife, María Herminia Descotte, and the couple had arrived in Belgium in 1913.. As Cortázar himself put it, his "birth was a product of tourism and diplomacy."

Soon after the child's birth the family traveled via Frankfurt
Frankfurt

is the largest city in the German States of Germany of Hesse and the List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants in Germany, with a 2008 population of 670,000....
 to Zürich
Zürich

Z?rich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Z?rich. The city is Switzerland's main commercial and cultural centre and sometimes called the Cultural Capital of Switzerland, the political capital of Switzerland being Berne....
, where they were reunited with María Herminia's parents: Victoria Gabel, who was a German citizen, and her lover, Descotte, who was a French citizen at a time when Frenchmen were not welcome in Belgium. The family spent two years in Switzerland, spent a short time in Barcelona
Barcelona

Barcelona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous communities of Spain of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, with a population of 1,615,908 in 2008, while the population of the Metropolitan Area was 3,161,081....
 towards the end of the war, and then returned to Argentina.

By then, however, Julio José Cortázar and María Herminia Descotte had split up. Cortázar spent the rest of his childhood in Banfield
Banfield (village)

Banfield is a city in the Lomas de Zamora Partido of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, 14 km south of the centre of Buenos Aires. It forms part of the Greater Buenos Aires urban conurbation....
, near Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is located on the southern shore of the R?o de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent....
, with his mother and his only sister, who was one year younger. He never saw his father again. His childhood home, with its backyard, was a source of inspiration for some of his stories. Despite this, he wrote a letter to Graciela M. de Solá (December 4, 1963) describing this period of his life as "full of servitude, excessive touchiness, terrible and frequent sadness." He was a sickly child and spent much of his childhood in bed reading. His mother selected what he read, introducing her son most notably to the works of Jules Verne
Jules Verne

Jules Gabriel Verne was a France author who helped pioneer the science fiction genre. He is best known for his novels Journey to the Center of the Earth , From the Earth to the Moon , Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea , and Around the World in Eighty Days ....
, whom Cortázar admired for the rest of his life. In the magazine Plural (issue 44, Mexico City, May 1975) he wrote: "I spent my childhood in a haze full of goblins and elfs, with a sense of space and time that was different from everybody else's."

Education and teaching career

Although Cortázar never completed his degree in philosophy and languages at the University of Buenos Aires
University of Buenos Aires

The University of Buenos Aires is the largest university in Argentina and the World's largest universities in Latin America, surpassing both the National Autonomous University of Mexico of Mexico and the Universidade Est?cio de S? of Brazil....
, he taught in several provincial secondary school
Secondary school

Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling, known as secondary education, takes place....
s. In 1938 he published a volume of sonnet
Sonnet

The sonnet is one of the Poetry that can be found in lyric poetry from Europe.The term "sonnet" derives from the Occitan word sonet and the Italian language word sonetto, both meaning "little song"....
s under the pseudonym Julio Denis. He later repudiated this volume. In a 1977 interview for Spanish TV he stated that publishing that book was his only transgression to the principle of not publishing any books until he was convinced that what was written in them was what he meant to say. In 1944 he became professor of French literature
French literature

French literature is, generally speaking, literature written in the French language, particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak other traditional languages of France....
 at the National University of Cuyo
National University of Cuyo

The National University of Cuyo is the largest center of higher education in the provinces of Argentina of Mendoza Province, Argentina. As of 2005, the university has 12 academic schools located in the city of Mendoza, Argentina and a delegation in the city of San Rafael, Mendoza , in addition to the Balseiro Institute located in the c...
. In 1949 he published a play, Los Reyes (The Kings), based on the myth of Theseus
Theseus

For other uses, see Theseus Theseus was a legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra , and fathered by Aegeus and Poseidon, with whom Aethra lay in one night....
 and the Minotaur
Minotaur

In Greek mythology, the Minotaur was a creature that was part man and part Bull . It dwelt at the center of the Labyrinth, which was an elaborate maze-like construction built for King Minos of Crete and designed by the architect Daedalus and his son Icarus who were ordered to build it to hold the Minotaur....
.

Years in France

In 1951, Cortázar, who was opposed to the government of Juan Domingo Perón, emigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life. From 1952 onward, he worked for UNESCO
UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on 16 November 1945....
 as a translator
Translation

Translation is the hermeneutics of the Meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an Dynamic and formal equivalence text, likewise called a "translation," that communicates the same message in another language....
. The projects he worked on included Spanish
Spanish language

Spanish or Castilian is a Romance languages that originated in northern Spain, and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile and evolved into the principal language of government and trade....
 renderings of Robinson Crusoe
Robinson Crusoe

Robinson Crusoe is a novel by Daniel Defoe. It was first published in 1719 and sometimes regarded as the first novel in English. The book is a fictional autobiography of the title character, an English castaway who spends 28 years on a remote tropical island near Venezuela, encountering Indigenous peoples of the Americas, captives, and mu...
, Marguerite Yourcenar
Marguerite Yourcenar

Marguerite Yourcenar was a French novelist. She was the first woman elected to the Acad?mie fran?aise in 1980, and the seventeenth to occupy Seat 3....
's novel Mémoires d'Hadrien, and stories by Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe was an American poet, Short story writer, Editing and Literary criticism, and is considered part of the American Romanticism. Best known for his tales of Mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the Detective fiction genre....
. He also came under the influence of the works of Alfred Jarry
Alfred Jarry

Alfred Jarry was a France writer born in Laval, Mayenne, Mayenne, France, not far from the border of Brittany; he was of Brittany descent on his mother's side....
 and the Comte de Lautréamont
Comte de Lautréamont

Comte de Lautr?amont was the pen name of Isidore Lucien Ducasse , an Uruguayan-born French poet.His only works, Les Chants de Maldoror and Po?sies, had a major influence on modern literature, particularly on the Surrealism and the Situationist International....
, and wrote most of his major works in Paris. In later years he became actively engaged in opposing abuses of human rights
Human rights

Human rights refer to the "basic rights and freedom to which all humans are entitled." Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of speech, and equality before the law; and social, cultural and economic rights, i...
 in Latin America
Latin America

Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages ? particularly Spanish language and Portuguese language, and variably French language ? are primarily spoken....
, and was a supporter of the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua
Nicaragua

Nicaragua officially the Republic of Nicaragua , is a representative democracy republic. It is the largest state in Central America with an area of 130,000 km2, about the size of the state of New York....
.

Cortázar was married three times, to Aurora Bernárdez
Aurora Bernárdez

Aurora Bern?rdez was a writer and translator married to Julio Cort?zar from 1953 until 1967. She collaborated with Julio during the pre-production process for some of his future translations while preserving a good relationship with the author until his demise....
, to Ugne Karvelis
Ugne Karvelis

Ugne Karvelis was a writer, a translator and a member of the UNESCO Executive Board from 1997 to 2002....
, and finally to Carol Dunlop
Carol Dunlop

Carol Dunlop was a writer and photographer from Canada, who married and traveled with Julio Cort?zar.Dunlop accompanied Cortazar to numerous destinations including Poland, where she participated in a congress of solidarity with Chile....
. He died in Paris in 1984 and is interred in the Cimetičre de Montparnasse, next to Carol Dunlop.

Work and legacy

Cortázar wrote numerous short stories, collected in such volumes as Bestiario
Bestiario

Bestiario is a book of 8 short story written by Julio Cort?zar....
 (1951), Final del juego
Final del juego

Final del juego is a game book of 18 short story written by Julio Cort?zar. It is divided in three levels of difficulty.StoriesI...
 (1956), and Las armas secretas
Las armas secretas

Las armas secretas is a book of 5 short story written by Julio Cort?zar....
 (1959). English translations by Paul Blackburn
Paul Blackburn (U.S. poet)

Paul Blackburn was an American poet. He influenced contemporary literature through his poetry, translations and the encouragement and support he offered to fellow poets....
 of stories selected from these volumes were published Blow-Up and Other Stories
Blow-up and Other Stories

Blow-Up and Other Stories is a collection of short stories, written by Argentinian author Julio Cort?zar. The collection including the tale House Taken Over....
 (1967). The title of this collection refers to Michelangelo Antonioni
Michelangelo Antonioni

Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian orders of merit was an Italian people modernist film director....
's film Blowup
Blowup

Blowup is a 1966 in film British-Italian art film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and was that director's first English language film. It tells the story of a photographer's involvement with a murder case....
 (1967), which was inspired by Cortázar's story Las Babas del Diablo (literally, "The Droolings of the Devil"). Cortázar's story "La Autopista del Sur" ("The Southern Thruway") influenced another film of the 1960s, Jean-Luc Godard
Jean-Luc Godard

Jean-Luc Godard is a French and Swiss filmmaker and one of the founding members of the Nouvelle Vague, or "French New Wave".Godard was born to French people-Swiss parents in Paris....
's Week End
Week End

Le weekend is a black comedy film written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard and starring Mireille Darc and Jean Yanne, both of whom were mainstream French TV stars....
 (1967). Another notable story, "El Perseguidor" ("The Pursuer"), was based on the life of the jazz
Jazz

Jazz is a primarily American musical art form which originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions....
 musician Charlie Parker
Charlie Parker

Charles Parker, Jr. was an American jazz saxophonist and composer.Parker is widely considered one of the most influential of jazz musicians, along with Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington....
.

Cortázar also published several novels, including Los premios (The Winners, 1960), Hopscotch (Rayuela, 1963), 62: A Model Kit
62: A Model Kit

62: A Model Kit is a novel by Julio Cort?zar published on 1968. The book is a literary experiment that ranks among the most important novels written in Spanish in the 20th century....
  (62 Modelo para Armar, 1968), and Libro de Manuel
Libro de Manuel

Libro de Manuel is a famous book by Julio Cort?zar published on 1973....
 (A Manual for Manuel, 1973). These have been translated into English by Gregory Rabassa
Gregory Rabassa

Gregory Rabassa is a renowned literature Translation from Spanish language and Portuguese language to English language who currently teaches at Queens College....
. The open-ended structure of Hopscotch, which invites the reader to choose between a linear and a non-linear mode of reading, has been praised by other Latin American writers, including José Lezama Lima
José Lezama Lima

Jos? Lezama Lima was a Cuban writer and poet who is considered one of the most influential figures in Latin American literature.Born in the Columbia Military Encampment close to Havana in the city of Marianao where his father was a colonel, Lezama lived through the most turbulent times of Cuba's history, fighting first against the Gerardo...
, Carlos Fuentes
Carlos Fuentes

Carlos Fuentes Mac?as is a Mexican writer and one of the best-known living novelists and essayists in the Spanish-speaking world. Fuentes has influenced contemporary Latin American literature, and his works have been widely translated into English and other languages....
, Gabriel García Márquez
Gabriel García Márquez

Gabriel Jos? de la Concordia Garc?a M?rquez is a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter and journalist. Garc?a M?rquez, familiarly known as "Gabo" in his native country, is considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century....
, and Mario Vargas Llosa
Mario Vargas Llosa

Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa is a Peruvian writer, politician, journalist, and essayist. Vargas Llosa is one of Latin America's most significant novelists and essayists, and one of the leading authors of his generation....
. Cortázar's use of interior monologue and stream of consciousness owes much to James Joyce
James Joyce

James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Ireland expatriate author of the 20th century. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake , as well as the short story collection Dubliners and the semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ....
 and other modernists, but his main influences were Surrealism
Surrealism

Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members....
, the French Nouveau roman
Nouveau roman

The nouveau roman is a type of 1950s French novel that diverged from classical literary genres. ?mile Henriot coined the title in an article in the popular French newspaper Le Monde on May 22, 1957 to describe certain writers who experimental novel with style in each novel, creating an essentially new style each time....
 and the improvisatory aesthetic of jazz. Cortázar also mentions Lawrence Durrell
Lawrence Durrell

Lawrence George Durrell was an expatriate British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel writer, though he resisted affiliation with UK and preferred to be considered World citizen....
's The Alexandria Quartet
The Alexandria Quartet

The Alexandria Quartet is a tetralogy of novels by United Kingdom writer Lawrence Durrell, published between 1957 and 1960. A critical and commercial success, the books present four perspectives on a single set of events and characters in Alexandria, Egypt, before and during World War II....
 several times in Hopscotch.. His first wife, Aurora Bernárdez, was translating Durrell into Spanish while Cortázar was writing the novel.

Cortázar also published poetry
Poetry

Poetry is a form of literature art in which language is used for its aesthetics and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning ....
, drama
Drama

Drama is the specific Mode of fiction Mimesis in performance. The term comes from a Ancient Greek word meaning "Action " , which is derived from "to do" ....
, and various works of non-fiction
Non-fiction

Non-fiction is an document or representation of a subject which is presented as fact. This presentation may be accurate or not; that is, it can give either a true or a false account of the subject in question....
. He also translated Edgar Allan Poe's 1838 novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket into Spanish as Narracion de Arthur Gordon Pym. One of his last works was a collaboration with his third wife, Carol Dunlop, The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute
Los autonautas de la cosmopista

Los autonautas de la cosmopista is a book written by Julio Cort?zar in collaboration with Carol Dunlop two years before Julio's death. It narrates the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to Marseille during the months of May and June 1982....
, which relates, partly in mock-heroic style, the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to Marseille
Marseille

"Marseille" is the second-largest city of France and forms the third-largest aire urbaine, after those of Paris and Lyon, with a population recorded to be 1,516,340 at the 1999 census and estimated to be 1,605,000 in 2007....
 in a Volkswagen
Volkswagen

Volkswagen Passenger Cars, also known as VW, is an automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Germany and is the original as well as the largest brand by sales volume within the Volkswagen Group....
 camper nicknamed Fafner
FAFNER

Factoring via Network-Enabled Recursion was a 1995 project trying to solve the RSA-130 factoring problem.It was an internet-based sieving effort from Cooperating Systems Corporation....
.

In 2007 Bertrand Delanoë
Bertrand Delanoë

Bertrand Delano? is a French politician, and has been the Paris mayors of Paris since 2001. He is from the Socialist Party . He is considered to be a potential candidate for President of the French Republic in 2012....
, the Mayor of Paris, formally named a small square on the Île Saint-Louis
Île Saint-Louis

The ?le Saint-Louis is one of two natural islands in the Seine river, in Paris, France . The island is named after King Louis IX of France .The island is connected to the rest of Paris by bridges to both banks of the river and by the Pont Saint Louis to the ?le de la Cit?....
 in honor of Julio Cortázar.

Notable works

  • Presencia (1938)
  • Los reyes (1949)
  • El examen (1950, first published in 1985)
  • Bestiario
    Bestiario

    Bestiario is a book of 8 short story written by Julio Cort?zar....
     (1951)
  • Final del juego
    Final del juego

    Final del juego is a game book of 18 short story written by Julio Cort?zar. It is divided in three levels of difficulty.StoriesI...
     (1956)
  • Las armas secretas
    Las armas secretas

    Las armas secretas is a book of 5 short story written by Julio Cort?zar....
     (1959)
  • Los premios (The Winners) (1960)
  • Historias de cronopios y de famas
    Historias de cronopios y de famas

    Historias de cronopios y de famas is a short story anthology by Argentine author Julio Cort?zar. It was published in 1962....
     (1962)
  • Rayuela (Hopscotch) (1963)
  • Todos los fuegos el fuego
    Todos los fuegos el fuego

    Todos los fuegos el fuego is a book of 8 short story written by Julio Cort?zar....
     (1966)
  • Blow-up and Other Stories
    Blow-up and Other Stories

    Blow-Up and Other Stories is a collection of short stories, written by Argentinian author Julio Cort?zar. The collection including the tale House Taken Over....
     (1968)
Originally published as End of the Game and Other Stories in 1967
A compilation of stories translated into English from the books Final del juego
Final del juego

Final del juego is a game book of 18 short story written by Julio Cort?zar. It is divided in three levels of difficulty.StoriesI...
 and Las armas secretas
Las armas secretas

Las armas secretas is a book of 5 short story written by Julio Cort?zar....
  • Around the Day in Eighty Worlds (La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos) (1967)
    Around the Day in Eighty Worlds

    'La Vuelta al D?a en Ochenta Mundos' is a book by Julio Cort?zar released and published in two separate volumes in 1967 . It pays homage to Julio's biggest literary influences while narrating new developments in the world of music during the 1960s, modern art and some of the events in regard to America's expanding involvement in other...
  • 62: A Model Kit (62, modelo para armar) (1968)
    62: A Model Kit

    62: A Model Kit is a novel by Julio Cort?zar published on 1968. The book is a literary experiment that ranks among the most important novels written in Spanish in the 20th century....
  • Last Round (Último Round) (1969)
    Último round

    ?ltimo round is a book by Julio Cort?zar published in 1969 after the release of 62: A Model Kit in 1968. It's the second part to Around the Day in Eighty Worlds, the book that was released in 1967 in conjunction to Hopscotch s winning translation into English....
  • Prosa del Observatorio
    Prosa del Observatorio

    Prosa del Observatorio is a poetry book by Julio Cort?zar published on 1972....
     (1972)
  • Libro de Manuel
    Libro de Manuel

    Libro de Manuel is a famous book by Julio Cort?zar published on 1973....
     (1973)
  • Octaedro
    Octaedro

    Octaedro is a book by Julio Cort?zar published in 1974 after the release of Libro de Manuel in 1973. The book pops up before the controversy of Libro de Manuel which synthetizes politics and social narration into a new prodigious genre....
     (1974)
  • Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales
    Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales

    Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales is a novel by Julio Cort?zar published in 1975.The book gimmicks film noir-style comic book stories with steampunk speculative fiction to expound the evils of multinational corporations....
     (1975)
  • Alguien anda por ahí (1977)
  • Territorios (1978)
  • Un tal Lucas (1979)
  • Queremos tanto a Glenda (1980)
  • Deshoras (1982)
  • Los autonautas de la cosmopista
    Los autonautas de la cosmopista

    Los autonautas de la cosmopista is a book written by Julio Cort?zar in collaboration with Carol Dunlop two years before Julio's death. It narrates the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to Marseille during the months of May and June 1982....
     (1983)
  • Nicaragua tan violentamente dulce (1983)
  • Divertimento (1986)
  • Diario de Andrés Fava (1995)
  • Adiós Robinson (1995)
  • Save Twilight (1997)
  • Cartas (three volumes) (2000)
  • Autonauts of the Cosmoroute (2008)


See also

  • Postmodern literature
    Postmodern literature

    The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature. It is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period and a reaction against Age of Enlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature....
  • Nouveau Réalisme
  • Cronopio
    Cronopio

    A cronopio is a type of fictional person appearing in works by Argentina writer Julio Cort?zar . Together with famas and esperanzas, cronopios are the subject of several short story in his 1962 book Historias de cronopios y de famas, and Cortazar continued to write about cronopios, famas, and esperanzas in other texts through t...
  • Jazz
    Jazz

    Jazz is a primarily American musical art form which originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions....
  • Speculative fiction
    Speculative fiction

    Speculative fiction is a term used as an inclusive descriptor covering a group of fiction genres that speculate about worlds that are unlike the real world in various important ways....
  • Dada
    Dada

    Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Z?rich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature?poetry, art manifestoes, aesthetics?theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art...
  • Downtown music
    Downtown music

    Downtown music is a subdivision of American music, closely related experimental music. The scene the term describes began in 1960, when Yoko Ono ? one of the Fluxus artists, at that time still seven years away from meeting John Lennon ? opened her loft at 112 Chambers Street to be used as a noise music performance space for a series curated...
  • UNESCO
    UNESCO

    United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on 16 November 1945....
  • Henry Miller
    Henry Miller

    Henry Valentine Miller was an United States novelist and Painting. He was known for breaking with existing literary forms and developing a new sort of 'novel' that is a mixture of novel, autobiography, social criticism, philosophical reflection, surrealist free association, and mysticism, one that is distinctly always about and expressive of...
  • French New Wave
    French New Wave

    The New Wave was a blanket term coined by critics for a group of Cinema of France of the late 1950s and 1960s, influenced by Italian Neorealism and classical Hollywood cinema....
  • Avantgarde
  • Jean-Luc Godard
    Jean-Luc Godard

    Jean-Luc Godard is a French and Swiss filmmaker and one of the founding members of the Nouvelle Vague, or "French New Wave".Godard was born to French people-Swiss parents in Paris....
  • Octavio Paz
    Octavio Paz

    Octavio Paz Lozano was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomacy, and the winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize for Literature....
  • Kabbalah
    Kabbalah

    Kabbalah is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mysticism aspect of Judaism. It is a set of esoteric teachings that are meant to explain the relationship between an infinite, eternal and essentially unknowable Creator deity with the finite and mortal universe of His creation....
  • Jorge Luis Borges
    Jorge Luis Borges

    Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges was an Argentina writer born in Buenos Aires. He was brought up bilingual in Spanish and English. In 1914, his family moved to Switzerland where he attended school, then traveled around Spain....
  • Buddhism
    Buddhism

    Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religionand is based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" , who was born in what is today Nepal....
  • Thomas Pynchon
    Thomas Pynchon

    Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Jr. is an American literature based in New York City, noted for his dense and complex works of fiction. Hailing from Long Island, Pynchon spent two years in the United States Navy and earned an English studies degree from Cornell University....
  • André Breton
    André Breton

    Andr? Breton was a French writer, poet, and surrealist theorist, and is best known as the main founder of surrealism. His writings include the Surrealist Manifesto of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as pure psychic automatism....
  • Magical Realism
  • Juan Rulfo
    Juan Rulfo

    Juan Rulfo was a Mexico author and photographer. One of Latin America's most esteemed authors, Rulfo's reputation rests on two slim books, the novel Pedro P?ramo , and Le Llano en Flammes , a collection of short stories that includes his admired tale "?Diles que no me maten!" ....


Further reading


English
  • Julio Cortázar (Modern Critical Views) / Bloom, Harold., 2005
  • Mothers, lovers, and others : the short stories of Julio Cortázar / Schmidt-Cruz, Cynthia., 2004
  • Julio Cortázar (Bloom's Major Short Story Writers) / Bloom, Harold., 2004
  • Understanding Julio Cortázar / Standish, Peter., 2001
  • Questions of the liminal in the fiction of Julio Cortázar / Moran, Dominic., 2000
  • Critical essays on Julio Cortázar / Alazraki, Jaime., 1999
  • Julio Cortázar : new readings / Alonso, Carlos J., 1998
  • Julio Cortázar : a study of the short fiction / Stavans, Ilan., 1996
  • The politics of style in the fiction of Balzac, Beckett, and Cortázar / Axelrod, Mark., 1992
  • The contemporary praxis of the fantastic : Borges and Cortázar / Rodríguez-Luis, Julio., 1991
  • Julio Cortázar's character mosaic : reading the longer fiction / Yovanovich, Gordana., 1991
  • Julio Cortázar (Twayne World Authors Series) / Peavler, Terry., 1990
  • Julio Cortázar : life, work and criticism / Carter, E. Dale., 1986
  • The novels of Julio Cortázar / Boldy, Steven., 1980


Spanish
  • Discurso del Oso / children's book illustrated by Emilio Urberuaga, Libros del Zorro Rojo, 2008
  • Imagen de Julio Cortázar / Claudio Eduardo Martyniuk., 2004
  • Julio Cortázar desde tres perspectivas / Luisa Valenzuela., 2002
  • Otra flor amarilla : antología : homenaje a Julio Cortázar / Universidad de Guadalajara., 2002
  • Julio Cortázar / Cristina Peri Rossi., 2001
  • Julio Cortázar / Alberto Cousté., 2001
  • La mirada recíproca : estudios sobre los últimos cuentos de Julio Cortázar / Peter Fröhlicher., 1995
  • Hacia Cortázar : aproximaciones a su obra / Jaime Alazraki., 1994
  • Julio Cortázar : mundos y modos / Saúl Yurkiévich., 1994
  • Tiempo sagrado y tiempo profano en Borges y Cortázar / Zheyla Henriksen., 1992
  • Cortázar : el romántico en su observatorio / Rosario Ferré., 1991
  • Lo neofantástico en Julio Cortázar / Julia G Cruz., 1988
  • Los Ochenta mundos de Cortázar : ensayos / Fernando Burgos., 1987
  • En busca del unicornio : los cuentos de Julio Cortázar / Jaime Alazraki., 1983
  • Teoría y práctica del cuento en los relatos de Cortázar / Carmen de Mora Valcárcel., 1982
  • Julio Cortázar / Pedro Lastra., 1981
  • Cortázar : metafísica y erotismo / Antonio Planells., 1979
  • Es Julio Cortázar un surrealista? / Evelyn Picon Garfield., 1975
  • Estudios sobre los cuentos de Julio Cortázar / David Lagmanovich., 1975
  • Cortázar y Carpentier / Mercedes Rein., 1974
  • Los mundos de Julio Cortázar / Malva E Filer., 1970


External links