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Juan Bautista de Toledo

 
Juan Bautista De Toledo

 
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Juan Bautista de Toledo. Spanish architect educated in Italy, in the Italian High Renaissance. As many Italian renaissance architects, he had experience in both architecture
Architecture

The term architecture can refer to a process, a profession or documentation.As a process, architecture is the activity of designing and construction buildings and other physical structures by a person or a computer, primarily to provide shelter....
 and military and civil public works
Public works

Public works are the construction or engineering projects carried out by the state on behalf of the community....
. Born, either in Toledo
Toledo, Spain

Toledo is a city and municipality located in central Spain, 70 km south of Madrid. It is the capital city of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous communities of Spain of Castile-La Mancha....
 or in Madrid
Madrid

Madrid is the Capital and largest city of Spain. It is the Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits in the European Union after Greater London and Berlin, and its Madrid metropolitan area is the Largest urban areas of the European Union in the European Union after Paris aire urbaine, Greater London Urban Area, a...
 around 1515.






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Juan Bautista de Toledo. Spanish architect educated in Italy, in the Italian High Renaissance. As many Italian renaissance architects, he had experience in both architecture
Architecture

The term architecture can refer to a process, a profession or documentation.As a process, architecture is the activity of designing and construction buildings and other physical structures by a person or a computer, primarily to provide shelter....
 and military and civil public works
Public works

Public works are the construction or engineering projects carried out by the state on behalf of the community....
. Born, either in Toledo
Toledo, Spain

Toledo is a city and municipality located in central Spain, 70 km south of Madrid. It is the capital city of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous communities of Spain of Castile-La Mancha....
 or in Madrid
Madrid

Madrid is the Capital and largest city of Spain. It is the Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits in the European Union after Greater London and Berlin, and its Madrid metropolitan area is the Largest urban areas of the European Union in the European Union after Paris aire urbaine, Greater London Urban Area, a...
 around 1515. Died May 19, 1567 in Madrid. He was buried in Madrid, in the chorus of the primitive “Convento de Santo Tomás, Iglesia de la Santga Cruz”.

Perhaps he started his carrier in architecture in Rome, between 1534 and 1541, working for Michelangelo
Michelangelo

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni , commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance Painting, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer....
 and Pope Paul III
Pope Paul III

Pope Paul III , born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1534 to his death in 1549. He also called the Council of Trent in 1545....
 (Alessandro Farnese), completing the facade and courtyard of Palazzo Farnese. Then, possibly, he continues his training in the construction site of St. Peter's, under the direction of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger

Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, born Antonio Cordiani was an Italy architect active during the Italian Renaissance....
. Another hypothesis is that he worked for Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger

Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, born Antonio Cordiani was an Italy architect active during the Italian Renaissance....
 in both Fortaleza da Basso, Florence
Florence

Florence is the Capital city of the Italy Regions of Italy of Tuscany and of the provinces of Italy Province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany and has a population of 364,779 ....
  and St. Peter’s Basilica of Rome.

Juan Bautista de Toledo, an enigmatic and puzzling personality, was known in Florence and Rome as Giovanni Battista de Alfonsis. However, in Naples and Madrid, he was identified as Juan Bautista de Toledo: both Spanish architects had the same hand writing. Perhaps, his true name was Juan Bautista de Toledo Alfonsis.

In El Escorial
El Escorial

El Escorial is an historical residence of the king of Spain. It is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery, royal palace, museum and school....
, his most significant job, on April 23, 1563, in the ceremony of the masonry stone (cornerstone
Cornerstone

The cornerstone concept is derived from the first stone set in the construction of a masonry Foundation , important since all other stones will be set in reference to this stone, thus determining the position of the entire Construction....
), Juan de Herrera
Juan de Herrera

Juan de Herrera was a Spain architect, mathematician and geometrician.One of the most outstanding Spanish architects in the 16th century, Herrera represents the peak of the Spanish Renaissance....
 wrote over the visible side of the first stone, "JOANNES BAPTISTA ARCHITECTUS MAJOR. APRILES 23". In the other sides of the first stone, the inscriptions are: in one side, "DEUS OPTIMUS MAXIMUS OPERO ASPICIAT"; and in the other side, "PHILIPUS HISPANIARUM REX A FUNDAMENTIS ERIXIR -1563": "En 23 dias del mes de abril, dia de San Jorge mártir, deste año de 1563 se puso la primera piedra del monasterio en el cimiento del reflectorio, debajo de la silla del prior, que es en la bodega, debajo del dicho reflectorio, la cual piedra es cuadrada y está escrita por todas partes, que da a entender quien es el fundador, y quien es el arquitecto y el día y año en que se pone".

On December 18 1546, pope Paul III appointed the Spaniard Joannes Baptista, Deputy
Deputy

Deputy is a rank or title, or part of a title, used in various organizations with a codified command structure. It often designates someone who is "second-in-command," and as such, may precede the name of the rank directly above it....
 Coordinator
Coordinator

Coordinator may mean:*In academics: one who administers the research and teaching activities of the other professors.*Cosmic Era human enhancements#Coordinators, genetically engineered humans from the Cosmic Era timeline of the Gundam fictional universe...
 Architect
Architect

An architect is trained and licenced in planning and designing buildings, and participates in supervising the construction of a building. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, itself derived from the Greek arkhitekton , i.e....
 for St. Peter's Basilica
St. Peter's Basilica

The Basilica of Saint Peter , officially known in Italian language as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St. Peter's Basilica, is located within the Vatican City....
 of Rome
Rome

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
: "Similis deputatio pro Joanne Bapta. Hispano". On February 26, 1947, “Michelangelo (…) informed the Florentine mason master Niccolo that he was to follow the orders of Giovanni Battista de Alfonsis, his personal choice as successor of Labacco(…)”.

Before Paul III, his patron
Patronage

Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege and often financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings or popes have provided to musicians, painters, and sculptors....
, died in 1549, on September 20, 1548, summoned by the Viceroy
Viceroy

A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roi, meaning king....
 Pedro Álvarez de Toledo
Pedro Álvarez de Toledo

Pedro ?lvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 2nd Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo was the first effective Spanish viceroy of Naples, responsible for considerable social, economic and urban change in the city and southern Italian kingdom, in general....
 Giovanni Battista de Alfonsis went to Naples
Naples

Naples is a city in southern Italy, the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. The city is known for its rich history, art, culture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,800 years old....
 to work under the name of "Juan Bautista de Toledo" in the position of "Architect of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556....
" and "Maestro Mayor de Obras Reales en el Reino de Nápoles".

In Naples
Naples

Naples is a city in southern Italy, the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. The city is known for its rich history, art, culture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,800 years old....
, he designed and rebuilt many buildings, including: the Strada di Toledo (since 1870 called Strada di Roma), the church of St. Giacomo degli Spagnuoli; the square bastions to the Castello Nuovo
Castello Nuovo

*see Castel Nuovo, for Castello Nuovo, Naples, Italy *see Brescia for Castello Nuovo, Brescia, Italy...
; a large palazzo at Posillipo
Posillipo

Posillipo is a residential quarter of Naples, along the northern coast of the Gulf of Naples; it is called Pusilleco in the Neapolitan language....
, the fortress of Sant'Elmo
Sant'Elmo

Sant'Elmo is the name of both a hill and a fortress in Naples, located near the Certosa di San Martino. Together, the structures overlook Naples and are the most visible landmarks in the city....
; and several fountains.

In 1559, he was appointed Maestro Mayor de Obras Reales (maily in Madrid
Madrid

Madrid is the Capital and largest city of Spain. It is the Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits in the European Union after Greater London and Berlin, and its Madrid metropolitan area is the Largest urban areas of the European Union in the European Union after Paris aire urbaine, Greater London Urban Area, a...
 and Toledo
Toledo

Toledo, most notably, refers to the following two cities:*Toledo, Spain, a city and municipality located in central Spain*Toledo, Ohio, a city in the U.S....
) by Philip II
Philip II of Spain

Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, List of monarchs of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England, as husband of Mary I of England, from 1554 to 1558, lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as Duke or Count; and King of Portugal as Philip I...
 and summoned back to Madrid
Madrid

Madrid is the Capital and largest city of Spain. It is the Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits in the European Union after Greater London and Berlin, and its Madrid metropolitan area is the Largest urban areas of the European Union in the European Union after Paris aire urbaine, Greater London Urban Area, a...
. His yearly salary was at first no more than 220 ducats, because Philip's policy, with his Spanish
Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
 artists at least, was to give them moderate allowances until he had tested their abilities.

He restored the Alcazar de Madrid, Alcazar de Toledo
Alcázar of Toledo

The Alc?zar of Toledo is a stone fortification located in the highest part of Toledo, Spain. Once used as a Roman palace in the 3rd century, it was restored under Alfonso VI of Castile and Alfonso X and renovated in 1535....
 and Convento de los Jerónimos de Madrid. He designed the frontage of the church de las Descalzas Reales He also performed architectural and public works in Casa de Campo
Casa de Campo

The Casa de Campo is thw largest urban park situated west of central Madrid, . It was formerly a royal hunting estate. It's area is more than 1700 hectares....
 de Madrid, Casa Real de Aceca and Palacio de Aranjuez.

In 1561, he was appointed "Arquitecto Real" responsible for the town planning of El Escorial: Monastery, El Escorial village and La Granjilla. In other words, “El Escurial (the name of El Escorial
El Escorial, Madrid

El Escorial is a municipality in the Community of Madrid, located 45 km northwest of the Spain capital Madrid. Its population in 2003 was 12,669....
 (village) in the 16th century) Monastery and Site: the inscription of El Escorial in the World Heritage List of UNESCO.

He supervised architectural and public works in El Escorial
El Escorial, Madrid

El Escorial is a municipality in the Community of Madrid, located 45 km northwest of the Spain capital Madrid. Its population in 2003 was 12,669....
 (village), the surroundings of El Escorial
El Escorial

El Escorial is an historical residence of the king of Spain. It is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery, royal palace, museum and school....
 (monastery) and La Granjilla de La Fresneda until his death in 1567. The Monastery
El Escorial

El Escorial is an historical residence of the king of Spain. It is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery, royal palace, museum and school....
 was finished by Juan de Herrera
Juan de Herrera

Juan de Herrera was a Spain architect, mathematician and geometrician.One of the most outstanding Spanish architects in the 16th century, Herrera represents the peak of the Spanish Renaissance....
 in 1584.

The main public works in the town planning of El Escorial
El Escorial, Madrid

El Escorial is a municipality in the Community of Madrid, located 45 km northwest of the Spain capital Madrid. Its population in 2003 was 12,669....
 were the Aqueduct and Ponds of La Granjilla, the Aqueduct to the Monastery and the two streets joining El Escorial (village) to the Monastery and La Granjilla. El Escorial of Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera is an example of territorial development based on exclusive aesthetic values of global significance.

Furthermore, he designed the overall outline of La Granjilla de La Fresneda. The project was finished with the collaboration of architects, Gaspar de Vega and Juan de Herrera
Juan de Herrera

Juan de Herrera was a Spain architect, mathematician and geometrician.One of the most outstanding Spanish architects in the 16th century, Herrera represents the peak of the Spanish Renaissance....
; gardener fray Marcos de Cardona; Furthermore, Dutch dams experts Petre Janson and Spond. Still to be investigated the participation of Juanelo Turriano
Juanelo Turriano

Juanelo Turriano or Gianello Torriano , also known as Giovanni Torriani , was an Italian-Spanish clock maker, engineer and mathematician....
, Hydraulic Engineer of Philip II
Philip II of Spain

Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, List of monarchs of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England, as husband of Mary I of England, from 1554 to 1558, lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as Duke or Count; and King of Portugal as Philip I...
.

See also


  • Philip II of Spain
    Philip II of Spain

    Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, List of monarchs of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England, as husband of Mary I of England, from 1554 to 1558, lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as Duke or Count; and King of Portugal as Philip I...
  • El Escorial, Madrid
    El Escorial, Madrid

    El Escorial is a municipality in the Community of Madrid, located 45 km northwest of the Spain capital Madrid. Its population in 2003 was 12,669....
  • La Granjilla de La Fresneda de El Escorial, Madrid
    Madrid

    Madrid is the Capital and largest city of Spain. It is the Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits in the European Union after Greater London and Berlin, and its Madrid metropolitan area is the Largest urban areas of the European Union in the European Union after Paris aire urbaine, Greater London Urban Area, a...
  • Juan de Herrera
    Juan de Herrera

    Juan de Herrera was a Spain architect, mathematician and geometrician.One of the most outstanding Spanish architects in the 16th century, Herrera represents the peak of the Spanish Renaissance....
  • San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid
    San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid

    San Lorenzo de El Escorial is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of Community of Madrid, near the Spain capital of Madrid. Its population in 2002 was 13,162....
  • Valle de los Caídos


External links



Bibliography

  • Los verdaderos artífices de El Escorial y el estilo indebidamente llamado Herreriano | Portabales Pichel, Amancio | Madrid 1945.


  • Maestros mayores, arquitectos y aparejadores de El Escorial | Portabales Pichel, Amancio | Madrid 1945.


  • Juan Bautista de Toledo, arquitecto segundo de la fábrica de San Pedro de Roma | Carlos Vicuña OSA, Monasterio del Escorial | 1966.


  • Juan Bautista de Toledo y Miguel Ángel en el Vaticano | Severino Giner Guerri | Goya, nº 126.


  • Juan Bautista de Toledo y Felipe II: la implantación del clasicismo en España | Rivera Blanco, José Javier | Universidad de Valladolid 1984.


  • Juan de Herrera, arquitecto de Felipe II | Ruiz de Arcaute, Agustín | Madrid 1997.


  • Juan de Herrera: arquitecto de Felipe II | Wilkinson-Zerner, Catherine | 1996.


  • Copyright in the Renaissance: Prints and the Privilegio in Sixteenth-Century Venice and Rome | Christopher L.C.E. Witcombe | 2004.


  • Michelangelo at St. Peter's: The Arberino Correspondence | Howard Saalman.


  • Architectural Drawings of Antonio Da Sangallo the Younger and His Circle: Fortifications, Machines and Festival Architecture | Vol 1 | Christoph L. Frommel, Nicholas Adams (Eds.) | February 1994 |The MIT Press.


  • Architectural Drawings of Antonio Da Sangallo the Younger and His Circle: Churches, Villas, the Pantheon, Tombs, and Ancient Inscriptions | Vol 2 | Christoph L. Frommel, Adams Nicholas (Eds.) | September 2000 |The MIT Press.


  • Unpublished paper of Agustin Bustamante Garcia (UAM: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) on Juan Bautista de Toledo (Giovanni Battista de Alfonsis) at Florence.


  • Las tres primeras piedras del Monasterio de San Lorenzo el Real de El Escorial | Pedro Martín Gómez | Homenaje a Juan de Herrera | Fundación Obra Pía "Juan de Herrera | Santander | 1988.


  • Meorias | Fray Juan de San Gerónimo | Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de España, tomo VII | Madrid | 1845.


  • Historia de la Orden de San Jerónimo | Fray José de Sigüenza | Madrid | 1605.


  • Los orígenes arquitectónicos del Real Monasterio de El Escorial | Secundino Zuazo Ugalde, | Discurso de ingreso en la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando | Madrid, 1948.


  • La obra de El Escorial | George Kubler | Madrid, 1982.


References [editar]