José María Velasco Ibarra
Encyclopedia
José María Velasco Ibarra (March 19, 1893 - March 30, 1979) was an Ecuador
ian political figure. He served as the president of Ecuador from 1934–1935, 1944–1947, 1952–1956, 1960–1961, and 1968-1972. He only served one of those terms without being ousted by the army, from 1952-1956.
. He was a notable writer and published several books, including Conciencia y Barbarie, and also wrote for the newspaper El Comercio
.
The first public post occupied by Velasco Ibarra was in the Quito Municipal Government, where he supervised works and visited communities. His political career began when he was named Deputy of the Republic. He was immediately named Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies and several days later, President of the Chamber.
He stood again in the 1939 elections and was defeated by the Liberal Radical Party candidate Carlos Arroyo del Río by a small margin. Arroyo del Río lacked Velasco Ibarra's popularity and public support, which indicated that there had been a fraud. Velasco Ibarra plotted a coup d'état with pilots from the Salinas Air Force base. Before executing his plan, he was detained and exiled again.
In May 1944, because of the May 28 "Glorious Revolution", he was named Supreme Chief of the Republic and was later named Constitutional President by the Constituent Assembly. In August 1947, he was again deposed by the military. Three defense ministers perpetuated the coup against Velasco Ibarra; among them was minister Mancheno, who later was his successor.
In 1952, he again won the presidential election, and began his third term as president on September 1, 1952. This time, he served his entire term, which ended on August 31, 1956. His third term was a time of progress for Ecuador: 311 schools were constructed, with another 104 in progress. More than 1359 km of roads were constructed, and 1057 km more were improved.
Velasco Ibarra was a great orator: in his political campaigns from town to town, he captivated people with his great eloquence, becoming a true leader of the masses. Velasco Ibarra once said, "Give me a balcony and I will become president."
In 1960, he was elected president for the fourth time and was removed on November 7, 1961. In 1960, he nullified the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, which led to conflicts between Ecuador and Peru, including Paquisha in 1981 and the War of El Cenepa in 1995.
Finally, in 1968 Velasco Ibarra won the presidency for a fifth time. This government ended abruptly on February 15, 1972, when once more he was deposed in a bloodless coup, which brought General Guillermo Rodríguez Lara to power. In total, Velasco Ibarra governed nearly 13 years, making him the longest-serving president in Ecuadorian history. The events surrounding the end of his fifth and last presidency are dealt with in Philip Agee
's book CIA Diary.
There is debate about whether his rule can correctly be labelled as populist. Following Agustin Cueva, several authors have argued that in the midst of a hegemonic crisis Velasco rose to power on the votes of the coastal sub-proletariat, peasants who had migrated to urban centres as the cacao industry dwindled. The charismatic figure of Velasco, according to this view, emotionally captured the multitude with promises of redemption. Others, among them Rafael Quintero
, argue that the entrenched landowning elite was responsible for Velasco's victory (at least in the 30s), as the Coastal elite had been weakened by the end of the cacao boom.
He reestablished the Polytechnic School on February 8, 1935, gave great support to the military, and established several new cantons, including Chunchi, Biblián and Guamote. He decreed the law of weekly days off for workers, ordered the construction of irrigation canals, educational infrastructure, aircraft fields, and highways.
Ecuador
Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...
ian political figure. He served as the president of Ecuador from 1934–1935, 1944–1947, 1952–1956, 1960–1961, and 1968-1972. He only served one of those terms without being ousted by the army, from 1952-1956.
Early life and career
Velasco Ibarra was born on March 19, 1893 in Quito. His parents were Delia Ibarra and Alejandrino Velasco, a civil engineer. His father was a political activist in the conservative party during the dictatorship installed by the liberal revolution. He never went to primary school and instead was educated by his mother. His father died when he was 16 years old. He went to high school at San Gabriel School and graduated with at Doctorate in Jurisprudence from the Central University of EcuadorCentral University of Ecuador
The Central University of Ecuador is a national university located in Quito, Ecuador. It is the oldest university in Ecuador, and one of the oldest in the Americas...
. He was a notable writer and published several books, including Conciencia y Barbarie, and also wrote for the newspaper El Comercio
El Comercio
El Comercio is a Peruvian newspaper based in Lima. It has a circulation of more than 120,000 copies. It was founded in 1839, making it the oldest newspaper of Peru and one of the oldest in the Spanish language....
.
The first public post occupied by Velasco Ibarra was in the Quito Municipal Government, where he supervised works and visited communities. His political career began when he was named Deputy of the Republic. He was immediately named Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies and several days later, President of the Chamber.
Presidencies
In 1933, he stood in the Ecuadorian presidential election and received 80% of the votes cast, the highest in Ecuadorian history. Velasco Ibarra traveled through several Latin American countries, including Peru, and restored Ecuador's global image. His first presidency began on September 1, 1934, but he was ousted in August 1935 by the military. He went into exile in Colombia, where he worked in the Santander School in Sevilla, which was named the best school in Colombia. Later, he traveled to Buenos Aires, where he worked as a university professor.He stood again in the 1939 elections and was defeated by the Liberal Radical Party candidate Carlos Arroyo del Río by a small margin. Arroyo del Río lacked Velasco Ibarra's popularity and public support, which indicated that there had been a fraud. Velasco Ibarra plotted a coup d'état with pilots from the Salinas Air Force base. Before executing his plan, he was detained and exiled again.
In May 1944, because of the May 28 "Glorious Revolution", he was named Supreme Chief of the Republic and was later named Constitutional President by the Constituent Assembly. In August 1947, he was again deposed by the military. Three defense ministers perpetuated the coup against Velasco Ibarra; among them was minister Mancheno, who later was his successor.
In 1952, he again won the presidential election, and began his third term as president on September 1, 1952. This time, he served his entire term, which ended on August 31, 1956. His third term was a time of progress for Ecuador: 311 schools were constructed, with another 104 in progress. More than 1359 km of roads were constructed, and 1057 km more were improved.
Velasco Ibarra was a great orator: in his political campaigns from town to town, he captivated people with his great eloquence, becoming a true leader of the masses. Velasco Ibarra once said, "Give me a balcony and I will become president."
In 1960, he was elected president for the fourth time and was removed on November 7, 1961. In 1960, he nullified the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, which led to conflicts between Ecuador and Peru, including Paquisha in 1981 and the War of El Cenepa in 1995.
Finally, in 1968 Velasco Ibarra won the presidency for a fifth time. This government ended abruptly on February 15, 1972, when once more he was deposed in a bloodless coup, which brought General Guillermo Rodríguez Lara to power. In total, Velasco Ibarra governed nearly 13 years, making him the longest-serving president in Ecuadorian history. The events surrounding the end of his fifth and last presidency are dealt with in Philip Agee
Philip Agee
Philip Burnett Franklin Agee was a Central Intelligence Agency case officer and writer, best known as author of the 1975 book, Inside the Company: CIA Diary, detailing his experiences in the CIA. Agee joined the CIA in 1957, and over the following decade had postings in Washington, D.C., Ecuador,...
's book CIA Diary.
There is debate about whether his rule can correctly be labelled as populist. Following Agustin Cueva, several authors have argued that in the midst of a hegemonic crisis Velasco rose to power on the votes of the coastal sub-proletariat, peasants who had migrated to urban centres as the cacao industry dwindled. The charismatic figure of Velasco, according to this view, emotionally captured the multitude with promises of redemption. Others, among them Rafael Quintero
Rafael Quintero
Rafael "Chi Chi" Quintero Ibaria was a CIA operative, who was born in Camagüey Province of Cuba and died in Baltimore, Maryland....
, argue that the entrenched landowning elite was responsible for Velasco's victory (at least in the 30s), as the Coastal elite had been weakened by the end of the cacao boom.
Works
Velasco Ibarra always had a special preoccupation with infrastructure. Many public works, including roads, hospitals, and bridges, were construted during Velasco Ibarra's presidencies. He was the initiator of institutions such as the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo Electoral) and the Ecuadorian road network.He reestablished the Polytechnic School on February 8, 1935, gave great support to the military, and established several new cantons, including Chunchi, Biblián and Guamote. He decreed the law of weekly days off for workers, ordered the construction of irrigation canals, educational infrastructure, aircraft fields, and highways.