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José Martiniano de Alencar (May 1, 1829 - December 12, 1877), was a Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
ian novelist. Born in Messejana, a small town near Fortaleza
Fortaleza

Fortaleza is the state capital of Cear?, located in Northeastern Brazil. With a population of over 3.4 million , Fortaleza has an area of . To the north of the city lies the Atlantic Ocean; to the south are the cities of Pacatuba, Eus?bio, Maracana? and Itaitinga; to the east is the county of Aquiraz and the Atlantic Ocean; and to the west i...
 - Ceará, in northeast of Brazil. Alencar was the son of an important senator, José Martiniano de Alencar
José Martiniano de Alencar

Jos? Martiniano de Alencar was born in Crato and died in Rio de Janeiro. He was a journalist and Brazilian politician, and also the father of Jos? de Alencar, a famous Brazilian novelist....
, and the cousin of the later, Ana Josefina de Alencar.

After earning a bachelor's degree in Law
LAW

LAW may refer to:* Anti-tank warfare, e.g. the US Army M72 LAW or the British Army LAW 80*Palestinian Society for the Protection of Human Rights ...
 he traveled to Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro , is the second largest city of Brazil and South America, behind S?o Paulo, and the third largest metropolitan area in South America, behind S?o Paulo and Buenos Aires....
, and started to work for the newspapers Correio Mercantil and Diário do Rio de Janeiro.






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José Martiniano de Alencar (May 1, 1829 - December 12, 1877), was a Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
ian novelist. Born in Messejana, a small town near Fortaleza
Fortaleza

Fortaleza is the state capital of Cear?, located in Northeastern Brazil. With a population of over 3.4 million , Fortaleza has an area of . To the north of the city lies the Atlantic Ocean; to the south are the cities of Pacatuba, Eus?bio, Maracana? and Itaitinga; to the east is the county of Aquiraz and the Atlantic Ocean; and to the west i...
 - Ceará, in northeast of Brazil. Alencar was the son of an important senator, José Martiniano de Alencar
José Martiniano de Alencar

Jos? Martiniano de Alencar was born in Crato and died in Rio de Janeiro. He was a journalist and Brazilian politician, and also the father of Jos? de Alencar, a famous Brazilian novelist....
, and the cousin of the later, Ana Josefina de Alencar.

After earning a bachelor's degree in Law
LAW

LAW may refer to:* Anti-tank warfare, e.g. the US Army M72 LAW or the British Army LAW 80*Palestinian Society for the Protection of Human Rights ...
 he traveled to Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro , is the second largest city of Brazil and South America, behind S?o Paulo, and the third largest metropolitan area in South America, behind S?o Paulo and Buenos Aires....
, and started to work for the newspapers Correio Mercantil and Diário do Rio de Janeiro. At that time, Correio Mercantil employed other important Brazilian writers like Machado de Assis and Joaquim Manuel de Macedo
Joaquim Manuel de Macedo

Joaquim Manuel de Macedo - was a Brazil writer from Rio de Janeiro. He was a prolific writer of urban Brazil in the nineteenth century.Graduated in Medicine, in 1844, in Rio De Janeiro, and in the same year debuted in literature with the publication of ?the Moreninha?, which would become his best known romance....
. After being prevented from publishing certain articles in the Correio, Alencar and some of his friends bought the Diário do Rio de Janeiro, where the novelist published his first romances, Cinco Minutos
Cinco minutos

Cinco minutos is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1856....
 (1856) and A viuvinha
A viuvinha

A viuvinha is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1857. Luis de Barros adapted it into a film in 1914....
 (1857).

Following the partial success of the first writings, Alencar published O Guarany
O Guarany

The Guarani is a Brazilian novel written by Jos? de Alencar. It first came out as a folhetim in the newspaper Di?rio do Rio de Janeiro, but due to its enormous success Alencar decided to compile his writing in a volume....
 (1857), acquiring nationwide fame. O Guarani was the first of a trilogy about the Brazilian natives - the other two are Iracema
Iracema

Iracema is one of the three indigenous novels by Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1865....
 (1865) and Ubirajara
Ubirajara

Ubirajara is a municipality in the state of S?o Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 4,138 and the area is 284.86 km?. The elevation is 499 m....
 (1874). In those books the native is dressed as his European counterpart, the medieval
Middle Ages

File:Karl 1 mit papst gelasius gregor1 sacramentar v karl d kahlen.jpgThe Middle Ages of European history are a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christi...
 knight
Knight

File:Gothic armor 2.jpgKnight is the term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. In the Commonwealth of Nations, knighthood is a non-heritable form of gentry....
. Since Brazil had no past (as the descendants of European immigrants thought), the solution was to create a national mythology
Mythology

The word mythology refers to a body of folklore/myths/legends that a particular culture believes to be true and that often use the supernatural to interpret natural events and to explain the nature of the universe and humanity....
 that adapted European manners to tropical values. However this reading is conservative and has become rather outdated, as many recent studies have shown.

Alencar's grand project was to affirm the independence of Brazil in all fields . A nationalist, Alencar was misunderstood by his contemporaries when he advocated the literary use of a truly national language, despite the common use of the Portuguese language in Brazil without changes. He also defended nationalism in many other ways and in many other fields. Two famous rivals of Alencar were Antônio Gonçalves Dias
Antônio Gonçalves Dias

Ant?nio Gon?alves Dias was a Brazilian lyric poet....
 and Joaquim Nabuco
Joaquim Nabuco

Joaquim Aur?lio Barreto Nabuco de Ara?jo was a Brazilian writer and statesman.Born in Brazil, Joaquim was the son of a wealthy landowner named Jose Thomas Nabuco , who was a major political figure in the Brazilian Empire, becoming a lifetime senator and counselor of state....
.

In 1860 Alencar entered politics as a delegate from Rio de Janeiro to Brazil's congress. In 1877 he was summoned to be a minister by Emperor Pedro II
Pedro II of Brazil

Pedro II, , or Dom Pedro de Alc?ntara; December 2, 1825 December 5, 1891) was the second and last Emperor of Brazil, having ruled for almost 50 years....
. But in the same year, Alencar was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and died in Rio de Janeiro after an unsuccessful attempt to cure himself in Europe.

Pseudonym
Pseudonym

A pseudonym, , is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name. In some cases, pseudonyms are adopted because it is part of a cultural or organizational tradition, as in the case of Religious names used by members of some religious orders and "cadre names" used by Communist party leaders such as Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin....
s: AC; Senio; G.M.; Erasmo; J. de Al; Job; Um Asno; Ig; Serio.

Works


Novels

Urban or Costums novels
  • Cinco minutos
    Cinco minutos

    Cinco minutos is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1856....
    , 1856
  • A viuvinha
    A viuvinha

    A viuvinha is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1857. Luis de Barros adapted it into a film in 1914....
    , 1857
  • Lucíola
    Lucíola

    Luc?ola is an urban fiction novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1862. It treats mainly of the Brazilian Empire society, exploring its deficient morality....
    , 1862
  • Diva
    Diva (novel)

    Diva is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1864.Emilia is a rich and cultured girl that, with a hint of cruelty, enjoys the courtship of young men, but makes them suffer for that....
    , 1864
  • A pata da gazela
    A pata da gazela

    A pata da gazela is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1870.External links...
    , 1870
  • Sonhos d'ouro
    Sonhos d'ouro

    Sonhos d'ouro is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1872.External links...
    , 1872
  • Senhora
    Senhora (novel)

    Senhora is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1875, two years before the author's death. It was the third book by the author about the position of women in Brazil's 19th century Rio de Janeiro society , published under the pseudonym G.M....
    , 1875 (in Portuguese New York: Luso-Brazilian Books, 2006. ISBN 0-85051-507-6)
    • in English: tr. Clifford E. Landers (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1994.)
  • Encarnação
    Encarnação

    Encarna??o is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1893.External links...
    , 1893 - postmortem edition


Unclassified novel
  • Os contrabandistas
    Os contrabandistas

    Os contrabandistas is the first novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar in 1844. However, this book has never been published because it was burned by a friend of the author....
    , 1844


Historical novels
  • As minas de prata
    As minas de prata

    As minas de prata is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1865, the first part; and in 1866, the second part....
    ; the first part, 1865 and the second part, 1866
  • Alfarrábios
    Alfarrábios

    Alfarr?bios is a historical novel by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar, first published in 1873 in literature....
    , 1873
  • A guerra dos mascates
    A guerra dos mascates

    A guerra dos mascates is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1871, the first part; and in 1873, the second part....
    ; the first part, 1871 and the second part, 1873


Regional novels
  • O gaúcho
    O gaúcho

    O ga?cho is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1870.External links...
    , 1870
  • O sertanejo
    O sertanejo

    O sertanejo is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1875.External links...
    , 1875


Rural novels
  • O tronco do ipê
    O tronco do ipê

    O tronco do ip? is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1871....
    , 1871
  • Til
    Til (novel)

    Til is a novel written by the Brazilian writer Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1872.External links ...
    , 1872


Indigenist novels
  • O Guarany
    O Guarany

    The Guarani is a Brazilian novel written by Jos? de Alencar. It first came out as a folhetim in the newspaper Di?rio do Rio de Janeiro, but due to its enormous success Alencar decided to compile his writing in a volume....
    , 1857
  • Iracema
    Iracema

    Iracema is one of the three indigenous novels by Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1865....
    , 1865 (in Portuguese New York: Luso-Brazilian Books, 2004. ISBN 0-85051-500-9)
    • in English: Iracema, the honey-lips tr. Lady Isabel Burton (London: Bickers, 1886 (New York: Luso-Brazilian Books, 2006. ISBN 0-85051-524-6))
    • in English: Iracema tr. N. Biddell (Rio de Janeiro: Impresa Ingleza, 1900)
    • in English: Iracema tr. Clifford E. Landers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)
  • Ubirajara
    Ubirajara (novel)

    Ubirajara is one of the indigenous novels by Jos? de Alencar. It was first published in 1874. This name means lord of spear or lancer in English, from ubira - spear, e jara - lord; it accorded Jos? de Alencar....
    , 1874
    • in English: Ubirajara, a legend of the Tupy Indians tr. J. T. W. Sadler (São Paulo: Secção de Obras, 1922)


Plays

  • O Crédito, play, 1857
  • Verso e reverso, play, 1857
  • As asas de um anjo, play, 1858
  • O demônio familiar, play, 1858
  • Mãe, play, 1860
  • A Expiação, play, 1867
  • O Jesuíta, play, 1875
    • in English: The Jesuit, tr. by Edgardo R. de Britto (Boston, Poet Lore, 1919)


Other works

  • Cartas sobre a confederação dos Tamoios, 1856
  • O Marquez de Paraná: traços biograficos: publicados no Diario, 1856
  • A noite de São João, lyric
    Lyric poetry

    Lyric poetry refers to a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings, which may or may not be set to music. Aristotle, in Poetics , contrasted lyric poetry with drama and epic poetry....
     comedy
    Comedy

    Comedy as a popular meaning, is any humorous discourse generally intended to amuse, especially in television, film, and stand-up comedy. This must be carefully distinguished from its academic definition, namely the comic theatre, whose Western culture origins are found in Ancient Greece....
    , 1860
  • Escabiosa (sensitiva), 1863
  • Os Filhos de Tupã, poetry
    Poetry

    Poetry is a form of literature art in which language is used for its aesthetics and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning ....
    , 1863
  • Ao Imperador: cartas politicas de Erasmo, first compilation of political letters, November 17, 1865 until January 24, 1866
  • Ao Marquez de Olinda - Erasmo, 1866
  • Ao Imperador: cartas politicas de Erasmo, second compilation of political letters, June 4, 1867
  • Ao Imperador: cartas politicas de Erasmo, third compilation of political letters, March, 1868
  • Discussão do voto de graças, speech, August 9, 1869
  • A alma de Lázaro, 1873
  • Como e porque sou romancista, 1873
  • O ermitão da Glória, chronicle
    Chronicle

    Generally a chronicle is a historical account of facts and events ranged in chronology order. Typically, equal weight is given for historically important events and local events, the purpose being the recording of events that occurred, seen from the perspective of the chronicler....
    , 1873?
  • O garatuja
    O Garatuja

    O Garatuja is an opera by Ernst Mahle with libretto by Eug?nio Leandro, based on the O garatuja by Jos? de Alencar and premiered in Piracicaba at the Teatro Municipal "Dr Losso Netto", on April 27, 2006....
    , 1873 (Ernst Mahle
    Ernst Mahle

    Ernst Mahle is a Brazilian composer and orchestra Conductor .Mahle studied music with Johann Nepomuk David in Stuttgart before coming to Brazil in 1951, and then with Hans-Joachim Koellreutter in Piracicaba....
     in 2006 write an opera based on novel, O Garatuja
    O Garatuja

    O Garatuja is an opera by Ernst Mahle with libretto by Eug?nio Leandro, based on the O garatuja by Jos? de Alencar and premiered in Piracicaba at the Teatro Municipal "Dr Losso Netto", on April 27, 2006....
    )
  • Voto de graças, 1873
  • Ao correr da pena, compilation of chronicle
    Chronicle

    Generally a chronicle is a historical account of facts and events ranged in chronology order. Typically, equal weight is given for historically important events and local events, the purpose being the recording of events that occurred, seen from the perspective of the chronicler....
    s, 1874
  • O nosso cancioneiro, 1874


External links

  • at MetaLibri Digital Library