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John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham

 
John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham

 
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John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham
 
 
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John George Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham (also known as Radical Jack, and commonly referred to in history texts simply as Lord Durham) GCB
Order of the Bath

The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a United Kingdom order of chivalry founded by George I of Great Britain on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the medieval ceremony for creating a knight, which involved bathing as one of its elements....
 PC
Privy Council of the United Kingdom

Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British monarchy. Its members are largely senior politicians, who were or are members of either the House of Commons of the United Kingdom or House of Lords....
 (12 April 1792 – 28 July 1840 Cowes
Cowes

Cowes is an English seaport town on the Isle of Wight, an island south of Southampton. Cowes is located on the west bank of the estuary of the River Medina facing the smaller town of East Cowes on the east Bank....
, Isle of Wight
Isle of Wight

The Isle of Wight is an England island and county, located 3-8 km from the south coast of the mainland, in the English Channel. It is situated south of the county of Hampshire and is separated from mainland Britain by the Solent....
), was a British Whig
British Whig Party

The Whigs are often described as one of two political party in Kingdom of England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to the mid-19th centuries....
 statesman, colonial administrator, Governor General and high commissioner
High Commissioner

High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment.The English term is also used to render various equivalent titles in other languages....
 of British North America
British North America

British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary War and the recognition of United States ....
.






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John George Lambton
John George Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham (also known as Radical Jack, and commonly referred to in history texts simply as Lord Durham) GCB
Order of the Bath

The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a United Kingdom order of chivalry founded by George I of Great Britain on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the medieval ceremony for creating a knight, which involved bathing as one of its elements....
 PC
Privy Council of the United Kingdom

Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British monarchy. Its members are largely senior politicians, who were or are members of either the House of Commons of the United Kingdom or House of Lords....
 (12 April 1792 – 28 July 1840 Cowes
Cowes

Cowes is an English seaport town on the Isle of Wight, an island south of Southampton. Cowes is located on the west bank of the estuary of the River Medina facing the smaller town of East Cowes on the east Bank....
, Isle of Wight
Isle of Wight

The Isle of Wight is an England island and county, located 3-8 km from the south coast of the mainland, in the English Channel. It is situated south of the county of Hampshire and is separated from mainland Britain by the Solent....
), was a British Whig
British Whig Party

The Whigs are often described as one of two political party in Kingdom of England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to the mid-19th centuries....
 statesman, colonial administrator, Governor General and high commissioner
High Commissioner

High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment.The English term is also used to render various equivalent titles in other languages....
 of British North America
British North America

British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary War and the recognition of United States ....
. He was born in London to William Henry Lambton
William Henry Lambton

William Henry Lambton was a United Kingdom Member of Parliament, representing the Durham, a role in which he was succeeded by his brother. He was the son of John Lambton, who preceded him in representing Durham in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom....
 and Anne Barbara Frances Villiers.

Political career

As Lord Privy Seal
Lord Privy Seal

The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord President of the Council and above the Lord Great Chamberlain....
 in the administration of his father-in-law, Earl Grey
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Order of the Garter, Privy Council of the United Kingdom , known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland British Whig Party statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ....
, he helped draft the reform bill of 1832. He was sent to the Canadas
The Canadas

Upper Canada and Lower Canada, collectively referred to as the Canadas, were two British colonization of the Americas in Canada. They were both created by the Constitutional Act of 1791 and abolished in 1841 with the union of Upper and Lower Canada....
 in 1838to investigate the circumstances surrounding the Lower Canada Rebellion
Lower Canada Rebellion

The Lower Canada Rebellion is the name given to the armed conflict between the rebels of Lower Canada and the United Kingdom colonial power of that province....
 of Louis-Joseph Papineau
Louis-Joseph Papineau

File:Louis-Joseph Papineau 1878.jpgLouis-Joseph Papineau , born in Montreal, Quebec, was a politician, lawyer, and the landlord of the seigneurie de la Petite-Nation....
 and the Upper Canada Rebellion
Upper Canada Rebellion

The Upper Canada Rebellion was, along with the Lower Canada Rebellion in Lower Canada, a rebellion against the British colonial government in 1837 and 1838....
 of 1837, and his detailed and famous Report on the Affairs of British North America
Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839)

The Report on the Affairs of British North America, commonly known as Lord Durham's Report, is an important document in the history of Quebec, Canada and the British Empire....
 (1839) recommended a modified form of responsible government
Responsible government

Responsible government is a conception of a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy....
 and a legislative union of Upper Canada, Lower Canada
The Canadas

Upper Canada and Lower Canada, collectively referred to as the Canadas, were two British colonization of the Americas in Canada. They were both created by the Constitutional Act of 1791 and abolished in 1841 with the union of Upper and Lower Canada....
 and the Maritime Provinces.

He has been lauded in Canadian history for his recommendation to introduce responsible government. This was implemented and by 1847 Canada was a functioning democracy, as it has been ever since. He is less well considered for his idea of merging Upper and Lower Canada into one colony, since this was proposed with the express end of trying to encourage the extinction of the French language and culture through intermingling with the lesser English population.

In the end, though, his recommendations discouraged assimilation. Once responsible government was achieved (1848), French Canadians in Canada East
Canada East

Canada East was the eastern portion of the United Province of Canada. It consisted of the southern portion of the modern-day Canada Province of Quebec, and was primarily a French language region....
 succeeded by voting as a bloc in ensuring that they were powerfully represented in any cabinet, especially as the politics of Canada West was highly factional. The resulting deadlock between Canada East and West led to a movement for federal rather than unitary government, which resulted in the creation of confederation
Confederation

Usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution, confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues such as defense , foreign affairs, or a common currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all members....
, a federal state of Canada, incorporating New Brunswick
New Brunswick

New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only Constitution of Canada bilingual province in the federation. The provincial capital is Fredericton....
 and Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia is a Canadian Provinces and territories of Canada located on Canada's southeastern coast. It is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada....
, in 1867.

Family

The 1st Earl's family and personal fortune was derived largely from mining on lands surrounding Lambton Castle
Lambton Castle

Lambton Castle, located in County Durham, England, between the towns of Washington, Tyne and Wear and Chester-le-Street, is a stately home, the ancestral seat of the Lambton family, the Earl of Durham....
, the ancestral family home in County Durham
County Durham

County Durham is a Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England of Historic counties of England in North East England England. The county town is Durham.The largest settlement in the county is the town of Darlington....
. Other properties in Co. Durham included Dinsdale Park
Dinsdale Park

Dinsdale Park is a 19th century mansion and former Spa hotel at Low Dinsdale, near Darlington, County Durham now converted into residential apartments....
 and Low Dinsdale Manor
Low Dinsdale Manor

Low Dinsdale Manor is a privately owned much altered and extended medieval manor house situated on the north bank of the River Tees at Low Dinsdale, near Darlington, County Durham....
.

In English

  • Ouellet, Fernand
    Fernand Ouellet

    Fernand Ouellet , a French-Canadian author and educator, was educated at Universit? Laval and gained a PhD in 1965. He taught at Universit? Laval, Carleton University, and the University of Ottawa in 1961-1985, prior to joining the History Department at York University in 1986....
    . "", in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, University of Toronto, Université Laval, 2000
  • Ajzenstat, Janet (1988). The Political Thought of Lord Durham, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University, 137 p. (ISBN 0773506373) ()
  • Martin, Ged (1972). The Durham Report and British Policy, Cambridge University Press, 120 p. (ISBN 0521085306) ()
  • Wallace, W. Stewart. "John George Lambton, first Earl of Durham (1792-1840)", in The Encyclopedia of Canada, Vol. II, Toronto, University Associates of Canada, 1948, 411 p., pp. 253-254. ()
  • New, Chester William (1929). Lord Durham. A Biography of John George Lambton, First Earl of Durham, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 612 p.
  • Shelley, Frances, and Richard Edgcumbe (1912). The Diary of Frances Lady Shelley. New York: C. Scribner's, 406 p.
  • Bradshaw, Frederick (1903). Self-Government in Canada, and How it was Achieved: The Story of Lord Durham's Report, London: P.S.King, 414 p. ()
  • Lambton, John George, Charles Buller, Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1839). The Report and Despatches of the Earl of Durham, Her Majesty's High Commissioner and Governor-General of British North America, London: Ridgways, Piccadilly ()
  • Mill, John Stuart
    John Stuart Mill

    John Stuart Mill , United Kingdom philosopher, political economy, civil servant and Parliament of the United Kingdom, was an influential liberalism thinker of the 19th century....
    . "Radical Party and Canada: Lord Durham and the Canadians", in London and Westminster Review, VI & XXVIII, 502-33, January 1838 ()
  • Lambton, John George (1835). Speeches of the Earl of Durham on Reform of Parliament, London: James Ridgway and Sons, Piccadilly, 204 p. ()
  • Reid, John (1835). Sketch of the Political Career of the Earl of Durham, Glasgow: John Reid & Co. 400 p. ()


In French

  • Ouellet, Fernand. "", in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, University of Toronto, Université Laval, 2000
  • Viau, Roger (1963). Lord Durham, Montréal: Éditions HMH limitée, 181 p.
  • Desrosiers, Léo-Paul (1937). L'Accalmie : Lord Durham au Canada, Montréal: Le Devoir, 148 p.


See also

  • Lambton, Toronto - as well as Lambton Mills and Lambton Woods
  • Penshaw Monument
    Penshaw Monument

    Penshaw Monument is a folly built in 1844 on Penshaw Hill , in Tyne and Wear, North East England, between the areas of Washington, Tyne and Wear and Houghton-le-Spring in the city of Sunderland....